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Selected AbstractsEn Route to High External Quantum Efficiency (,12%), Organic True-Blue-Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Novel Design of Iridium (III) PhosphorsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2009Yuan-Chieh Chiu True-blue Ir(III) phosphors are designed, synthesized, and applied to multilayered organic true-blue-light-emitting diodes with CIEx,y color chromaticity of (0.15,0.11) and maximum external quantum efficiency of ,12%, demonstrating unprecedented performance among all blue-phosphorescent OLEDs ever documented. The molecular-design strategy and subsequent device-fabrication protocol reveal a major development in OLEDs. [source] ChemInform Abstract: En Route to an Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of AS-3201.CHEMINFORM, Issue 3 2008Tomoyuki Mashiko Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] En Route to Nanodevices of Polyoxometalate: Incorporating the Giant Nanoporous Molybdenum-Oxide based Wheels and Balls into Nanotubular ArraysCHEMISTRY - AN ASIAN JOURNAL, Issue 9 2010Lijuan Zhang Dr. Layered tubes: The giant nanoporous molybdenum-oxide based polyoxometalates of the wheel and Keplerate type with unique features, which can be considered as the basis of a new type of nanochemistry and nanomaterials science and find a variety of applications, can be easily incorporated into nanotubular arrays with well defined wall thickness and aperture. [source] Toward a Total Synthesis of Macrocyclic Jatrophane Diterpenes , Concise Route to a Highly Functionalized Cyclopentane Key IntermediateHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 6 2005Johann Mulzer A total synthesis of the biologically potent jatrophane diterpenes pepluanin A (1) and euphosalicin A (2) is being aimed at. En route to these targets, a concise synthesis of the nonracemic cyclopentane building block 74 was developed. Key steps were a Claisen,Eschenmoser rearrangement of the enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohol 14 to amide 34 (Scheme,7), a hydroxy-lactonization of 40 to 43 (Scheme,9), followed by trans -lactonization to 72, which was subjected to a Davis hydroxylation to 69 (Scheme,17). Eventually, compound 69 was converted into the enol triflate 74. This material should prove suitable for an annulation of the macrocyclic ring characteristic of the desired jatrophanes 1 and 2. Less-successful approaches are also discussed due to their intrinsically valuable information content. [source] Gödelian time-travel and anthropic cosmologyRATIO, Issue 2 2004Alasdair M. Richmond This paper looks at Kurt Gödel's causally-pathological cosmological models (derived from general relativity), in the light of anthropic explanations. If a Gödelian world is a possible world, could anthropic reasoning shed any light on whether or not our world is Gödelian? This paper argues that while there are some good anthropic reasons why our world ought to be Gödelian, too many observations suggest that our world can't possibly be Gödelian in fact. If Gödel's world is a possible one, anthropic teleology alone cannot explain why it isn't the world we inhabit. Furthermore, if our world were Gödelian, anthropic arguments against the existence of extraterrestrial intelligences would imply a bleak human future. En route, some general objections to relativistic causal pathologies are addressed and some anthropic arguments to the effect that Gödelian worlds couldn't sustain life are also addressed and dismissed. [source] Norms that Confer CompetenceRATIO JURIS, Issue 1 2003Torben Spaak The author maintains that norms that confer competence (or power) on persons should be understood as duty,imposing norms addressed to legal officials, rather than as special competence norms whose sole function is to confer competence, and which are addressed to the competence,holders themselves. The argument is that only duty,imposing norms are genuine norms in the sense that they give complete reasons for action. En route to this conclusion the author analyzes norms in terms of reasons for action, and considers the problem of norm,individuation and the action,guiding capacity of norms. [source] Duality between constraints and gauge conditionsANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 7-8 2007M.N. Stoilov Abstract There are two important sets of seemingly absolutely different objects in any gauge theory: the set of constraints, which generate the local symmetry and the set of gauge conditions, which fix this symmetry; the first one is determined by the Lagrangean of the model, the second is a matter of choice. However, in the transition amplitude constraints and gauge conditions participate in exactly the same way. This suggests the possibility for existence of a model with the same transition amplitude and in which gauge conditions and constraints are interchanged. We investigate the conditions that gauge fixing terms should satisfy so that this dual picture is allowed. En route, we propose to add new terms in the constraints which would generate the gauge transformation of the Lagrange multipliers and construct two BRST charges , one, as usual, for the constraints, and one for the gauge conditions. [source] Nucleophilic Additions to Cyclic Nitrones en Route to Iminocyclitols , Total Syntheses of DMDP, 6-deoxy-DMDP, DAB-1, CYB-3, Nectrisine, and Radicamine BEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 17 2008Pedro Merino Abstract Highly diastereoselective nucleophilic additions to cyclic nitrones derived from L -malic acid and D -arabinose have been used for the construction of enantiomerically pure polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines. The synthetic strategy adopted was based on an oxidation/reduction protocol involving hydroxylamine/nitrone pairs and demonstrates the use of reagent- and substrate-derived stereocontrol. In most cases reactions took place with total diastereoselectivity and in quantitative yield, with no purification being necessary. By this strategy, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-, 2-(aminomethyl)-, and 2-aryl-substituted polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines have been prepared with abundant configurational diversity. The use of appropriate substrates and reagents allowed for approaches to DMDP, 6-deoxy-DMDP, DAB-1, CYB-3, nectrisine and radicamine B. Several analogues of these compounds with inverted configuration at one or more stereocenters were also prepared.