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Affluent Areas (affluent + area)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	60%

Selected Abstracts

Associations between height, body mass, and frequency of decayed, extracted, and filled deciduous teeth among two cohorts of Taiwanese first graders

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
B. Floyd
Abstract In this study, heights, weights, and numbers of decayed, extracted, and filled (DEF) deciduous teeth of 300 first-graders from a less affluent area of Taipei were compared with those of 277 first-graders from a more affluent one. Parents of all children self-identified as having ancestors from Fujian. This study tested the hypothesis that synergisms between under-nutrition and disease form part of a causal pathway contributing to the risk of deciduous caries. Within the less affluent community significant inverse associations between height and body mass index, as proxies for nutritional status, and the frequency of DEF deciduous teeth were anticipated. These associations were not expected in the more affluent community where nutritional status was adequate. An alternative hypothesis, that parental behavior potentially correlated with parental education, occupational backgrounds, housing, or family size contributed independently to offspring nutritional status and caries risk, was evaluated with available data. Consistent with the primary hypothesis, regression analyses revealed significant negative slopes of height (P = 0.002) and log BMI (P = 0.036) on total DEF deciduous teeth in the less affluent group, but not in the more affluent one. Direct tests of slope coefficients in the two groups indicate a significant difference for height (P = 0.041) but not log BMI (P = 0.29). Inclusion of parental education, occupational categories, housing, and numbers of siblings in the regression model provided no support to the alternative hypothesis. Results suggest that improving nutritional status significantly lowers caries risk, though most variation is probably attributable to other factors. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Secular trends, disease maps and ecological analyses of the incidence of childhood onset Type 1 diabetes in Northern Ireland, 1989,2003

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2007
C. R. Cardwell
Abstract Aims To investigate secular trends in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Northern Ireland over the period 1989,2003. To highlight geographical variations in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes by producing disease maps and to compare incidence rates by relevant area characteristics. Methods New cases of Type 1 diabetes in children aged 0,14 years in Northern Ireland were prospectively registered from 1989 to 2003. Standardized incidence rates were calculated and secular trends investigated. Bayesian methodology was used to produce maps of disease incidence using small geographical areas (582 electoral wards). Ecological analyses were conducted using Poisson regression to investigate incidence rates by area characteristics at a finer geographical subdivision (5022 census output areas). Results In Northern Ireland during 1989,2003, there were 1433 new cases, giving a directly standardized incidence rate of 24.7 per 100 000 person-years. This incidence rate increased by a mean of 4.2% per annum. Disease maps highlighted higher incidence rates in the predominately rural north-east of the province and lower incidence rates in the urban areas around Belfast in the east and Derry in the north-west of the province. Ecological analysis identified higher incidence in rural areas (P < 0.001), areas with low migration rates (P = 0.002), affluent areas (P < 0.0001), sparsely populated areas (P = 0.0001) and remote areas (P = 0.005). Conclusions In Northern Ireland the incidence of Type 1 diabetes is increasing. The observed higher incidence in rural, affluent, sparsely populated and remote areas may reflect a reduced or delayed exposure to infections in these areas. [source]

Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity

THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 258 2006
ANDREW LEIGH
Using a large Australian social survey, combined with precise data on neighbourhood characteristics, I explore the factors that affect trust at a local level (,localised trust') and at a national level (,generalised trust'). Trust is positively associated with the respondent's education, and negatively associated with the amount of time spent commuting. At a neighbourhood level, trust is higher in affluent areas, and lower in ethnically and linguistically heterogeneous communities, with the effect being stronger for linguistic heterogeneity than ethnic heterogeneity. Linguistic heterogeneity reduces localised trust for both natives and immigrants, and reduces generalised trust only for immigrants. Instrumental variables specifications show similar results. In contrast to the USA, there is no apparent relationship between trust and inequality across neighbourhoods in Australia. [source]

Investigating the relationship between affluence and elective caesarean sections

BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2005
Bernadette Alves
The proportion of women delivering by caesarean section has increased dramatically in England and many westernised countries. It has been suggested that one important reason for this increase is the growing proportion of women opting for elective caesareans for lifestyle reasons, a trend that is, it is argued, most common among the affluent. We investigated the hypothesis that affluent women are more likely to deliver by elective caesarean section. Logistic regression modelling was used to analyse data from half a million women who delivered in English NHS hospitals between 1996 and 2000. We found that women living in the most affluent areas of England were significantly more likely to have an elective caesarean section than their deprived counterparts. [source]

Does deprivation of area of residence influence the incidence, tumour site or T stage of cutaneous malignant melanoma?

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
A population-based, clinical database study
Summary This study aimed to document the incidence of malignant melanoma at specific subsites in men and women, stratified by deprivation of area of residence in southeast England, and to explore the association between deprivation and tumour thickness at diagnosis. Data were extracted on 6468 cases from the Thames Cancer Registry for the years 1998 to 2002, and data on, and 508 cases were extracted from the clinical database of the Skin Tumour Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, for the years 1996 to 2004. The postcode of residence was used to assign quintiles of deprivation based on the income domain stated in the Indices of Deprivation 2000. For both males and females, the incidence was higher for those living in the most affluent areas. The trunk was the most common site in males and the lower limbs in females. All sites showed an affluence gradient, although this was least pronounced for head and neck tumours. Distribution of T stage at diagnosis did not differ by deprivation of area of residence. [source]