Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Enactment
Selected AbstractsENACTMENT: SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE THERAPIST'S CONTRIBUTIONBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 4 2006Dawn Devereux ABSTRACT This paper examines three instances of enactment, which occurred in the early stages of a thrice-weekly therapy. The emphasis is on both the origins and consequences of the therapist's contribution. Particular attention is paid to the unconscious nature of enactment, as a phenomenon that can precipitate both a refusal and an actualization of the patient's transference; the former, in this case, leading to further acting out and the latter to malignant regression. [source] THE EFFECT OF PROXY-VOICE INTERVENTION ON COUPLE SOFTENING IN THE CONTEXT OF ENACTMENTSJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 4 2006Ryan B. Seedall In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of proxy voice (therapist acting as client's "voice") intervention, embedded within couple enactments, on client-perceived softening. The primary research question was whether use of proxy voice would be more likely to bring about softening, or if its use was counterintuitive to enactment conceptualization and would elicit struggle behavior (e.g., withdrawal or negativity). Results indicate that proxy voice has a significant, positive association with softening and is inversely related to withdrawal or negativity. Preliminary findings suggest that proxy voice intervention embedded within a fluid, carefully delineated, and discriminating model of enactments effectively facilitates essential elements of couple interaction (expression of primary affect and articulation of self-concept and attachment threats) while promoting self-reliant couple interaction and increased softening. [source] ON MISREADING AND MISLEADING PATIENTS: SOME REFLECTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, MISCOMMUNICATIONS AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE ENACTMENTS,THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, Issue 4 2001Theodore J. Jacobs This author focuses on an aspect of transference countertransference interaction that enacted covertly is often overlooked. He argues that conflicts, needs and biases that may go undetected for lengthy periods of time are not infrequently contained within the analyst's accurate and technically correct interventions and that for defensive reasons, patients often suppress, deny or rationalise their accurate perceptions of these countertransference elements and fail to confront their analysts with them. The mistakes, miscommunications and misperceptions that arise as a consequence of the unconscious collusions that develop between patient and analyst can have a profound effect on the analytic work. Several clinical examples are presented to illustrate the operation of such covert communications in analysis and their impact on the treatment process. [source] ENACTMENTS: MOVING FROM DEADLY WAYS OF RELATING TO THE BEGINNINGS OF MENTAL LIFEBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2008David Morgan abstract The author discusses the vicissitudes of working analytically with patients who present with monolithic forms of thinking. He describes an approach that emphasizes the importance of the analyst as a real object that has at first to be explored to discover whether or not what is projected corresponds to the analyst's mind. This exploration of the other often confronts the analyst with their own issues surrounding sanity and madness, life and death; it is through this exploration of these real anxieties in the mind of the object that can lead to the beginnings of thinking in severely ill patients. [source] Enactment, Sensemaking and Decision Making: Redesign Processes in the 1976 Reorganization of US IntelligenceJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 2 2000James Douglas Orton Weick's theories of organizing and sensemaking help enrich the assumptions in the organization design school. This study builds on Weick's theories of sensemaking to illustrate how three fundamental organization design assumptions , dominant variables, causal laws and executive dictates , were found to be restrictive in the explanation of redesign processes in the 1976 reorganization of the US intelligence community. The assumption of dominant variables was challenged by the appearance of a multitude of events, or enactments, which were selected by organization members for further attention. The assumption of causal laws was challenged by the appearance of individual-level cause maps which were filtered, through sensemaking processes, into organization-level workable realities. The assumption of executive dictates was challenged by the appearance of attempts to punctuate redesign processes as organizational decisions. The study suggests value in moving from simple organization design assumptions to more reliable findings drawn from detailed observations of redesign processes. [source] California School Board Members' Perceptions of Factors Influencing School Nutrition PolicyJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 2 2004Kelli McCormack Brown ABSTRACT: Enactment and enforcement of school nutrition policies represent key components in adolescent overweight and obesity prevention. This study determined: 1) California school board members' attitudes, perceptions, and motivations related to enactment of policies that support healthy eating in schools; and 2) barriers to adopting school policies that support healthy eating. To understand board members' decision-making process, key informant interviews were conducted and a survey was administered to 404 school board members. Though school board members care about the well-being of pupils, competing