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Moss Systems Biology en Route: Phytohormones in Physcomitrella DevelopmentPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006E. L. Decker Abstract: The moss Physcomitrella patens has become a powerful model system in modern plant biology. Highly standardized cell culture techniques, as well as the necessary tools for computational biology, functional genomics and proteomics have been established. Large EST collections are available and the complete moss genome will be released soon. A simple body plan and the small number of different cell types in Physcomitrella facilitate the study of developmental processes. In the filamentous juvenile moss tissue, developmental decisions rely on the differentiation of single cells. Developmental steps are controlled by distinct phytohormones and integration of environmental signals. Especially the phytohormones auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid have distinct effects on early moss development. In this article, we review current knowledge about phytohormone influences on early moss development in an attempt to fully unravel the complex regulatory signal transduction networks underlying the developmental decisions of single plant cells in a holistic systems biology approach. [source] Telemetry Monitoring during Transport of Low-risk Chest Pain Patients from the Emergency Department: Is It Necessary?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 10 2005Adam J. Singer MD Abstract Background: Low-risk emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain (CP) are often transported by nurses to monitored beds on telemetry monitoring, diverting valuable resources from the ED and delaying transport. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that transporting low-risk CP patients off telemetry monitoring is safe. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational cohort of ED patients with low-risk chest pain (no active chest pain, normal or nondiagnostic electrocardiogram, normal initial troponin I) admitted to a non,intensive care unit monitored bed who were transported off telemetry monitor by nonclinical personnel. A protocol allowing transportation of low-risk CP patients off telemetry monitoring to a monitored bed was developed, and an ongoing daily log of patients transported off telemetry was maintained for the occurrence of any adverse events en route to the floor. Adverse events requiring treatment included dysrhythmias, hypotension, syncope, and cardiac arrest. The study population included patients who presented during September,October 2004, whose data were abstracted from the medical records using standardized methodology. A subset of 10% of the medical records were reviewed by a second investigator for interrater reliability. Death, syncope, resuscitation, and dysrhythmias during transport or immediately on arrival to the floor were the outcomes measured. Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals (CIs) were used in data analysis. Results: During the study period, 425 patients had CP of potentially ischemic origin, of whom 322 (75.8%) were low risk and met the inclusion criteria and were transported off monitors. Their mean (±standard deviation) age was 58.3 (±16.0) years; 48.1% were female. During transport from the ED, there was no patient with any adverse events requiring treatment and there was no death (95% CI = 0% to 0.93%). Conclusions: Transportation of low-risk ED chest pain patients off telemetry monitoring by nonclinical personnel to the floor appears safe. This may reduce diversion of ED nurses from the ED, helping to alleviate nursing shortages. [source] Spatial,temporal marked point processes: a spectrum of stochastic modelsENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 3-4 2010Eric Renshaw Abstract Many processes that develop through space and time do so in response not only to their own individual growth mechanisms but also in response to interactive pressures induced by their neighbours. The growth of trees in a forest which compete for light and nutrient resources, for example, provides a classic illustration of this general spatial,temporal growth-interaction process. Not only has its mathematical representation proved to be a powerful tool in the study and analysis of marked point patterns since it may easily be simulated, but it has also been shown to be highly flexible in terms of its application since it is robust with respect to incorrect choice of model selection. Moreover, it is highly amenable to maximum likelihood and least squares parameter estimation techniques. Currently the algorithm comprises deterministic growth and interaction coupled with a stochastic arrival and departure mechanism. So for systems with a fixed number of particles there is an inherent lack of randomness. A variety of different stochastic approaches are therefore presented, from the exact event,time model through to the associated stochastic differential equation, taking in time-increment and Tau- and Langevin-Leaping approximations en route. The main algorithm is illustrated through application to forest management and high-intensity packing of hard particle systems, and comparisons are made with the established force biased approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Postnatal innervation of the rat superior colliculus by axons of late-born retinal ganglion cellsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2002Elizabeth J. Dallimore Abstract Rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are generated between embryonic day (E) 13 and E19. Retinal axons first reach the superior colliculus at E16/16.5 but the time of arrival of axons from late-born RGCs is unknown. This study examined (i) whether there is a correlation between RGC genesis and the timing of retinotectal innervation and (ii) when axons of late-born RGCs reach the superior colliculus. