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Enemies
Kinds of Enemies Terms modified by Enemies Selected AbstractsWHEN PERFECTION IS THE ENEMY OF THE GOODECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2002Julian Morris No abstract is available for this article. [source] TESTICULAR TORSION: TIME IS THE ENEMYANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 6 2000Patrick J. Dunne Background: The acute scrotum is a diagnostic dilemma, and testicular torsion is of primary interest because of its fertility problems for the patient and medico-legal issues for the surgeon. The present study aimed to correlate operative findings of patients with suspected testicular torsion with certain clinical variables and investigations to see if diagnosis and outcome could be improved. Methods: A total of 99 patients underwent scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion at the Royal Brisbane Hospital between 1990 and 1995. Colour Doppler ultrasound, white blood count and urine microscopy results were documented, along with the patient's age and duration of testicular pain. Results: Fifty-six patients were found to have torsion, and the testicular loss rate was 23%. Patients who experienced testicular pain for longer than 12 h had a testicular loss rate of 67%. A negative urine microscopy was suggestive of testicular torsion, but was not diagnostic. The white blood count did not aid in the diagnosis. Colour Doppler ultrasound of the scrotum was used on nine occasions with three false negative results and a sensitivity of only 57%. Conclusions: Time is the enemy when managing the acute scrotum. No investigation substantially improves clinical diagnosis enough to warrant any delay in definitive surgical intervention. [source] Exclusion of Natural Enemies as a Tool in Managing Rare Plant SpeciesCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2000S. M. Louda No abstract is available for this article. [source] Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-EconomicsECONOMICA, Issue 286 2005A. M. C. Waterman No abstract is available for this article. [source] Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of the Civil WarHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007Nicole Etcheson Author's Introduction The author argues that slavery is the root cause of the Civil War even though historians have often posited other explanations. Some other interpretations have been ideological (i.e., about the morality of slavery), others have been economic, political, or cultural. Focus Questions 1If you were to make an argument for the causes of the Civil War, what evidence or types of evidence would you want to examine? 2In what ways can the different types of arguments (ideological, economic, political, and cultural), be combined to explain the causes of the Civil War? Do such arguments exclude or reinforce each other? In what ways? Author Recommends * E. L. Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859,1863 (New York, NY: Norton, 2003). A study of two counties, one north and one south, during the end of the sectional crisis and the early Civil War. While Potter, Walther, and Wilentz offer sweeping, often political, histories, Ayres offers a microhistory approach to the sectional conflict. Although Ayres writes within the tradition of seeing cultural differences between North and South, he concludes that slavery was the issue that drove the two sections apart. * M. A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). Views the development of the sectional crisis through the lens of Manifest Destiny. Territorial expansion drove hostility between the sections. Morrison concentrates on the political developments of the period connected to the acquisition and organization of the territories to show how the issue of slavery in the territories polarized the sections. * D. M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848,1861 (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1976). The most comprehensive survey of the decade before the war. Potter traces the development of slavery as a political issue that North and South could not resolve. While it is a masterly and nuanced treatment of the political history, it does not incorporate social history and is more detailed than is useful for most undergraduates. E. H. Walther, The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s (Wilmington, Scholarly Resources, 2004) has recently supplanted Potter as a survey of the decade. It is an easier read for undergraduates and incorporates the new literature than has emerged since Potter wrote. * S. Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, NY: Norton, 2005). A sweeping history of the United States from the constitutional era to the outbreak of the Civil War. Wilentz attempts to update Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.'s synthesis The Age of Jackson by returning to a focus on the evolution of democracy while at the same time incorporating the social history that emerged after Schlesinger wrote. Only the last third of this very long book covers the 1850s, but Wilentz argues that democracy had taken differing sectional forms by that period: a free-labor version in the North and a plantation version in the South. Online Materials 1. The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War (http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/) A prize-winning website that profiles Augusta County, Virginia and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Material from this website formed the basis of Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies. Although the website primarily concentrates on the Civil War itself, it provides access to newspapers and letters and diaries from the 1850s that show the development of, and reaction to, the sectional crisis in those counties. It also shows students the types of materials (census, tax, and church records as well as newspapers and letters and diaries) with which historians work to build an argument. 