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Enamel Demineralization (enamel + demineralization)
Selected AbstractsAnticaries effect of compounds extracted from Galla Chinensis in a multispecies biofilm modelMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Q. Xie Introduction:,Galla Chinensis is a leaf gall known to have some antibacterial effects. Using an in vitro biofilm model of dental plaque, the present study aimed to evaluate the anticaries effects of Galla Chinensis and its chemical fractions. Methods:, A four-organism bacterial consortium (Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was grown on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, bovine enamel blocks, and glass surfaces in a continuous culture system and exposed to repeated solution pulses. Galla Chinensis extracts, sucrose solutions, and sodium fluoride solutions were pulsed into different flow cells. The pH value of the planktonic phase in each flow cell was recorded and the bacteria colonizing the biofilm on the HA discs were counted. Enamel blocks were observed using a polarized microscope and lesion depth was evaluated. The biofilm morphology was examined with a fluorescence microscope and the images captured were analyzed on an image analysis system. Results:, When Galla Chinensis extract, its chemical fraction, or fluoride was added to the sucrose solution, the planktonic phase pH remained higher than that in the sucrose alone. A lower level of colonization on the HA surface was also observed in the groups to which Galla Chinensis and fluoride were added compared with the control sucrose group, and this was reflected in both the total viable count and the biofilm imaging, which showed fewer cariogenic bacteria and a less compact biofilm, respectively. Enamel demineralization in both the fluoride group and the Galla Chinensis group was significantly less than that in the sucrose group. Conclusions:,Galla Chinensis and fluoride may inhibit the cariogenicity of the oral biofilm. Galla Chinensis appears to be a promising source of new agents that may prevent dental caries. [source] Detection of in vitro demineralization of primary teeth using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2002I. A. Pretty Summary. Introduction. With the advent of remineralizing therapies and the new, conservative approach to restoration placement, interest in detecting and monitoring subclinical, precavitated lesions has increased. The increased understanding of clinicians about the processes of primary and secondary prevention and the detection of lesions to which these therapies may be applied, is one of the current goals in caries management. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) is a new method for the detection of very early caries. Objectives. To determine the ability of QLF to detect and longitudinally monitor in vitro enamel demineralization. To present the device to the paediatric community and present future in vivo uses of the device. Design. An in vitro study with combined in vivo pilot. Sample and methods. Twelve previously extracted, caries free, primary molars were selected and prepared. Two teeth were randomly selected as controls. Teeth were prepared by gentle pumicing and coating in an acid-resistant nail-varnish, except for an exposed window on the buccal surface. QLF baseline images were taken and the teeth then exposed to a demineralizing solution. Teeth were removed at regular intervals (24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h), air-dried and QLF images taken. QLF images were analysed by a single, blinded examiner (to control, to length of exposure). Mineral loss, as measured by ,Q, was recorded. Results. Demineralization was noted in all experimental teeth by 48 h, and within 24 h in six teeth. The QLF successfully monitored the increase in mineral loss over time (P < 0·05). The detected lesions were not visible clinically until 144 h and then in only the most severe lesions. No demineralization was detected by QLF in control teeth. The device was user- and patient-friendly in vivo, detecting subclinical lesions. Conclusion. Detection of very early mineral loss and subsequent monitoring of this loss is possible in primary teeth using QLF. The device is well suited to use in paediatric dentistry and offers applications for both clinicians and researchers. The determination of the status of carious lesions (active/inactive) will be possible with readings taken at recall appointments. [source] Fluoride pit and fissure sealants: a reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2000Tonia L. Morphis There are two methods of fluoride incorporation into fissure sealants. In the first method, fluoride is added to the unpolymerized resin in the form of a soluble fluoride salt that releases fluoride ions by dissolution, following sealant application. In the second method, an organic fluoride compound is chemically bound to the resin and the fluoride is released by exchange with other ions (anion exchange system). This report reviews the literature on the effectiveness of all the fluoride-releasing sealants ,commercial and experimental , that have been prepared using either the former or the latter method of fluoride incorporation. There is evidence for equal retention rates to conventional sealants and for ex vivo fluoride release and reduced enamel demineralization. However, further research is necessary to ensure the clinical longevity of fluoride sealant retention and to establish the objective of greater caries inhibition through the fluoride released in saliva and enamel. [source] Microradiographic study on the effects of salivary proteins on in vitro demineralization of bovine enamelJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 2 2005A. M. KIELBASSA summary, The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of various proteins on in vitro demineralization of bovine enamel. From each of 100 bovine incisors two samples were prepared. The specimens were embedded in