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on E16, E18 or E19. Pups from these litters received unilateral superior colliculus injections of fluorogold (FG) at ages between postnatal (P) day P0 and P6, and were perfused 1,2 days later. RGCs in 3 rats from each BrdU litter were labelled in adulthood by placing FG onto transected optic nerve. Retinas were cryosectioned and the number of FG, BrdU and double-labelled (FG+/BrdU+) RGCs quantified. In the E16 group, the proportion of FG-labelled RGCs that were BrdU+ did not vary with age, indicating that axons from these cells had reached the superior colliculus by P0/P1. In contrast, for the smaller cohorts of RGCs born on E18 or E19, the proportion of BrdU+ cells that were FG+ increased significantly after birth; axons from most RGCs born on E19 were not retrogradely FG-labelled until P4/P5. Thus there is a correlation between birthdate and innervation in rat retinotectal pathways. Furthermore, compared to the earliest born RGCs, axons from late-born RGCs take about three times longer to reach the superior colliculus. Later-arriving axons presumably encounter comparatively different growth terrains en route and eventually innervate more differentiated target structures. [source] Differential targeting of components of the dystrophin complex to the postsynaptic membraneEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 2 2001Sophie Marchand Abstract Accumulating evidence points to the participation of dystroglycan in the clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction [Côtéet al.. (1999) Nature Genet., 3, 338,342]. Dystroglycan is part of a multimolecular complex, either associated with dystrophin (the dystrophin-associated protein complex) at the sarcolemma or with utrophin (the utrophin-associated protein complex) at the neuromuscular junction. Understanding the assembly of this complex at the developing synapse led us to investigate, in Torpedo electrocyte, the intracellular routing and the targeting of several of its components, including dystroglycan, syntrophin, dystrophin and dystrobrevin. We previously demonstrated that acetylcholine receptors and rapsyn, the 43-kDa receptor-associated protein at the synapse, are cotargeted to the postsynaptic membrane via the exocytic pathway [Marchand et al.. (2000) J. Neurosci., 20, 521,528]. Using cell fractionation, immunopurification and immuno-electron microscope techniques, we show that ,-dystroglycan, an integral glycoprotein that constitutes the core of the dystrophin-associated protein complex localized at the innervated membrane, is transported together with acetylcholine receptor and rapsyn in post-Golgi vesicles en route to the postsynaptic membrane. Syntrophin, a peripheral cytoplasmic protein of the complex, associates initially with these exocytic vesicles. Conversely, dystrophin and dystrobrevin were absent from these post-Golgi vesicles and associate directly with the postsynaptic membrane. This study provides the first evidence for a separate targeting of the various components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex and a step-by-step assembly at the postsynaptic membrane. [source] Generation of a Small Library of Highly Electron-Rich 2-(Hetero)Aryl-Substituted Phenethylamines by the Suzuki,Miyaura Reaction: A Short Synthesis of an Apogalanthamine AnalogueEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2004Prasad Appukkuttan Abstract The Suzuki,Miyaura reaction is presented as a versatile procedure for the synthesis of a small library of highly electron-rich 2-[4,5-dimethoxy-2-(hetero)arylphenyl]ethylamines. Microwave-irradiation accelerates the reaction tremendously and furnishes superior yields. The difficult oxidative addition of the catalyst to a highly electron-rich and ortho -substituted system could be performed easily, and the proto-deboronation during cross-coupling reactions involving the highly electron-withdrawing (2-formylphenyl)boronic acid could be minimized. Enhanced yields and complete compatibility with aqueous conditions were found. This strategy was developed en route towards the synthesis of an apogalanthamine analogue. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Transplanted glioma cells migrate and proliferate on host brain vasculature: A dynamic analysisGLIA, Issue 8 2006Azadeh Farin Abstract Glioma cells have a remarkable capacity to infiltrate the brain and migrate long distances from the tumor, making complete surgical resection impossible. Yet, little is known about how glioma cells interact with the complex microenvironment of the brain. To investigate the patterns and dynamics of glioma cell infiltration and migration, we stereotactically injected eGFP and DsRed-2 labeled rat C6 glioma cells into neonatal rat forebrains and used time-lapse microscopy to observe glioma cell migration and proliferation in slice cultures generated from these brains. In this model, glioma cells extensively infiltrated the brain by migrating along the abluminal surface of blood vessels. Glioma cells intercalated their processes between the endothelial cells and the perivascular astrocyte end feet, but did not invade into the blood vessel lumen. Dynamic analysis revealed notable similarities between the migratory behavior of glioma cells and that previously observed for glial progenitor cells. Glioma cells had a characteristic leading process and migrated in a saltatory fashion, with bursts of migration separated by periods of immobility, and maximum speeds of over 100 ,m/h. Migrating glioma cells proliferated en route, pausing for as short as an hour to divide before the daughter cells resumed migrating. Remarkably, the majority of glioma cell divisions took place at or near vascular branch points, suggesting that mitosis is triggered by local environmental cues. This study provides the first dynamic analysis of glioma cell infiltration in living brain tissue and reveals that the migration and proliferation of transplanted glioma cells is directed by interactions with host brain vasculature. