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Energy Efficient (energy + efficient)
Selected AbstractsRealising Reliable, Durable, Energy Efficient and Cost Effective SOFC Systems (Real-SOFC)FUEL CELLS, Issue 6 2009P. Holtappels Dr. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Buchbesprechung: Oil Refineries in the 21st Century , Energy Efficient, Cost Effective, Environmentally Benign.CHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 3 2005Von O. Ocic. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Re-circulating heat pump assisted continuous bed drying and energy analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2005Phani K. Adapa Abstract Specialty crops such as ginseng, herbs and echinacea need to be dried at low temperatures (30,35°C) for product quality optimization. A drying system that is both energy efficient and preserves product quality is desired. A re-circulating heat pump continuous bed dryer system was designed, constructed and field-tested for this purpose. The heat pump dryer system was experimentally evaluated using several potential herbal and medicinal crops such as alfalfa, catnip, wormwood, red clover, portulaca, dandelion and ginseng. These crops were dried either in chopped, sliced or whole form, depending on the part of the plant (aerial or root). The specific moisture extraction rates (SMER) obtained for various crops were in the range of 0.06,0.61 kg kWh,1. It took 5 days and 190 kWh of energy to reduce the average moisture content of ginseng roots below 10% (wb), while commercial dryers currently in use would take on an average 14 days and 244 kWh of energy at comparable loading rates. The re-circulating nature of the heat pump dryer made it 22% more energy efficient and resulted in 65% reduced drying time compared to conventional dryers incorporating electric coil heaters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Non-thermal food processing/preservation technologies: a review with packaging implications,PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Caroline Morris Abstract Non-thermal food processing/preservation methods interest food and food packaging scientists, manufacturers and consumers because they exert a minimal impact on the nutritional and sensory properties of foods, and extend shelf life by inhibiting or killing microorganisms. They are also considered to be more energy efficient and to preserve better quality attributes than conventional thermally based processes. Non-thermal processes also meet industry needs by offering value-added products, new market opportunities and added safety margins. ,,This study reviewed non-thermal processing technologies currently available or developmental for the inactivation of microorganisms and thus microbiological shelf life in foods, and to identify packaging interactions that might result. Processes include ultra-high pressure, ionizing radiation, pulsed X-ray, ultrasound, pulsed light and pulsed electric fields, high-voltage arc discharge, magnetic fields, dense phase carbon dioxide and hurdle technologies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cathode Current Density Distributions in High Power Impulse and Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering ModesPLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, Issue S1 2009Gregory Clarke Abstract During the operation of high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges, peak currents in excess of 1,000 A may be observed, leading to large instantaneous power levels. To investigate this method of operation, a series of planar probes have been constructed that allow for the spatial and temporal variations of current across the surface of a cathode to be assessed. These measurements provide information on the flux of charged particles to and from the cathode whilst it is being sputtered. Under operating conditions that led to a peak current of 140 A, measured current densities varied spatially from ,0.1 to 1.5 A,·,cm,2. By the use of a simple model, the measured current densities were used to predict the sputtering rate of the cathode, which allowed for the erosion profile and target lifetime to be estimated. The results suggest that, with regard to sputtering, operating in HiPIMS mode may be less energy efficient than operating in DC mode, but may achieve a higher target utilisation fraction. [source] A Short Note About Energy-Efficiency Performance of Thermally Coupled Distillation SequencesTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2006Juan Gabriel Segovia-Hernández Abstract In this work, we present a comparative study of the energy-efficiency performance between conventional distillation sequences and thermally coupled distillation arrangements (TCDS) for the separation of ternary mixtures of hydrocarbons under the action of feedback control loops. The influence of the relative ease of separation of the feed mixture and its composition was analyzed. The feedback analysis was conducted through servo tests with individual changes in the set points for each of the three product streams. Standard PI controllers were used for each loop. The results show an apparent trend regarding the sequence with a better dynamic performance. Generally, TCDS options performed better for the control of the extreme components of the ternary mixture (A and C), while the conventional sequences offered a better dynamic behaviour for the control of the intermediate component (B). The only case in which there was a dominant structure for all control loops was when the feed contained low amounts of the intermediate component and the mixture had similar relative volatilities. The Petlyuk column provided the optimal choice in such case, which contradicts the general expectations regarding its control behaviour. In addition, the energy demands during the dynamic responses were significantly lower than those observed for the other distillation sequences. TCDS options, therefore, are not only more energy efficient than the conventional sequences, but there are cases in which they also offer better feedback control properties. On présente dans ce travail une étude comparative de la performance d'efficacité d'énergétique entre les séquences de distillation conventionnelles et les configurations de distillation couplées thermiquement (TCDS) pour la séparation de mélanges ternaires d'hydrocarbures sous l'action de boucles de contrôle d'asservissement. L'influence de la facilité relative de séparation du mélange d'alimentation et de sa composition est analysée. L'analyse de rétroalimentation est réalisée grâce à des tests d'asservissement avec des changements individuels dans les points de consigne pour chacun des trois courants