epoxy resin and polished up to 4000 grit. Subsequently, the specimens' surfaces were partly covered with nail varnish, thus serving as control of sound enamel. The specimens were divided randomly into five groups (n = 40) and demineralized in a solution of constant composition (pH 5·0; 10 days). For each subgroup of specimens (n = 10) 4 L were taken and either low (50% of medium conc.), medium, or high (150%) concentrations of the proteins [human albumin (100% conc. = 7 mg L,1), mucin (577·5 mg L,1), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (46 mg L,1), casein isolated from bovine milk (1·2 g L,1)] or amino acid [l -Proline (7 mg L,1)] were added to 1 L of the demineralizing solution, whereas 1 L served as control. Mineral loss and lesion depth (LD) were evaluated from microradiographs of thin sections (110 ,m) by a dedicated software package (TMR 1.24). No differences were found between the five control groups (P > 0·05; anova). Albumin, l -Proline, and IgG did not affect enamel demineralization, whereas the addition of both casein and mucin resulted in significant reductions of both mineral loss and LDs (P < 0·01; Tukey's test). Within the limitations of an in vitro study, the present investigation indicates that casein and mucin seem to affect enamel demineralization significantly. Thus, these proteins might be helpful as an additive to saliva substitutes or mouthwashes if the quality of saliva is altered. [source] Cheese Consumption and the Development and Progression of Dental CariesNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 4 2002Shelby Kashket Ph.D. Whereas research into the causes of dental decay has focused on the harmful relationship between dental plaque bacteria and foods, studies into the protective effects of foods have been infrequent and limited in number. Recent investigations showed that milk and cheese could reduce the effects of metabolic acids, and could help restore the enamel that is lost during eating. Postulated mechanisms involve buffering, salivary stimulation, reduction of bacterial adhesion, reduction of enamel demineralization, and/or promotion of remineralization by casein and ionizable Ca and P. Given this information, consumers may be motivated to use milk and cheese to reduce, or reverse the cariogenic effects of many other foods. [source] Effects of different topical agents on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets: an in vivo and in vitro studyAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010T Uysal Abstract Background:, The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro effects of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride containing topical agents in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets, and to compare this with a control group. Methods:, Twenty-one patients and 60 extracted premolars were divided into three groups: two experimental and one control. Tooth Mousse® (CPP-ACP gel; GC-Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Fluoridin N5® (Fluoride gel; Voco-GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) were applied to tooth surfaces around orthodontic brackets in the experimental groups. Teeth were extracted after 60 days to evaluate the in vivo effects of the testing materials. For the in vitro experiment, samples were cycled for 14 days through a daily procedure of demineralization. All teeth were sectioned and evaluated by superficial microhardness analysis. An indentation was made from two positions (occlusal-cervical) and one depth (10 ,m). Results:, Comparisons of occlusal and cervical microhardness scores for all specimens showed no statistically significant side differences. A multiple comparison test showed that the use of CPP-ACP and fluoride containing topical gels were more significantly efficient than the control group (p <0.001). No significant differences were detected between CPP-ACP and the fluoride groups against demineralization. Conclusions:,In vivo and in vitro evaluations indicated that CPP-ACP and fluoride containing agents successfully inhibited caries around orthodontic brackets. [source] In vivo effects of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite on enamel demineralization around orthodontic bracketsAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010T Uysal Abstract Background:, The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of an amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets, and to compare it with the control. Methods:, Fourteen orthodontic patients were divided into two equal groups. They received brackets fitted to all first premolars, bonded with either Aegis Ortho® (The Bosworth Co.), an ACP-containing orthodontic composite (experimental group), or Concise® (3M Dental Products), a resin-based orthodontic composite (control group). After 30 days, the teeth were extracted and longitudinally sectioned, and evaluated by superficial-microhardness analysis. The determinations were made at the bracket edge cementing limits and at occlusal and cervical points 100 and 200 ,m away from the edge. In all of these positions, indentations were made at depths of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, and 90 ,m from the enamel surface. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test was used. The statistical significance level was set at p <0.05. Results:, The ANOVA showed statistically significant differences for position, material, depth, and their interactions (p <0.001). The multiple comparison test showed that the ACP-containing orthodontic composite was significantly more efficient than the control composite, reducing enamel demineralization in almost all evaluations (p <0.001). Conclusions:, Present results indicated that ACP-containing orthodontic composite for bonding orthodontic brackets successfully inhibited demineralization in vivo. This effect was localized to the area around the brackets and was statistically significant after 30 days. 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