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A Defense of Stiffer Penalties for Hate CrimesHYPATIA, Issue 2 2006CHRISTOPHER HEATH WELLMAN After defining a hate crime as an offense in which the criminal selects the victim at least in part because of an animus toward members of the group to which the victim belongs, this essay surveys the standard justifications for state punishment en route to defending the permissibility of imposing stiffer penalties for hate crimes. It also argues that many standard instances of rape and domestic battery are hate crimes and may be punished as such. [source] The migration route and behaviour of Eastern Curlews Numenius madagascariensisIBIS, Issue 3 2002Peter V. Driscoll Eastern Curlews Numenius madagascariensis were satellite-tracked onto breeding grounds in north-eastern Russia from south-eastern Queensland over a distance of 12 000 km. They made initial non-stop, long distance flights across the Western Pacific Ocean towards the coastlines of China and Korea followed by shorter flights, over a period of more than a month. The return journey involved a major flight-leg as well, south from the Yellow Sea region. Many birds attempted to migrate but returned to the non-breeding grounds over periods of up to several months. Islands of the Western Pacific region, the southern coastline of New Guinea and north-eastern coastline of Australia are important, particularly for birds that stop migrating. Eastern Curlews that stopped migrating generally survived, which suggests that the species has adapted to deal with adverse conditions en route and/or a physical inability to complete the migration. Such a capacity is perhaps characteristic of a large wader with low annual mortality. [source] Adaptation of Sudanese Refugees in an Australian Context: Investigating Helps and HindrancesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2010Jane Shakespeare-Finch The present study investigates the experiences of Sudanese refugees by exploring the themes that characterize participants' experiences in Sudan, en route, and at their Australian destination. In particular, the research identifies several factors that may be seen as ,helps' or ,hindrances' to Sudanese refugees' adaptation. Participants were 12 Sudanese refugees aged between 19 and 40 years old who had been residing in Australia for five years or less. A qualitative phenomenological approach to data collection and analysis was employed. Examination of the interview transcripts revealed that all participants identified both ,hindrances' and ,helps' toward adaptation and indicated that positive adaptation is not only possible, but probable for Sudanese refugees in spite of their past experiences of trauma and present resettlement difficulties. Several practical implications were elicited from the research including a need for programs that actively promote refugees' adaptation by encouraging the broadening of social networks. [source] Exploring Chiral Space en route to DPC 963: A Personal AccountADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 4 2003William Abstract DPC 961 and DPC 963 are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV. These drug candidates contain a chiral quaternary center, which can be installed via addition of lithium cyclopropylacetylide to an N -acylketimine in the presence of a chiral moderator. This account describes our efforts to identify a cost-effective moderator by rapidly preparing, screening, and optimizing libraries of enantiopure ,-amino alcohols. The result is a highly enantioselective process that has been used to produce these NNRTIs on a metric ton scale. [source] Climatic effects on timing of spring migration and breeding in a long-distance migrant, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleucaJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Christiaan Both Climate change has advanced the breeding dates of many bird species, but for few species we know whether this advancement is sufficient to track the advancement of the underlying levels of the food chain. For the long-distance migratory pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca the advancement in breeding time has been insufficient to maintain the synchrony with their main food sources. The timing of arrival in the breeding areas from their African wintering grounds is likely to constrain the advancement of breeding date. We hypothesise that this is because in Africa they cannot predict the advancement of spring in their breeding habitat. However, long-distance migrants may advance their arrival time by migrating faster when circumstances en route are favourable. In this study we show that both arrival and breeding date depend on temperatures at their main North African staging grounds, as well as on temperature at the breeding grounds. Male arrival and average laying date were not correlated, but the positive effect of temperature in North Africa on breeding dates suggests that breeding date is indeed constrained by arrival of females. Long-distance migrants thus are able to adjust arrival and hence breeding by faster spring migration, but the degree of adjustment is probably limited as timing schedules in spring are tight. Furthermore, as climate change is affecting temperatures differently along the migratory flyway and the breeding areas, it is unlikely that arrival dates are advanced at the same rate as the timing of breeding should advance, given the advancement of the underlying levels of the food chain. [source] Anatomy and Physiology of the Right Interganglionic Nerve: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Inappropriate Sinus TachycardiaJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2008JING ZHOU M.D. Objective: To simulate inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) in experimental