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AFP Surveillance (afp + surveillance)
Selected AbstractsMolecular typing and epidemiology of non-polio enteroviruses isolated from Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of ChinaJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 4 2008Tian Bingjun Abstract This report presents an overview of human enteroviruses in Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China. A total of 210 non-polioviruses isolated under acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance during a total study period of 5 years,1997 to 2000 and 2004,were examined. Of the 210 non-poliovirus isolates, 12 adenoviruses were serologically identified, and the remaining 198 isolates were used for molecular typing. The viral genomes of 195 non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) on VP1 partial region of virus capsid were translated to the corresponding amino acid sequences; these were compared with those of prototype strains. Based on molecular typing, 5 isolates were classified into 5 serotypes of the human enterovirus A species, 158 isolates, into 35 serotypes of the human enterovirus B species; and 32 isolates, into 6 serotypes of the human enterovirus C species. Viruses belonging to the human enterovirus D species were not isolated. Thus, under AFP surveillance, the human enterovirus B species accounted for 75.2% of the 210 isolates, and it was considered the predominant species. This was followed by human enterovirus C (12.2%), adenovirus (5.7%), and human enterovirus A (2.4%). Further, molecular analysis suggested that several serotypes of human enteroviruses B and C that exhibited genetic polymorphism were indigenous. Molecular typing methods may aid in understanding the epidemiology of NPEVs in Yunnan Province. J. Med. Virol. 80:670,679, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Polioviruses and other enteroviruses isolated from faecal samples of patients with acute flaccid paralysis in Australia, 1996,2004JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 6 2006Heath Kelly Background: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is the most common clinical presentation of acute poliovirus infection, occurring in 0.1,1% of infected cases. AFP surveillance has been used world-wide to monitor the control and eradication of circulating wild poliovirus. This study aims to review the significance of all enteroviruses, including polioviruses, isolated from patients with AFP in Australia between 1996 and 2004. Methods: We undertook a retrospective review of all notified cases of AFP, aged 0,15 years and resident in Australia at the time of notification. We reviewed all available clinical and virological data for these cases and all records of the Polio Expert Committee, which determined the final classification for all cases. Results: There were 335 notified cases that satisfied the case definition for AFP, 162 (48%) of whom had at least one faecal sample tested. Enteroviruses isolated from the faeces of 26 (16%) of the 162 cases were Coxsackie A24, Coxsackie B5, enterovirus 71, enterovirus 75, echovirus 9, echovirus 11 and echovirus 18. In addition, one or more polioviruses were isolated from the faeces of seven patients. Six of seven polioviruses were characterised as Sabin-like, one was not characterised, but all were considered to be incidental isolates. Five of these cases were classified as infant botulism, one case as transverse myelitis and one as a focal mononeuropathy. Conclusion: With the eradication of circulating wild polioviruses, other enteroviruses are being more commonly identified as the cause of polio-like illnesses. In the polio end game, when there is increased testing for polioviruses, it is important to consider infant botulism as a differential diagnosis in cases presenting with AFP. [source] Notification of patients with acute flaccid paralysis since certification of Australia as polio-freeJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 8 2004K Whitfield Objective: Surveillance of patients presenting with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended method for the detection of incident cases of poliovirus infection. Australia was certified free of circulating poliovirus in 2000 but is required to continue AFP surveillance until global certification. Although Australia reached the WHO nominated surveillance target in 2000 and 2001, it was not reached in 2002. Notification rates between states have been variable. We aim to investigate the difference in notification rates by state to determine whether different rates reflect different patterns of disease or different approaches to reporting. Methods: Notification rates were reviewed by state for the years 1997,2002. The completeness of case ascertainment was reviewed from published studies. Key informants described differences in AFP reporting in states with consistent differences in notification rates. Results: Australia achieved 75% of the WHO surveillance target for AFP cases between 1997 and 1999 and 98% between 2000 and 2002. After 2000, Queensland achieved 150% of its target while Victoria achieved less than 50%. New South Wales reached its target over the entire 6 years but other states and territories were not as consistent. Although the formal process for AFP reporting is uniform throughout Australia, many differences in approach were identified between Victoria and Queensland. Conclusion: Maintaining AFP surveillance at the required WHO standard will be more likely in Australia if the populous states are able to notify cases at the same rate as Queensland (since 2000) and New South Wales (in general). [source] Methods: Retrospective hospital-based searches for cases of acute flaccid paralysisAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2002R.M. D'Souza Objective: Australia had to demonstrate adequate acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance by achieving a rate of one per 100,000 in children under the age of 15 to fulfil one of the requirements of the Regional Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication to be declared polio free. To increase the ascertainment rate of AFP cases, a hospital search was conducted to identify cases not reported to the active AFP surveillance. Methods: A computerised search of hospital admissions in New South Wales (NSW) and Western Australia (WA) on ICD-9 codes of Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS), unspecified encephalitis, poliomyelitis, vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and flaccid paralysis was conducted for the period 1995,98. Medical records of cases that were not reported to the active surveillance were reviewed in three hospitals of NSW and two hospitals in WA. Results: Twenty additional cases recorded as GBS and five as transverse myelitis (TM) were identified through the searches, which increased the average four-year AFP rate from 1.0 to 1.4 per 100,000 in children under the age of 15 years in these two states and the overall AFP rate in Australia increased from 0.78 to 1.14. There were no cases of polio or VAPP found. Nine cases of GBS and five of TM reported to the active AFP surveillance were not found in the hospital searches. Conclusion: A combination of active surveillance and hospital-based searches increased the investigated AFP rate, which fulfilled one of the certification requirements for Australia to be certified polio free. Implications: Until global certification is achieved, AFP surveillance needs to be improved to identify cases of importation of wild poliovirus. [source] | ||||||||||