2. American Memory from the Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html) Although not specifically devoted to the origins of the Civil War, the American Memory site provides access to the collections of the Library of Congress which contain massive amounts of primary materials for students and scholars. From the website, one can gain access to congressional documents, periodicals from the 1850s, nineteenth-century books, music, legal documents, memoirs by white and black southerners as well as slave narratives. Sample Syllabus Nicole Etcheson's ,Origins of the Civil War,' History Compass, 3/1 (2005), doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00166.x can be used as a reading in any Civil War course. [source] Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural PestsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Article first published online: 9 OCT 200 First page of article [source] Oak Pests and Their Natural EnemiesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 7 2001A.; KULFAN, J.; KRI, J.; ZACH, P. (eds.): Oak Pests, Their Natural Enemies. (Die Eichenschädlinge und ihre Feinde). [source] Intimate Enemies: Landowners, Power, and Violence in Chiapas by Aaron Bobrow-StrainJOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Shannan L. Mattiace No abstract is available for this article. [source] New Friends, New Enemies and Oil Politics: Causes and Consequences of the September 11 Terrorist AttacksMIDDLE EAST POLICY, Issue 4 2001Julia Nanay [source] The Need for Enemies: A Bestiary of Political FormsAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2000Usha Menon The Need for Enemies:. Bestiary of Political Forms. F. G. Bailey. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 223 pp. [source] Enemies in the Gendered Societies of Middle Childhood: Prevalence, Stability, Associations With Social Status, and AggressionNEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT, Issue 102 2003Philip C. Rodkin This analysis of third and fourth graders suggests that enemy relationships are common, often of short duration, and partially reflective of negative behavior patterns between boys and girls in elementary school. [source] Hooks and Hands, Interests and Enemies: Political Thinking as Political ActionPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2000Rodney Barker First page of article [source] Reviews: Globalization and Its EnemiesTHE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 274 2010Ricardo H. Cavazos Cepeda No abstract is available for this article. [source] Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933,34THE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 2 2006Dan Jones No abstract is available for this article. [source] Right to Be Hostile: Schools, Prisons, and the Making of Public Enemies , By Erica R. MeinersANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2010Damien M. Schnyder No abstract is available for this article. [source] Form before Substance: Eisenhower's Commitment to Psychological Warfare and Negotiations with the EnemyDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2000Kenneth A. Osgood [source] Nietzsche's Peace with Islam: My Enemy's Enemy is my FriendGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2003Ian Almond This article examines the many references in Nietzsche's work to Islam and Islamic cultures, and situates them in the general context of his thought. Nietzsche's praise of Islam as a ,ja,sagende semitische Religion', his admiration for Hafiz, his appreciation of Muslim Spain, his belief in the essentially life,affirming character of Islam, not only spring from a desire to find a palatable Other to Judaeo,Christian,European modernity, but also comment on how little Nietzsche actually knew about the cultures he so readily appropriated in his assault on European modernity. Nietzsche's negative comments on Islam , his generic dismissal of Islam with other religions as manipulative thought systems, his depiction of Mohammed as a cunning impostor, reveal in Nietzsche not only the same ambiguities towards Islam as we find towards Christ or Judaism, but also a willingness to use the multiple identities of Islam for different purposes at different moments in his work. Noch eine letzte Frage: Wenn wir von Jugend an geglaubt hätten, daß alles Seelenheil von einem Anderen als Jesus ist, ausfließe, etwa von Muhamed, ist es nicht sicher, daß wir derselben Segnungen theilhaftig geworden wären? Letter to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 11 June 1865 [source] Saudi Arabia, Enemy or Friend?MIDDLE EAST POLICY, Issue 1 2004David Aufhauser The following is an edited transcript of the thirty-fifth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on January 23, 2004, in the Dirksen Senate Office Building with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating. [source] "The Other" and "The Enemy": Reflections on Fieldwork in UtahNORTH AMERICAN DIALOGUE (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2007Julie Brugger This paper is a reflection on doing anthropology in the United States, based on my research of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, a "protected area" in southern Utah. My research focuses on the meaning and practice of democracy in the United States by examining the impact of conservation policies on rural resource users. I question why social scientists who study conservation are able to