animals. Background: We recently found that epinephrine injected into the anterior right ganglionated plexi (ARGP) adjacent to the sinoatrial (SA) node induced an arrhythmia simulating IST. Methods: In 19 anesthetized dogs, via a right thoracotomy, the course of the interganglionic nerve (IGN) from the right stellate ganglion along the superior vena cava to the heart was delineated. High-frequency stimulation (HFS; 0.1 msec duration, 20 Hz, 4.5,9.3 V) was applied to IGN at the junction of innominate vein and SVC. Results: HFS of the IGN significantly increased the sinus rate (SR) (baseline: 156 ± 19 beats/minutes [bpm], 4.5 V: 191 ± 28 bpm*, 8.0 V: 207 ± 23 bpm*, 9.3 V: 216 ± 18 bpm*; *P < 0.01 compared to baseline) without significant changes in A-H interval or blood pressure. P-wave morphology, ice mapping, and noncontact mapping indicated that this tachycardia was sinus tachycardia. In 8 of 19 dogs, injecting hexamethonium (5 mg), a ganglionic blocker, into the ARGP attenuated the response elicited by IGN stimulation (baseline: 160 ± 21 bpm, 4.5 V: 172 ± 32 bpm, 8.0 V: 197 ± 32 bpm*, 9.3 V: 206 ± 26 bpm*; *P < 0.05 compared to baseline). In 19 of 19 animals, after formaldehyde injection into the ARGP, SR acceleration induced by IGN stimulation was markedly attenuated (baseline: 149 ± 17 bpm, 4.5 V: 151 ± 21 bpm, 8.0 V: 155 ± 23 bpm, 9.3 V: 167 ± 24 bpm*; *P < 0.05 compared to baseline). Conclusions: HFS of the IGN caused a selective and significant acceleration of the SR. A significant portion of IGN traverses the ARGP or synapses with the autonomic ganglia in the ARGP before en route to the SA node. Dysautonomia involving the IGN and/or ARGP may play an important role in IST. [source] Toward an "omic" physiopathology of reactive chemicals: Thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compoundsMASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS, Issue 5 2009Federico Maria Rubino Abstract Cancer and degenerative diseases are major causes of morbidity and death, derived from the permanent modification of key biopolymers such as DNA and regulatory proteins by usually smaller, reactive molecules, present in the environment or generated from endogenous and xenobiotic components by the body's own biochemical mechanisms (molecular adducts). In particular, protein adducts with organic electrophiles have been studied for more than 30 [see, e.g., Calleman et al., 1978] years essentially for three purposes: (a) as passive monitors of the mean level of individual exposure to specific chemicals, either endogenously present in the human body or to which the subject is exposed through food or environmental contamination; (b) as quantitative indicators of the mean extent of the individual metabolic processing which converts a non-reactive chemical substance into its toxic products able to damage DNA (en route to cancer induction through genotoxic mechanisms) or key proteins (as in the case of several drugs, pesticides or otherwise biologically active substances); (c) to relate the extent of protein modification to that of biological function impairment (such as enzyme inhibition) finally causing the specific health damage. This review describes the role that contemporary mass spectrometry-based approaches employed in the qualitative and quantitative study of protein,electrophile adducts play in the discovery of the (bio)chemical mechanisms of toxic substances and highlights the future directions of research in this field. A particular emphasis is given to the measurement of often high levels of the protein adducts of several industrial and environmental pollutants in unexposed human populations, a phenomenon which highlights the possibility that a number of small organic molecules are generated in the human organism through minor metabolic processes, the imbalance of which may be the cause of "spontaneous" cases of cancer and of other degenerative diseases of still uncharacterized etiology. With all this in mind, it is foreseen that a holistic description of cellular functions will take advantage of new analytical methods based on time-integrated metabolomic measurements of a new biological compartment, the "adductome," aimed at better understanding integrated organism response to environmental and endogenous stressors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:725,784, 2009 [source] A review of penetrometers for subsurface access on comets and asteroidsMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008David L. GLASER Because they offer desirable scientific capabilities and relative mechanical simplicity, penetrators and penetrometers, which use only axial force to push beneath the surface, are a good choice for near-term missions. Penetrometers are instruments, generally deployed from a larger vehicle, that measure subsurface mechanical properties and may also contain additional scientific instruments. There are three basic types: "fast" penetrometers are released from above and plunge into the surface. Static and dynamic (collectively referred to as "slow") penetrometers use, respectively, a constant slow penetration speed and periodic hammering impulses. The low gravity environment of asteroids and comets presents a key challenge to instrument deployment and also greatly affects the mechanical properties of surface materials, and in turn penetrometer performance. The Rosetta mission, currently en route to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, will be the next mission to try both fast and slow, dynamic penetrometry, when it arrives in 2014. We present some new concepts of static penetrometers for small body exploration that are adapted to the low gravity environment. The low gravity environment also presents challenges for the testing of penetrometers on Earth and a number of previous solutions are described and new methods suggested. In the next generation of missions to study comets and asteroids, penetrometers could provide important data on their mechanical, seismic, thermal, electromagnetic, and chemical characteristics, as well as sample