priorities limit the extent to which nutrition issues get addressed at board meetings. Members' decisions center primarily around academic achievement issues, yet they are interested in nutrition's overall impact on children's health and academic achievement. [source] Management of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.)) fishery in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria, in light of changes in its life history and ecologyLAKES & RESERVOIRS: RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2008M. Njiru Abstract This study reports on the population parameters, catch distribution and feeding ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from bottom trawls and commercial catches obtained in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria during 1997,2006. The population parameters were analysed using the FAO-ICLARM stock assessment tool (FISAT). The fish biomass and the food ingested by the fish were estimated using the swept area and point methods, respectively. Immature fish comprised ,70% of the total fish population. The asymptotic length, maximum weight, maximum age, exploitation rate (E) and length at 50% maturity of Nile tilapia have decreased, whereas the growth curvature and fishing mortality have increased. The commercial catches increased from 13.93 t in 1997, to 23.70 t in 1999, decreasing thereafter to 18.73 t in 2005. The bottom trawl catches increased from 46.90 kg ha,1 in 1997, to 401.48 kg ha,1 in 2000, decreasing thereafter to 15.57 kg ha,1 in 2006. The major food items ingested by the fish were algae, insects and other fish. Population parameters, and the catch and diet of O. niloticus, have changed over the years in Lake Victoria. The population characteristics suggest a population under stress, attributable to intense catch exploitation. Even under intense exploitation (E = 0.68), however, the mature fish constituted ,30% of the population. The commercial catches are still high, indicating a very resilient fishery. Nevertheless, despite this resilience, the future of Oreochromis fishery is threatened by increased fishing capacity in the lake, and there is need to re-evaluate the effectiveness of current fishery management measures, with the goal of possibly adopting new measures. Enactment of new fishery policies also should provide for co-management to enhance the management process. Furthermore, there is a need to reduce fishing capacity and illegal fishing methods, and to seek alternative livelihoods for lake fishers and other stakeholders. [source] The Cultural Power of Law and the Cultural Enactment of Legality: The Case of Same-Sex MarriageLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 3 2003Kathleen E. Hull This paper examines the legal consciousness of same-sex couples with respect to marriage. Data from an interview-based study of 71 members of same-sex couples reveal strong consensus on the desirability of having samesex relationships legally recognized, and considerable variation in couples'attempts to enact marriage culturally through various practices, including the use of marriage-related terminology and public commitment rituals. I argue that some of these efforts to enact marriage culturally should also be read as attempts to enact legality in the absence of official law. The findings from this study challenge the idea that marginalized social actors will tend toward a resistant legal consciousness: Rather than seeking to avoid and evade legality in their everyday lives, most same-sex couples seem to embrace legality for its practical and symbolic resources, even as they stand "against the law" in their opposition to the exclusion of same-sex couples from the institution of legal marriage. Approaching marriage from the perspective of same-sex couples, this research demonstrates that the legal and cultural aspects of marriage are deeply intertwined. Cultural enactments of marriage enact legality even in the absence of official law, and many actors ascribe to law a cultural power that transcends its specific benefits and protections, the power to produce social and cultural equality. [source] After Enactment: The Lives and Deaths of Federal ProgramsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Christopher R. Berry While many scholars have focused on the production of legislation, we explore life after enactment. Contrary to the prevailing view that federal programs are indissoluble, we show that programmatic restructurings and terminations are commonplace. In addition, we observe significant changes in programmatic appropriations. We suggest that a sitting congress is most likely to transform, kill, or cut programs inherited from an enacting congress when its partisan composition differs substantially. To test this claim, we examine the postenactment histories of every federal domestic program established between 1971 and 2003, using a new dataset that distinguishes program death from restructuring. Consistent with our predictions, we find that changes in the partisan composition of congresses have a strong influence on program durability and size. We thus dispel the notion that federal programs are everlasting while providing a plausible coalition-based account for their evolution. [source] Challenging "Best Practices" in Family Literacy and Parent Education Programs: The Development and Enactment of Mothering Knowledge among Puerto Rican and Latina Mothers in ChicagoANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2009Laura Ruth Johnson This article discusses the findings of an ethnographic research study exploring the experiences of Puerto Rican women attending a family literacy program in Chicago. In particular, the study investigated the repositories of knowledge and information available to participating women that figured into the