see injustices in the protected area model when applied in "the Global South," but have not aimed critique at similar processes occurring in the U.S. Reflecting on the post fieldwork experiences of scholars Susan Harding, Faye Ginsburg, and James McCarthy, I suggest that, for American anthropologists, some "repugnant others" in the U.S. represent a threatening "enemy," while in other settings, they may not be perceived in this way. I conclude by suggesting we "write democratically" in order to overcome this limitation and realize the transformative potential of ethnography. [source] Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan , By Tsuyoshi HasegawaTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2007Sean J. Savage No abstract is available for this article. [source] Enemy at the gates: traffic at the plant cell pathogen interfaceCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Caroline Hoefle Summary The plant apoplast constitutes a space for early recognition of potentially harmful non-self. Basal pathogen recognition operates via dynamic sensing of conserved microbial patterns by pattern recognition receptors or of elicitor-active molecules released from plant cell walls during infection. Recognition elicits defence reactions depending on cellular export via SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex-mediated vesicle fusion or plasma membrane transporter activity. Lipid rafts appear also involved in focusing immunity-associated proteins to the site of pathogen contact. Simultaneously, pathogen effectors target recognition, apoplastic host proteins and transport for cell wall-associated defence. This microreview highlights most recent reports on the arms race for plant disease and immunity at the cell surface. [source] Grazing Intensity and the Diversity of Grasshoppers, Butterflies, and Trap-Nesting Bees and WaspsCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Andreas Kruess The reduction of management intensity can be a useful tool for the long-term conservation of the biological diversity of grasslands. We analyzed floral and faunal diversity on intensively and extensively (unintensively) grazed pastures and on 5- to 10-year-old ungrazed grasslands in northern Germany. Each of the three grassland habitats differing in grazing intensity was replicated six times. We related diverse taxa such as grasshoppers, butterfly adults and lepidopteran larvae, and trap-nesting solitary bees and wasps to vegetation structure. There was an increase of species richness and abundance from pastures to ungrazed grasslands. The percentage of parasitism of the most abundant trap-nesting species, the digger-wasp ( Trypoxylon figulus), was also higher on ungrazed grasslands. Decreased grazing on pastures enhanced species richness for adult butterflies only, whereas the abundance of adult butterflies, solitary bees and wasps, and their natural enemies increased. Although the differences in insect diversity between pastures and ungrazed grassland could be attributed to a greater vegetation height and heterogeneity ( bottom-up effects) on ungrazed areas, the differences between intensively and extensively grazed pastures could not be explained by changes in vegetation characteristics. Hence, intensive grazing appeared to affect the insect communities through the disruption of plant-insect interactions. A mosaic of extensively grazed grassland and grassland left ungrazed for a few years may be a good means by which to maintain biodiversity and the strength of trophic interactions. Resumen: El mantenimiento de pastizales como hábitats distintos depende del manejo regular, generalmente, por medio de pastoreo o segado, pero se sabe que la diversidad de especies declina con el incremento de intensidad de manejo. La reducción de la intensidad de manejo puede ser una herramienta útil para la conservación a largo plazo de la biodiversidad de pastizales. Analizamos la diversidad florística y faunística en pastizales pastoreados intensiva y extensivamente (no intensivos) y en pastizales de 5 a 10 años no pastoreados en el norte de Alemania. Cada uno de los tres hábitats de pastizal diferentes en el grado de pastoreo fue replicado seis veces. Relacionamos diversos taxones como chapulines, mariposas adultas, larvas de lepidópteros y abejas y avispas solitarias con la estructura de la vegetación. Hubo un incremento en la riqueza y abundancia de especies de pastizales pastoreados a no pastoreados. El porcentaje de parasitismo de la especie de avispa más abundante ( Trypoxylon figulus) también fue mayor en pastizales no pastoreados. La reducción del pastoreo incrementó la riqueza de especies de mariposas adultas solamente, mientras que incrementó la abundancia de mariposas adultas, abejas y avispas solitarias y sus enemigos naturales. Aunque las diferencias en la diversidad de insectos entre pastizales pastoreados y no pastoreados pudiera atribuirse a la mayor altura de la vegetación y a la heterogeneidad (efectos abajo-arriba) en áreas no pastoreadas, las diferencias entre pastizales pastoreados intensiva y extensivamente no podría explicarse por cambios en las características de la vegetación. Por consiguiente, el pastoreo intensivo aparentemente afectó a las comunidades de insectos por la disrupción de las interacciones planta-animal. Un mosaico de pastizales pastoreados extensivamente y pastizales sin pastoreo por varios años puede ser una buena estrategia para mantener la biodiversidad y la vigencia de las interacciones tróficas. [source] Biology of the solitary wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) agamemnon Richards 1934 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in trap-nestsACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 4 2010Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini Abstract Buschini, M.L.T. and Fajardo, S. 2009. Biology of the solitary wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) agamemnon Richards 1934 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in trap-nests. ,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 426,432. Some Trypoxylon species build their nests in preexisting tubular cavities like hollow stems and beetle borings in branches. Study of the biology of these insects is relatively easy because the females of these wasps nest with enormous success in trap-nests. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance, seasonality and life-history of Trypoxylon agamemnon. For capture of these insects, trap-nests were installed in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias in araucaria forest, grassland and swamp, from December, 2001 to December, 2005. Two hundred and ninety seven nests were obtained. They were constructed more often during the summer (from December to April). The nests were built only in araucaria forest and consisted of a linear series of cells, divided by mud partitions, whose number varied from 1 to 7. Normally they have only one vestibular cell. The inner cells had been provisioned, usually with spiders of Anyphaenidae family. Sex-ratio was strongly female biased. Its main natural enemies included Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae. [source] Tolerance to herbivory, and not resistance, may explain differential success of invasive, naturalized, and native North American temperate vinesDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 2 2008Isabel W. Ashton ABSTRACT Numerous hypotheses suggest that natural enemies can influence the dynamics of biological invasions. Here, we use a group of 12 related native, invasive, and naturalized vines to test the relative importance of resistance and tolerance to herbivory in promoting biological invasions. In a field experiment in Long Island, New York, we excluded mammal and insect herbivores and examined plant growth and foliar damage over two growing seasons. This novel approach allowed us to compare the relative damage from mammal and insect herbivores and whether damage rates were related to invasion. In a greenhouse experiment, we simulated herbivory through clipping and measured growth response. After two seasons of excluding herbivores, there was no difference in relative growth rates among invasive, naturalized, and native woody vines, and all vines were susceptible to damage from mammal and insect herbivores. Thus, differential attack by herbivores and plant resistance to herbivory did not explain invasion success of these species. In the field, where damage rates were high, none of the vines were able to fully compensate for damage from mammals. However, in the greenhouse, we found that invasive vines were more tolerant of simulated herbivory than native and naturalized relatives. Our results indicate that invasive vines are not escaping herbivory in the novel range, rather they are persisting despite high rates of herbivore damage in the field. While most studies of invasive plants and natural enemies have focused on resistance, this work suggests that tolerance may also play a large role in facilitating invasions. [source] Natural enemies: an effective toolDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 2 2006Dick Shaw No abstract is available for this article. [source] Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native rangeDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 1 2004Gabi Jakobs ABSTRACT Introduced plant species that became successful invaders appear often more vigorous and taller than their conspecifics in the native range. Reasons postulated to explain this better performance in the introduced range include more favourable environmental conditions and release from natural enemies and pathogens. According to the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability hypothesis (EICA hypothesis) there is a trade-off between investment into defence against herbivores and pathogens, and investment into a stronger competitive ability. In this study, we conducted field surveys to investigate whether populations of the invasive perennial Solidago gigantea Ait (Asteraceae) differ with respect to growth and size in the native and introduced range, respectively. We assessed size and morphological variation of 46 populations in the native North American range and 45 populations in the introduced European range. Despite considerable variation between populations within continents, there were pronounced differences between continents. The average population size, density and total plant biomass were larger in European than in American populations. Climatic differences and latitude explained only a small proportion of the total variation between the two continents. The results show that introduced plants can be very distinct in their growth form and size from conspecifics in the native range. The apparently better performance of this invasive species in Europe may be the result of changed selection pressures, as implied by the EICA hypothesis. [source] Stephen of Ripon and the Bible: allegorical and typological interpretations of the Life of St WilfridEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 2 2000Mark D. Laynesmith This article attempts a re-reading of Stephen of Ripon's Life of Saint Wilfrid in the light of a biblical exegetical methodology which is contemporary to its composition, being derived chiefly from the works of Bede. Through an analysis of typology in the Life, this study argues that Stephen compared his hero with various biblical