collection. [source] Discerning Fidelity: Badiou between Faith and ReasonNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1033 2010Geoffrey Holsclaw Abstract At this juncture in history, viewed as either the dusk of modernity or the dawn of its overcoming, questions of faith and reason are continually cast up anew. The questioning of faith and reason raise familiar binaries and oppositions: Is faith for or against, internal or external, before or after, above or below reason? Does faith perfect or overcome, complete or destroy, add or subtract from reason? This essay will pass through two figures representative of the contested field of Thomistic scholarship en route to a discussion of how the French philosopher Alain Badiou might intervene within the contemporary discussions of faith and reason. It will first engage Denys Turner's recent work which could be characterized as a dogmatic faith in reason attempting to repel the dispositional faith which he attributes to Fergus Kerr. These competing conceptions of faith will set the backdrop for a presentation and application of Badiou's understanding of faith as discerning fidelity. [source] Mosquito midguts and malaria: cell biology, compartmentalization and immunologyPARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2006M. M. A. WHITTEN SUMMARY The malaria parasite Plasmodium has an absolute requirement for both a vertebrate and a mosquito host in order to complete its life cycle, and its interactions with the latter provide the focus for this review. The mosquito midgut represents one of the most challenging environments for the survival and development of Plasmodium, and is thus also one of the most attractive sites for novel targeted malaria control strategies. During their attempts to cross the midgut epithelium en route to the salivary glands, motile ookinetes are swiftly detected and labelled by mosquito recognition factors and targeted for destruction by a variety of immune responses that recruit killing factors both from the midgut and from other tissues in the surrounding body cavity. The exact interplay between these factors and the parasite is highly species- and strain-specific, as are the timing and the route of parasite invasion. These features are paramount to determining the success of the infection and the vector competence of the mosquito. Here we discuss recent advances in genomic analyses, coupled with detailed microscopical investigations, which are helping to unravel the identity and roles of the major players of these complex systems. [source] A Delphi survey of patients' views of services for borderline personality disorder: A preliminary reportPERSONALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2008Daniel Webb Background,Department of Health guidelines stipulate that specialist personality disorder services should gather feedback from service users. Aim,The Gwylfa Therapy Service (GTS) is a new specialist service for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The aim of this study was to gather users' views of services sought and/or received before the inception of the GTS and their views of the GTS. Method,A Delphi survey method was used first to elicit patients' views on services, and then to identify levels of consensus on the views generated. Results,The findings presented here identify what service users value in the treatment they receive, namely respect, professionalism, a service that meets their needs and personal support. Opinions regarding non-specialist services indicated that, overall, police, general practitioners, community psychiatric nurses, psychologists and counsellors were viewed positively, and psychiatric hospital staff was viewed positively but with room for improvement. General hospital staff was viewed unfavourably. Users' views of the GTS were favourable. Discussion,This study begins to shed light upon the education, training and supervision needs of staff from services that come into contact with patients with BPD. Furthermore, the way these services may be better integrated with each other and GTS is identified as requiring attention. Care must be taken to avoid distressing, damaging and disaffecting patients as they pass through general services en route to a specialist team. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Visualization and microscopic modeling of phase inversion during compoundingPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 8 2001R. Ratnagiri A detailed description of the sequence of deformation steps leading to phase inversion during compounding in a low-viscosity-ratio co-polyester/polyethylene blend is presented. Visualization using a glass window and sampling of the blend at different mixing times enabled identification of the intermediate morphologies of the major component en route to phase inversion. Based on these observations, a theoretical model is developed to predict the time to phase inversion. The model incorporates a simplified flow-field approximation and the calculation of strain imparted to the major component domains. A strain-based criterion for phase inversion is then proposed, which, in conjunction with the model, yields an explicit expression for the time to phase inversion during compounding, tP.I.. The model predictions are seen to be in good agreement with the increase of tP.I., on scaleup between two mixing bowls. The correct functional dependence of tP.I. on the nominal maximum-shear-rate is predicted. Using combination of pure drag and planar extensional flow, the model predictions are shown to be consistent with the observed dependence of tP.I. on the volume fraction of the minor component and the blend viscosity ratio. [source] Psychotherapy in the aesthetic attitudeTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2010John Beebe Abstract:, Drawing upon the writings of Jungian analyst Joseph Henderson on unconscious attitudes toward culture that patients and analysts may bring to therapy, the author defines the aesthetic attitude as one of the basic ways that cultural experience is instinctively accessed and processed