development of their notions about parenting, in the process posing these various trajectories against the types of knowledge and approaches usually promoted within family literacy and parent education programs.,[teen mothers, family literacy programs, parent education, Puerto Rican mothers, Chicago, Latino/a communities] [source] Local perspective of the impact of the HIPAA privacy rule on researchCANCER, Issue 2 2006M.P.H., Michael S. Wolf Ph.D. Abstract BACKGROUND The operational and economic impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was evaluated. The setting was a natural experiment which involved a single-site, clinical research study that was initiated before the enactment of HIPAA and subsequently modified to be compliant with the new policy. METHODS A formative assessment was conducted of the recruitment process to a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of an educational strategy to inform Veterans about the National Cancer Institute/Department of Veterans Affairs cosponsored Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Personnel time and costs were determined based on weekly accrual for study periods before and after the implementation of HIPAA. Root cause analysis was used to assess the recruitment protocol and to identify areas for improvement. RESULTS The implementation of HIPAA resulted in a 72.9% decrease in patient accrual (7.0 patients/wk vs. 1.9 patients/wk, P < 0.001), and a threefold increase in mean personnel time spent recruiting (4.1 hrs/patient vs. 14.1 hrs/patient, P < 0.001) and mean recruitment costs ($49/patient vs. $169/patient, P < 0.001). Upon review of the modified HIPAA-compliant protocol, revisions in the recruitment procedure were adopted. The revised protocol improved weekly accrual by 73% (1.9 patients/wk vs. 7.1 patients/wk, P < 0.001) and resulted in improvements in personnel time (5.4 hrs/patient) and recruitment costs ($65/patient). CONCLUSION Enactment of HIPAA initially placed a considerable burden on research time and costs. Establishing HIPAA-compliant recruitment policies can overcome some of these obstacles, although recruitment costs and time are likely to be greater than those observed before HIPAA. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source] Communicating in Mentoring Relationships: A Theory for EnactmentCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 1 2002Pamela J. Kalbfleisch The theory explicated herein postulates that communication is central to the initiation, maintenance, and repair of mentoring relationships. The initiation of mentoring is likened to the initiation of friendships and love relationships in terms of communicating appropriate relational expectations. Because the mentor has the most power in a mentoring relationship, the protégé is anticipated to direct more communicative attempts toward initiating, maintaining, and repairing the relationship than the mentor. Protégées are proposed to be more likely than males to use communicative strategies in achieving their mentoring goals. Mentors are proposed to use communication to initiate, maintain, and repair mentoring relationships if they are invested in the success of their protégés. [source] Curriculum-Context Knowledge: Teacher Learning From Successive Enactments of a Standards-Based Mathematics CurriculumCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 2 2009JEFFREY MARTIN CHOPPIN ABSTRACT This study characterizes the teacher learning that stems from successive enactments of innovative curriculum materials. This study conceptualizes and documents the formation of curriculum-context knowledge (CCK) in three experienced users of a Standards-based mathematics curriculum. I define CCK as the knowledge of how a particular set of curriculum materials functions to engage students in a particular context. The notion of CCK provides insight into the development of curricular knowledge and how it relates to other forms of knowledge that are relevant to the practice of teaching, such as content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. I used a combination of video-stimulated and semistructured interviews to examine the ways the teachers adapted the task representations in the units over time and what these adaptations signaled in terms of teacher learning. Each teacher made noticeable adaptations over the course of three or four enactments that demonstrated learning. Each of the teachers developed a greater understanding of the resources in the respective units as a result of repeated enactments, although there was some important variation between the teachers. The learning evidenced by the teachers in relation to the units demonstrated their intricate knowledge of the curriculum and the way it engaged their students. Furthermore, this learning informed their instructional practices and was intertwined with their discussion of content and how best to teach it. The results point to the larger need to account for the knowledge necessary to use Standards-based curricula and to relate the development and existence of well-elaborated knowledge components to evaluations of curricula. [source] THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ENACTMENTS INFAMILY THERAY: DISCOVERY-ORIENTED PROCESS STUDYJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 2 2000Michael P. Nichols In this investigation we examine the elements of enactments-in-session dialoguse used to observe and modify family interactions in sturctrual family therapy. Twenty-one videotaped segments of 18 therapy sessions with differnt familes were used to compile detailed descriptions of therapist techniques and client responses. Enactments were analyzed as consisting of three distinst phases-initiation, facilitation, adn closing-each of which required more numerous and complex interventions than are usually described in the clinical literautre. Judges were able to reliable describe therapist interventions that led to successful enactments as well as what therapists did or failed to do that led to unproductive outcomes. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. [source] Communication practices of coaches during mediator training: Addressing issues of knowledge and enactmentCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2009Cindy H. White The purpose of this study was to describe how coaches of mediators-in-training manage interaction in role-play sessions and help trainees learn about mediation practices. Using a qualitative, discourse analytic approach, we examined role-played mediation sessions where thirteen professional mediators each provided coaching to two pairs of student trainees who had completed training in interest-based mediation (for a total of twenty-six sessions). We argue that the techniques we observed at crucial moments in mediation training seemed designed to improve trainees' understanding of the mediation process but offered limited help in teaching trainees how to enact the communication practices that are essential to mediation. We consider how the demands of giving advice and assessing communication behavior affect what coaches say to trainees in these circumstances. [source] The World Has Changed,Have Analytical Procedure Practices?CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010GREG TROMPETER M1; M42 Analytical Procedures (APs) provide a means for auditors to evaluate the "reasonableness" of financial disclosures by comparing a client's reported performance to expectations gained through knowledge of the client based on past experience and developments within the company and its industry. Thus, APs are fundamentally different than other audit tests in taking a broader perspective of an entity's performance vis-à-vis its environment. As such, APs have been found to be a cost-effective means to detect misstatements, and many have argued that a number of prior financial frauds would have been detected had auditors employed effective APs. With several dramatic and far-reaching developments over the past decade, the current study examines whether and how APs have changed during this period. In particular, we focus on the impact of significant "enablers" and "drivers" of change such as technological advancements and the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We also compare our findings to an influential study of the practices of APs by Hirst and Koonce (1996) that was conducted over 10 years ago. We interview 36 auditors (11 seniors, 13 managers, and 12 partners) from all of the Big 4 firms using a structured questionnaire. The data reveal some similarities in findings when compared to prior research (e.g., auditors continue to use fairly simple analytical procedures). However, there are a number of significant differences reflecting changes in AP practices. For instance, as a result of technology auditors now rely more extensively on industry and analyst data than previously. Further, auditors report that they develop more precise quantitative expectations and use more non-financial information. They also appear to rely more on lower level audit staff to perform APs, conduct greater inquiry of non-accounting personnel, and are willing to reduce substantive testing to a greater extent as a result of APs conducted in the planning phase. Finally, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has had an impact in greater consideration and knowledge of internal controls, which is seen as the most important factor driving the use and reliance on APs. [source] TITLE IX AND THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH SCHOOL SPORTSCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 4 2007BETSEY STEVENSON The passage of Title IX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, expanded high school athletic opportunities to include girls, revolutionizing mass sports participation in the United States. This paper analyzes high school athletic participation in the United States and how sports offerings for boys and girls changed subsequent to the passage of this legislation. Girls' sports participation rose dramatically both following the enactment of Title IX and subsequent to enhancements to its enforcement. Approximately half of all girls currently participate in sports during high school; however, there remains a substantial gap between girls and boys participation in many states. States' average education level and social attitudes regarding Title IX and women's rights are correlated with this remaining gender gap. Examining individual high school students, sports participation is seen more frequently among those with a privileged background: white students with married, wealthy, educated parents are more likely to play sports. This finding points to an overlooked fact,while Title IX benefited girls by increasing the opportunity to play sports, these benefits were disproportionately reaped by those at the top of the income distribution. (JEL J16, J18, J24, I2) [source] Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviourCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2002Professor Jeremy W. Coid MD FRCPsych Objectives To examine the associations between DSM-III, axis II, personality disorder, motivation and disruptive behaviour in prisoners. Method Interviews were carried out with 81 prisoners in prison special units in England using research diagnostic instruments and an item sheet measuring disruptive behaviours and their motivations. Independent associations were established using logistic regression. Results Specific associations were established between psychopathy and axis II disorders with violent and disruptive behaviour and motivations for these behaviours. Conclusions The study supported a cognitive model explaining the functional association between personality disorder and antisocial behaviour. Personality disorders act as predisposing factors influencing the development of motivations and subsequently facilitate the enactment of disordered behaviour, in a linear progression. Assessment of personality disorder should be routine in disruptive and dangerous prisoners. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Developmental aspects of violence and the institutional responseCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2000Stephen BlumenthalArticle first published online: 14 MAR 200 Introduction The developmental and attachment literature on violence is reviewed. Violence is conceptualized as an attempt to achieve justice. The cycle of violence is explored with reference to the early experience of perpetrators and their treatment by the criminal justice system after they have committed acts of violence. Aetiology The origins of violence are considered in the context of the experience of trauma in childhood and the consequent damage to ,internal working models' of relationships. The perpetration of violence in later life is viewed in the context of identifying with the aggressor, the obliteration of thought processes and the repetition of the earlier childhood trauma. The offence is considered as a symptom, a symbolic communication, by individuals who are unable to symbolize distress on a verbal level. The institutional response The ,violence begets violence' hypothesis is then extended to include the response of society and its institutions as part of the full circle of the repetition compulsion: the childhood victim who later becomes a perpetrator, then again becomes the victim of a cruel and persecuting system. Incarceration is viewed as a ,compromise formation' in that it fulfils the wish both for punishment and for care, albeit in a highly disguised form and allowing for a defensive state of mind to continue. The therapeutic relationship These issues are considered in the context of the therapeutic relationship and the enactment of early trauma in this setting which may provide insight into the psychological processes at work between the offender and society. Conclusions Understanding violence indicates that, whilst some individuals need to be physically checked, a response which focuses on retribution fails to address the problem of violence and colludes with the very pathology of those who engage in such action. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Animal Magnetism and Curriculum HistoryCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 2 2007BERNADETTE BAKER ABSTRACT This article elaborates the impact that crises of authority provoked by animal magnetism, mesmerism, and hypnosis in the 19th century had for field formation in American education. Four layers of analysis elucidate how curriculum history's repetitive focus on public school policy and classroom practice became possible. First, the article surveys external conditions of possibility for the enactment of compulsory public schooling. Second, "internal" conditions of possibility for the formation of educational objects (e.g., types of children) are documented via the processes of différance that were generated from within the experiences of confinement. Third, the article maps how these were interpenetrated by animal magnetic debates that were lustered and planished in education's emerging field, including impact upon behavior management practices, the contouring of expertise and authority, the role of Will in intelligence testing and child development theories, and the redefinition of public and private. Last, the article examines implications for curriculum history, whether policy- or practice-oriented, especially around the question of influence, the theorization of child mind, and philosophies of Being. [source] Responsible alcohol service: lessons from evaluations of server training and policing initiativesDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2001TIM STOCKWELL Abstract Responsible alcohol service programmes have evolved in many countries alongside a general increase in the availability of alcohol and a greater focus on the prevention of alcohol-related road crashes. They also recognize the reality that a great deal of high-risk drinking and preventable harm occurs in and around licensed premises or as drinkers make their way home. Early US efficacy studies of programmes which trained managers and barstaff to limit customers' levels of intoxication and prevent drink driving showed promise. Studies of effectiveness of these programmes in the wider community, and in the absence of the enforcement of liquor laws, found little benefit. The data will be interpreted as suggesting that, in reality, skills deficits in the serving of alcohol are not a significant problem compared with the motivational issue for a commercial operation of abiding by laws that are rarely enforced and which are perceived as risking the goodwill of their best customers. Australian, UK and US experiences with liquor law enforcement by police will be discussed along with outcomes from the Australian invention of Alcohol Accords, informal agreements between police, licensees and local councils to trade responsibly. It will be concluded that the major task involved in lifting standards of service and preventing harm is to institutionalize legal and regulatory procedures which impact most on licensed premises. A number of strategies are suggested also for creating a political and social climate which supports the responsible service of alcohol and thereby supports the enactment and enforcement of appropriate liquor laws. [source] A tale of CIN,the Cannabis Infringement Notice scheme