de produits. Des contrôleurs PI standards ont été utilisés pour chaque boucle. Les résultats montrent une tendance apparente pour la séquence ayant une meilleure performance dynamique. Généralement, les options TCDS sont meilleures pour le contrôle des composantes extrêmes du mélange ternaire (A et C), tandis que les séquences conventionnelles offrent un meilleur contrôle dynamique pour le contrôle de la composante intermédiaire (B). Le seul cas où il y a une structure dominante pour toutes les boucles de contrôle, c'est lorsque l'alimentation contenant de faibles quantités de la composante intermédiaire et le mélange ont la même volatilité relative. La colonne Petlyuk est le choix optimal dans un tel cas, ce qui contredit les attentes générales concernant son comportement de contrôle. En outre, les demandes d'énergie pendant les réponses dynamiques sont significativement plus faibles que celles observées pour les autres séquences de distillation. Ainsi, non seulement les options TCDS sont plus efficaces que les séquences conventionnelles, mais il y a des cas où elles offrent également de meilleures propriétés de contrôle d'asservissement. [source] Membrane bioreactors: overview of the effects of module geometry on mixing energyASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2009Yuan Wang Abstract Membranes used in municipal membrane bioreactor (MBR) plants can be configured as flat sheet (FS) membranes or hollow fibre (HF) membranes. The HFs can be mounted either horizontally or vertically. The membranes can be immersed in their own vessel or within the aerobic vessel. These various configurations combine to give a unique reactor design. Current methods of design assume the mixing characteristics (e.g. each reactor vessel is completely mixed); hence the energy necessary to achieve complete mixing cannot be optimised. This paper presents an overview of mixing studies undertaken by the authors' research group on pilot- and full-scale MBRs through residence time distribution (RTD) analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. The drawbacks of current technique for the sizing of MBRs (e.g. compartmental modelling) are highlighted. The use of CFD as a design tool to evaluate the mixing and energy of MBRs with different configurations (e.g. HF vs FS, inside submerged vs outside submerged) is presented. The MBR CFD model was validated using field-measured RTD data and compared with compartmental model. Results from mixing studies suggest that HF membranes are more energy efficient in terms of creating completely mixed conditions than the FS membranes. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Grün ist nicht gleich Grün , Einblicke in das LEED-ZertifizierungssystemBAUPHYSIK, Issue 2 2009LEED AP, President Ebert & Baumann Consulting Engineers Inc., Washington D.C. Oliver Baumann Dipl.-Ing. Bauphysik allgemein; Energieeinsparung Abstract Die USA sind nicht gerade für ökologisches und energieeffizientes Bauen bekannt. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass das LEED-Zertifizierungssystem (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) neben anderen landesspezifischen Systemen wie z. B. BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in Frankreich, Green Star in Australien und jetzt auch DGNB in Deutschland, eine Vorreiterrolle bei der Zertifizierung von "Green Buildings" eingenommen hat. Für international agierende Unternehmen geht zur Zeit kein Weg an LEED vorbei, da dieses System weltweit Anwendung findet , es sind derzeit bereits über 20.000 Gebäude in 76 Ländern für eine LEED-Zertifizierung angemeldet. LEED , The Green Building Rating System. Buildings in the USA are commonly not perceived as energy efficient and sustainable. Considering this, it comes as a surprise that the LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certification system is leading the process to certify "Green Buildings" despite the broad range of certification systems in countries such as BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in France, Green Star in Australia, and most recently DGNB in Germany. International companies are pursuing the LEED certification due to its worldwide applicability , over 20,000 buildings in 76 countries are currently registered. [source] Separation technologies for the recovery and dehydration of alcohols from fermentation broths,BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 6 2008Leland M. Vane PhD Abstract Multi-column distillation followed by molecular sieve adsorption is currently the standard method for producing fuel-grade ethanol from dilute fermentation broths in modern corn-to-ethanol facilities. As the liquid biofuels industry transitions to lignocellulosic feedstocks, expands the end-product portfolio to include other alcohols, and encounters more dilute alcohol concentrations, alternative separation technologies which are more energy efficient than the conventional approach will be in demand. In this review, alcohol recovery technology options and alcohol dehydration technology options for the production of ethanol and 1-butanol are reviewed and compared, with an emphasis on the energy footprint of each approach. Select hybrid technologies are also described. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] The IBUS Process , Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Close to a Commercial RealityCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 5 2008J. Larsen Abstract Integrated Biomass Utilization System (IBUS) is a new process for converting lignocellulosic waste biomass to bioethanol. Inbicon A/S has developed the IBUS process in a large-scale process development unit. This plant features new continuous and energy-efficient technology developed for pretreatment and liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass and has now been operated and optimized for four years with promising results. In the IBUS process, biomass is converted using steam and enzymes only. The process is energy efficient due to very high dry matter content in all process steps and by integration with a power plant. Cellulose is converted to bioethanol and lignin to a high-quality solid biofuel which supply the process energy as well as a surplus of heat and power. Hemicellulose is used as feed molasses but in the future it could also be used for additional ethanol production or other valuable products. Feasibility studies of the IBUS process show that the production price for lignocellulosic bioethanol is close to the world market price for fuel ethanol. There is still room for optimization , and lignocellulosic bioethanol is most likely a commercial alternative to fossil transport fuels before 2012. [source] | |||||||||||||