so that it can become part of an individual's self experience. In analytic treatment, the aesthetic attitude emerges as part of what Jung called the transcendent function to create new symbolic possibilities for the growth of consciousness. It can provide creative opportunities for new adaptation where individuation has become stuck in unconscious complexes, both personal and cultural. In contrast to formulations that have compared depth psychotherapy to religious ritual, philosophic discourse, and renewal of socialization, this paper focuses upon the considerations of beauty that make psychotherapy also an art. In psychotherapeutic work, the aesthetic attitude confronts both analyst and patient with the problem of taste, affects how the treatment is shaped and ,framed', and can grant a dimension of grace to the analyst's mirroring of the struggles that attend the patient's effort to be a more smoothly functioning human being. The patient may learn to extend the same grace to the analyst's fumbling attempts to be helpful. The author suggests that the aesthetic attitude is thus a help in the resolution of both countertransference and transference en route to psychological healing. Translations of Abstract S'appuyant sur les écrits de l'analyste jungien Joseph Henderson sur les attitudes inconscientes vis-à-vis la culture que patient et analyste apportent en thérapie, l'auteur définit l'attitude esthétique comme l'un des moyens élémentaires d'appréhension par la conscience de l'expérience culturelle, celle-ci devenant une part consciente de l'expérience propre d'un individu. Dans le traitement analytique, l'attitude esthétique émerge comme une partie de ce que Jung a nommé la fonction transcendante, apte à créer de nouvelles possibilités symboliques d'accroissement de la conscience. Elle peut offrir des possibilités créatrices d'adaptation nouvelle, là où l'individuation s'est enlisée dans les complexes inconscients, à la fois personnels et culturels. S'érigeant contre les formulations qui ont comparé la psychologie des profondeurs au rituel religieux, au discours philosophique et au renouveau de la socialisation, l'auteur met l'accent sur une prise en compte de la beauté qui fait de la psychothérapie également un art. Dans le travail psychothérapeutique, l'attitude esthétique confronte l'analyste et le patient au problème du goût, influe sur la forme et le cadre de l'analyse et peut conférer une dimension de grâce à la façon dont l'analyste renvoie en miroir au patient ses combats et ses efforts pour devenir un être humain au fonctionnement plus flexible. De même, le patient peut-il concéder la même grâce aux tentatives maladroites de l'analyste pour se rendre utile. L'auteur suggère que l'attitude esthétique constitue donc une aide à la résolution du transfert et du contre-transfert,,en route,vers la guérison psychologique. Am Beispiel der Schriften des jungianischen Analytikers Joseph Henderson über unbewußte kulturelle Haltungen, die Patienten wie Analytiker in die Behandlung einbringen, definiert der Autor die ästhetische Haltung als einen der elementaren Wege, auf dem instinktiv Zugang zur kulturellen Erfahrung gewonnen und vorangetrieben wird, so daß diese zum bewußten Bestandteil der Erfahrungswelt eines Individuums werden kann. Innerhalb der analytischen Behandlung erscheint die ästhetische Haltung als Teil dessen, was Jung die Transzendente Funktion nennt, um neue symbolische Möglichkeiten für das Wachstum des Bewußtseins entstehen zu lassen. Sie kann kreative Möglichkeiten für Neuadaptionen da schaffen, wo die Individuation in einem unbewußten Komplex steckengeblieben ist und dies sowohl auf personeller wie auch auf kultureller Ebene. Im Kontrast zu Ausführungen in denen Tiefenpsychologie mit religiösen Ritualen, philosophischen Diskursen und Erneuerung der Sozialisation verglichen wurde fokussiert sich der Autor auf die Betrachtungen der Schönheit, welche Psychotherapie zugleich zu einer Kunst werden lassen. In der psychotherapeutischen Arbeit konfrontiert die ästhetische Haltung den Analytiker wie den Patienten mit dem Problem des Geschmacks der beeinflußt, wie die Behandlung geformt und ,gerahmt' wird, und der eine Dimension der Anmut zum Spiegeln des Analytikers hinzufügt, dem Spiegeln des Ringens, welches die Anstrengungen des Patienten, ein glattes funktionierendes menschliches Wesen zu sein, begleitet. Der Patient kann lernen, die gleiche Anmut den tastenden Versuchen des Analytikers hilfreich zu sein, entgegen zu bringen. Der Autor unterstellt, daß die ästhetische Haltung eine Hilfe darstellen kann bei der Auflösung sowohl der Gegenübertragung als auch der Übertragung auf dem Weg zu seelischer Heilung. Attingendo agli scritti dell'analista junghiano Joseph Henderson sugli atteggiamenti inconsci nei confronti della cultura che pazienti e analisti possono portare in terapia, l'autore definisce l'atteggiamento estetico come uno dei modi basici con cui si accede istintivamente all'esperienza culturale così che questa possa diventare parte conscia dell'esperienza di un individuo del sé. Nella terapia analitica l'atteggiamento estetico. Emerge come parte di ciò che Jung chiamo funzione trascendente per creare nuove forme simboliche per lo sviluppo della consapevolezza. Può fornire opportunità creative per un nuovo adattamento quando l'individuazione è rimasta bloccata in complessi inconsci, sia personali che culturali. In contrasto con le affermazioni che hanno comparato la psicoterapia del profondo al rituale religioso, al discorso filosofico e al rinnovamento della socializzazione, l'autore si concentra sulla considerazione della bellezza che fa della psicoterapia anche un'arte. Nel lavoro psicoterapeutico, l'atteggiamento estetico mette a confronto sia l'analista che il paziente con il problema del gusto, influenza il modo in cui il trattamento prende forma e ,si struttura', e può aggiungere una dimensione di gentilezza al rispecchiamento dell'analista delle lotte che accompagnano lo sforzo del paziente di divenire un essere umano più morbido. Il paziente può imparare ad estendere