in Western AustraliaADDICTION, Issue 5 2010Simon Lenton ABSTRACT Aims To describe the development and enactment of the Western Australian (WA) Cannabis Infringement Notice scheme and reflect on the lessons for researchers and policy-makers interested in the translation of policy research to policy practice. Methods An insiders' description of the background research, knowledge transfer strategies and political and legislative processes leading to the enactment and implementation of the WA Cannabis Control Act 2003. Lenton and Allsop were involved centrally in the process as policy-researcher and policy-bureaucrat. Results In March 2004, Western Australia became the fourth Australian jurisdiction to adopt a ,prohibition with civil penalties' scheme for possession and cultivation of small amounts of cannabis. We reflect upon: the role of research evidence in the policy process; windows for policy change; disseminating findings when apparently no one is listening; the risks and benefits of the researcher as advocate; the differences between working on the inside and outside of government; and the importance of relationships, trust and track record. Conclusions There was a window of opportunity and change was influenced by research that was communicated by a reliable and trusted source. Those who want to conduct research that informs policy need to understand the policy process more clearly, look for and help create emerging windows that occur in the problem and political spheres, and make partnerships with key stakeholders in the policy arena. The flipside of the process is that, when governments change, policy born in windows of opportunity can be a casualty. [source] Baking for the common good: a reassessment of the assize of bread in Medieval England1ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2004JAMES DAVIS This article reassesses the structure of the assize of bread and its relevance for bakers and consumers in late medieval England. It has long been thought that the laws governing the manufacture and sale of bread, although adhering to a logical relationship between weight and price, were nevertheless ill-considered in formulation, calculation, and enactment and did not, in reality, provide the stable allowance recommended for bakers. By examining the economic and moral ideology underlying the assize of bread it is possible to demonstrate that legislators were actually employing a rationale that best fitted contemporary circumstances and retail practices. There nevertheless remained one fundamental flaw in its construction, which was to have implications for its enforcement. [source] Homicide in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: prohibition and its impact on alcohol- and non-alcohol-related homicidesADDICTION, Issue 3 2009Mark Asbridge ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the current paper is to examine the impact of the enactment of constitutional prohibition in the United States in 1920 on total homicides, alcohol-related homicides and non-alcohol-related homicides in Chicago. Design Data are drawn from the Chicago Historical Homicide Project, a data set chronicling 11 018 homicides in Chicago between 1870 and 1930. Interrupted time,series and autoregression integrated moving average (ARIMA) models are employed to examine the impact of prohibition on three separate population-adjusted homicide series. All models control for potential confounding from World War I demobilization and from trend data drawn from Wesley Skogan's Time,Series Data from Chicago. Findings Total and non-alcohol-related homicide rates increased during prohibition by 21% and 11%, respectively, while alcohol-related homicides remained unchanged. For other covariates, alcohol-related homicides were related negatively to the size of the Chicago police force and positively to police expenditures and to the proportion of the Chicago population aged 21 years and younger. Non-alcohol-related homicides were related positively to police expenditures and negatively to the size of the Chicago police force. Conclusions While total and non-alcohol-related homicides in the United States continued to rise during prohibition, a finding consistent with other studies, the rate of alcohol-related homicides remained unchanged. The divergent impact of prohibition on alcohol- and non-alcohol-related homicides is discussed in relation to previous studies of homicide in this era. [source] The Impact of Fair Trade on Social and Economic Development: A Review of the LiteratureGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2008Ann Le Mare This article explores the outcomes of Fair Trade for producers, artisans and their organisations. It asks the question, ,what happens to people who are involved in Fair Trade?', and reviews the case studies and empirical research conducted on Fair Trade for a range of products in different countries. The article is organised around important aspects of development which Fair Trade seeks to influence, including market relations, institutional development, economic development and reductions in poverty, social development, gender equity and sustainable development. The outcomes are diverse and complex, though, most studies found significant impact on social and economic aspects of development, contributing to the capacity to improve and diversify livelihoods. Fostering sustainable commercial organisations is an important contribution of Fair Trade networks. However, there appears to be less success in achieving gender equality and dealing with issues of importance to women. Both the enactment of partnership and the achievement of development goals require continuous commitment, a variety of strategies and cooperation with other actors, such as government and non-governmental organisations. [source] After