reformers. By inaccurately linking Wilfrid's main enemies with quartodecimanism Stephen could claim that Wilfrid was in conflict with enemies who could be rhetorically characterized as types of perfidious Jews. Ultimately Stephen is shown to have used a theology of Jewish,Christian supersessionism to characterize and explain his subject's turbulent career. The work includes an appendix speculatively interpreting two resurrection miracles. [source] Structure and vertical stratification of plant galler,parasitoid food webs in two tropical forestsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2009MIGUEL R. PANIAGUA Abstract 1.,Networks of feeding interactions among insect herbivores and natural enemies such as parasitoids, describe the structure of these assemblages and may be critically linked to their dynamics and stability. The present paper describes the first quantitative study of parasitoids associated with gall-inducing insect assemblages in the tropics, and the first investigation of vertical stratification in quantitative food web structure. 2.,Galls and associated parasitoids were sampled in the understorey and canopy of Parque Natural Metropolitano in the Pacific forest, and in the understorey of San Lorenzo Protected Area in the Caribbean forest of Panama. Quantitative host,parasitoid food webs were constructed for each assemblage, including 34 gall maker species, 28 host plants, and 57 parasitoid species. 3.,Species richness was higher in the understorey for parasitoids, but higher in the canopy for gall makers. There was an almost complete turnover in gall maker and parasitoid assemblage composition between strata, and the few parasitoid species shared between strata were associated with the same host species. 4.,Most parasitoid species were host specific, and the few polyphagous parasitoid species were restricted to the understorey. 5.,These results suggest that, in contrast to better-studied leaf miner,parasitoid assemblages, the influence of apparent competition mediated by shared parasitoids as a structuring factor is likely to be minimal in the understorey and practically absent in the canopy, increasing the potential for coexistence of parasitoid species. 6.,High parasitoid beta diversity and high host specificity, particularly in the poorly studied canopy, indicate that tropical forests may be even more species rich in hymenopteran parasitoids than previously suspected. [source] Geographic variation in prey preference in bark beetle predatorsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2009JOHN D. REEVE Abstract 1.,Bark beetles and their predators are useful systems for addressing questions concerning diet breadth and prey preference in arthropod natural enemies. These predators use bark beetle pheromones to locate their prey, and the response to different pheromones is a measure of prey preference. 2.,Trapping experiments were conducted to examine geographic variation in the response to prey pheromones by two bark beetle predators, Thanasimus dubius and Temnochila virescens. The experiments used pheromones for several Dendroctonus and Ips prey species (frontalin, ipsdienol, and ipsenol) and manipulated visual cues involved in prey location (black vs. white traps). The study sites included regions where the frontalin-emitter Dendroctonus frontalis was in outbreak vs. endemic or absent. 3.,There was significant geographic variation in pheromone preference for T. dubius. This predator strongly preferred a pheromone (frontalin) associated with D. frontalis at outbreak sites, while preference was more even at endemic and absent sites. No geographic variation was found in the response by T. virescens. White traps caught fewer insects than black traps for both predators, suggesting that visual cues are also important in prey location. 4.,The overall pattern for T. dubius is consistent with switching or optimal foraging theory, assuming D. frontalis is a higher quality prey than Ips. The two predator species partition the prey pheromones in areas where D. frontalis is abundant, possibly to minimise competition and intraguild predation. [source] Avoidance responses of an aphidophagous ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, to aphid-tending antsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2008THOMAS H. OLIVER Abstract 1.,Insect predators often aggregrate to patches of high prey density and use prey chemicals as cues for oviposition. If prey have mutualistic guardians such as ants, however, then these patches may be less suitable for predators. 2.,Ants often tend aphids and defend them against predators such as ladybirds. Here, we show that ants can reduce ladybird performance by destroying eggs and physically attacking larvae and adults. 3.,Unless ladybirds are able to defend against ant attacks they are likely to have adaptations to avoid ants. We show that Adalia bipunctata ladybirds not only move away from patches with Lasius niger ants, but also avoid laying eggs in these patches. Furthermore, ladybirds not only respond to ant presence, but also detect ant semiochemicals and alter oviposition strategy accordingly. 4.,Ant semiochemicals may signal the extent of ant territories allowing aphid predators to effectively navigate a mosaic landscape of sub-optimal patches in search of less well-defended prey. Such avoidance probably benefits both ants and ladybirds, and the semiochemicals could be regarded as a means of cooperative communication between enemies. 5.,Overall, ladybirds respond to a wide range of positive and negative oviposition cues that may trade-off with each other and internal motivation to determine the overall oviposition strategy. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||