la stessa gentilezza ai goffi tentativi dell'analista di essere di aiuto. L'autore pensa che nel percorso di guarigione l'atteggiamento estetico può quindi essere di aiuto alla risoluzione del transfert e del controtransfert. Estudiando los trabajos del analista Jungiano Joseph Henderson sobre las actitudes inconscientes hacia la cultura que pacientes y analistas aportan a la terapia, el autor define la actitud estética como una de las formas básicas en las cuales la experiencia cultural es instintivamente alcanzada y procesada para ser parte consciente de la experiencia individual del self. En el tratamiento analítico, la actitud estética surge como parte de lo que Jung llamó la función trascendente, ella crea nuevas posibilidades simbólicas para el desarrollo de la consciencia. Ella puede proporcionar oportunidades creativas para una nueva adaptación donde la individuación se ha detenido en complejos inconscientes, tanto personales como culturales. Contrastando con formulaciones que han comparado la psicoterapia profunda con el ritual religioso, el discurso filosófico, y la renovación de la socialización, el autor se enfoca en aquellas consideraciones sobre la belleza que hacen de la psicoterapia un arte. En el trabajo psicoterapéutico, la actitud estética confronta tanto al analista como al paciente con el problema del gusto, afecta en cómo el tratamiento es establece y se ,encuadra', pudiendo otorgar una dimensión de gracia al espejo del analista en las luchas que asisten al esfuerzo del paciente para convertirse en un ser humano más armónico. Al paciente aprender a ver esta misma gracia en los esfuerzos del analista por ser útil. El autor sugiere que la actitud estética es, por lo tanto, una ayuda en la resolución de la contratransferencia y de la transferencia en el camino de la cura psicológica. [source] Interaction of pre-programmed control and natural stretch reflexes in human landing movementsTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Martin J. N. McDonagh Pre-programmed mechanisms of motor control are known to influence the gain of artificially evoked stretch reflexes. However, their interaction with stretch reflexes evoked in the context of unimpeded natural movement is not understood. We used a landing movement, for which a stretch reflex is an integral part of the natural action, to test the hypothesis that unpredicted motor events increase stretch reflex gain. The unpredicted event occurred when a false floor, perceived to be solid, collapsed easily on impact, allowing the subjects to descend for a further 85 ms to a solid floor below. Spinal stretch reflexes were measured following solid floor contact. When subjects passed through the false floor en route to the solid floor, the amplitude of the EMG reflex activity was double that found in direct falls. This was not due to differences in joint rotations between these conditions. Descending pathways can modify H- and stretch-reflex gain in man. We therefore manipulated the time between the false and real floor contacts and hence the time available for transmission along these pathways. With 30 ms between floors, the enhancement of the reflex was extinguished, whereas with 50 ms between floors it reappeared. This excluded several mechanisms from being responsible for the doubling of the reflex EMG amplitude. It is argued that the enhanced response is due to the modulation of reflex gain at the spinal level by signals in descending pathways triggered by the false platform. The results suggest the future hypothesis that this trigger could be the absence of afferent signals expected at the time of false floor impact and that salient error signals produced from a comparison of expected and actual sensory events may be used to reset reflex gains. [source] Microsurgical Anatomy of the Laryngeal Nerves as Related to Thyroid SurgeryTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2002Ashkan Monfared BS Abstract Objectives The objectives were to explore microsurgical anatomy of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves and their importance in thyroid surgery, and to examine areas of potential morbidity, means of identification, and arterial supply of the laryngeal nerves. Study Design Descriptive analysis of anatomical features. Methods Twenty-one adult cadavers, some perfused with colored silicon, were dissected for the study project. Results The right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) branches off the vagus at the level of the subclavian artery and the left one at the level of the aorta. Both ascend parallel to the tracheoesophageal groove and innervate trachea, esophagus, and the inferior pharyngeal constrictors en route. The RLN has the highest probability to pass between the branches of the inferior thyroid artery on the right side and posterior to them on the left side. The RLN always passes posterior to the cricothyroid joint. The RLN is supplied by the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) branches into internal and external branches deep to the carotid bifurcation. The internal branch passes deep to the superior thyroid artery and descends toward thyrohyoid membrane. The external branch travels deep and parallel to the superior thyroid artery to innervate cricothyroid muscle. The internal branch is supplied by the superior laryngeal artery, and the external branch by the cricothyroid artery. Conclusions The only consistent location of the RLN is when it passes posterior to the cricothyroid joint. Because of extreme variability of the inferior thyroid artery and the RLN, it is suggested that the artery be ligated either proximally or at its tertiary branches on thyroid capsule. The internal branch of the SLN is not potentially at risk during thyroidectomy unless the superior thyroid artery is ligated proximally. The external branch of the SLN accompanies the superior thyroid artery for most of its course and is at potential risk if the trunk of the superior thyroid artery is ligated outside the pretracheal fascia. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||