the Public Interest Prevails: The Political Sustainability of Policy ReformGOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2003Eric Patashnik The prevailing political science wisdom is that narrow interests regularly triumph over the general public. Yet the stunning passage of broad-based policy reforms in the face of intense clientele opposition suggests that the U.S. political system has a greater capacity to serve diffuse interests than has often been thought. Some of the most provocative policy-oriented political-science research during the 1980s and 1990s examined how these surprising reform victories occurred. Unfortunately, general-interest reforms do not always stick; reforms may be corrupted or reversed after their enactment. The long-term sustainability of any given policy reform hinges on the successful reworking of political institutions and on the generation of positive policy-feedback effects, especially the empowerment of social groups with a stake in the reform&s maintenance. This paper explores the postenactment dynamics of three canonical instances of general-interest reform legislation: tax reform, agricultural subsidy reform, and airline deregulation. Only in the airline-deregulation case has the self-reinforcing dynamic required for political sustainability been unmistakably evident. For analysts and advocates of general-interest reform measures alike, the clear lesson is to attend far more closely to what happens after reforms become law. [source] The Proclamation Society, William Mainwaring and the Theatrical Representations Act of 1788HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 193 2003Jean N. Baker The Theatrical Representations Act of 1788 was a landmark in the annals of provincial theatre history as it was the immediate catalyst for the explosion of theatre building that took place at the end of the eighteenth century. This article investigates the evidence that William Wilberforce's Proclamation Society, set up in 1787 in response to the perceived ,moral crisis' of that period, was closely involved in the enactment of this legislation. The part played by William Mainwaring, a member of the Society and a Middlesex magistrate, in the events that culminated with this Act is also examined. [source] A Decade of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Judicial Outcomes and Unresolved Problems*INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 1 2003Barbara A. Lee A decade after its enactment, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has not resulted in the substantial employment gains for individuals with disabilities that its proponents had predicted. It also has not resulted in many legal victories for disabled individuals who have challenged alleged discriminatory actions by their employers. This article briefly reviews literature on disability and work and summarizes the data on the employment of individuals with disabilities. It addresses litigation trends prior to several significant U.S. Supreme Court rulings the ADA made in 1999 and compares them with litigation trends following the issuance of these rulings. The article concludes that the law needs to be amended if it is to serve those individuals with disabilities who are capable of productive employment but whose impairments do not fit the judicially narrowed definition of disability in the ADA. [source] Cross-border insolvency in Belgian Private International LawINTERNATIONAL INSOLVENCY REVIEW, Issue 1 2006Eric Dirix Belgian PIL-rules regarding insolvency proceedings were recently changed as a result of the enactment of the new Code on Private International Law (2004). The new provisions aim to harmonise domestic rules with the system and concepts of the Insolvency Regulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ,By papers and pens, you can only do so much': views about accountability and human resource management from Indian government health administrators and workersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009Asha George Abstract Although accountability drives in the Indian health sector sporadically highlight egregious behaviour of individual health providers, accountability needs to be understood more broadly. From a managerial perspective, while accountability functions as a control mechanism that involves reviews and sanctions, it also has a constructive side that encourages learning from errors and discretion to support innovation. This points to social relationships: how formal rules and hierarchies combine with informal norms and processes and more fundamentally how power relations are negotiated. Drawing from this conceptual background and based on qualitative research, this article analyses the views of government primary health care administrators and workers from Koppal district, northern Karnataka, India. In particular, the article details how these actors view two management functions concerned with internal accountability: supervision and disciplinary action. A number of disjunctures are revealed. Although extensive information systems exist, they do not guide responsiveness or planning. While supportive supervision efforts are acknowledged and practiced, implicit quid-pro-quo bargains that justify poor service delivery performance are more prevalent. Despite the enactment of numerous disciplinary measures, little discipline is observed. These disjunctures reflect nuanced and layered relationships between health administrators and workers, as well as how power is negotiated through corruption and elected representatives within the broader political economy context of health systems in northern Karnataka, India. These various dimensions of accountability need to be addressed if it is to be used more equitably and effectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||