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Afferent Innervation (afferent + innervation)
Selected AbstractsDifferential adrenergic regulation of the circadian expression of the clock genes Period1 and Period2 in the rat pineal glandEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 12 2000Seiichi Takekida Abstract Precise temporal regulation of transcription is pivotal to the role of the mammalian pineal gland as a transducer of circadian and seasonal information. The circadian clock genes Per1 and Per2 encode factors implicated in temporally gated transcriptional programmes in brain and pituitary. Here we show that the nocturnal circadian expression of Per1 and Per2 in the rat pineal gland parallels that of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) mRNA, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin biosynthesis. This rhythm is dependent upon an intact sympathetic innervation. Increases in rPer1 (r indicates rat) and rPer2, as well as rNAT, expression during subjective night were blocked completely by superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX). In SCGX rats, the ,-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol rapidly induced the rPer1 mRNA with dynamics very similar to its effect on rNAT mRNA. In contrast, isoproterenol was without effect on expression of rPer2 mRNA. These findings demonstrate that circadian pineal expression of both rPer1 and rPer2 is controlled by sympathetic afferent innervation, but whereas ,-adrenergic signalling regulates rPer1 and rNAT, an alternative route mediates sympathetic regulation over rPer2 expression. [source] Loss of synaptophysin-positive boutons on lumbar motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the SOD1G93A G1H transgenic mouse model of ALSJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2005Da Wei Zang Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common form of motor neuron disease (MND) that involves both upper and lower nervous systems. In the SOD1G93A G1H transgenic mouse, a widely used animal model of human ALS, a significant pathology is linked to the degeneration of lower motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord and brainstem. In the current study, the number of presynaptic boutons immunoreactive for synaptophysin was estimated on retrogradely labeled soma and proximal dendrites of , and , motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle. No changes were detected on both soma and proximal dendrites at postnatal day 60 (P60) of , and , motor neurons. By P90 and P120, however, , motor neuron soma had a reduction of 14 and 33% and a dendritic reduction of 19 and 36%, respectively. By P90 and P120, , motor neuron soma had a reduction of 17 and 41% and a dendritic reduction of 19 and 35%, respectively. This study shows that levels of afferent innervation significantly decreased on surviving , and , motor neurons that innervate the medial gastrocnemius muscle. This finding suggests that the loss of motor neurons and the decrease of synaptophysin in the remaining motor neurons could lead to functional motor deficits, which may contribute significantly to the progression of ALS/MND. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Investigating afferent nerve activity from the lower urinary tract: Highlighting some basic research techniques and clinical evaluation methods,,NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 1 2010Jean Jacques Wyndaele Abstract Aims To give a review of some basic research recording and clinical evaluations of bladder afferent nerves and the sensory information related to them. Methods Literature survey. Results Direct investigation of the afferent nerve pathways of the lower urinary tract (LUT) can be done in animal studies where potentials can be recorded and measured directly in the dorsal roots after laminectomy. Differentiation between A delta and C fibers is possible when conduction speed is determined. In humans afferent innervation can be studied clinically with determination of the sensation on sensation-related bladder diary, during cystometrical bladder filling, with local electrical stimulation. All need further study. Electrodiagnostic tests are further explored. Conclusions Both basic research and clinical evaluation of afferent nerves and sensory function in the LUT are possible. To find out how both relate to each other, and how this function can be evaluated, is the task to be done now. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 56,62, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Increased proximal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women,,NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 2 2007Thomas M. Kessler Abstract Aim To identify factors that potentially influence urethral sensitivity in women. Patients and Methods The current perception threshold was measured by double ring electrodes in the proximal and distal urethra in 120 women. Univariate analysis using Kaplan,Meier models and multivariate analysis applying Cox regressions were performed to identify factors influencing urethral sensitivity in women. Results In univariate and multivariate analysis, women who had undergone radical pelvic surgery (radical cystectomy n,=,12, radical rectal surgery n,=,4) showed a significantly (log rank test P,<,0.0001) increased proximal urethral sensory threshold compared to those without prior surgery (hazard ratio (HR) 4.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.04,8.51), following vaginal hysterectomy (HR 4.95, 95% CI 2.07,11.85), abdominal hysterectomy (HR 5.96, 95% CI 2.68,13.23), or other non-pelvic surgery (HR 4.86, 95% CI 2.24,10.52). However, distal urethral sensitivity was unaffected by any form of prior surgery. Also other variables assessed, including age, concomitant diseases, urodynamic diagnoses, functional urethral length, and maximum urethral closure pressure at rest had no influence on urethral sensitivity in univariate as well as in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Increased proximal but unaffected distal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women suggests that the afferent nerve fibers from the proximal urethra mainly pass through the pelvic plexus which is prone to damage during radical pelvic surgery, whereas the afferent innervation of the distal urethra is provided by the pudendal nerve. Better understanding the innervation of the proximal and distal urethra may help to improve surgical procedures, especially nerve sparing techniques. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:208,212, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Origin and Chemical Coding of Primary Afferent Neurones Supplying the Prostate of the DogANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 6 2004M. B. Arciszewski Summary Retrograde tracing technique combined with the double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the distribution and chemical coding of primary afferent neurones supplying the canine prostate. After the injection of Fast Blue (FB) into the prostatic tissue retrogradely-labelled (FB+) primary afferent neurones were localized in bilateral L1,Ca1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Statistical analysis using anova test showed that there are two major sources of afferent prostate innervation. The vast majority of prostate-supplying primary afferent neurones were located in bilateral L2,L4 DRG (56.9 ± 0.6%). The second source of the afferent innervation of canine prostate were bilateral S1,Ca1 DRG (40.6 ± 1.0%). No statistically significant differences were found between average number of FB+ neurones localized in the left and right DRG (49.5 ± 1.7 and 50.5 ± 1.7%, respectively). Immunohistochemistry revealed that FB+ primary afferent neurones contain several neuropeptides in various combinations. In the prostate-supplying neurones of lumbar and sacro-caudal DRG the immunoreactivity to substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was found most frequently (50 ± 3.7 and 37.3 ± 1.9%, respectively). Both in the lumbar and sacro-caudal DRG, considerable population of FB+ neurones immunoreactive neither to SP nor CGRP were also found (23 ± 2.6 and 32.8 ± 2.3%, respectively). In the lumbar DRG 10.7 ± 1.1% of SP-immunoreactive FB+ neurones also contained galanin (GAL). In 9.2 ± 2.2% of the prostate-supplying primary afferent neurones located in the sacro-caudal DRG the co-localization of SP and GAL was also reported. Results of the retrograde tracing experiment demonstrated for the first time sources of afferent innervation of the canine prostate. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that many of the prostate-supplying primary afferent neurones express some of sensory neuropeptides which presumably may be involved in nociception and some pathological processes like inflammation or nerve injury. [source] | ||||||||||