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Empirical Inquiry (empirical + inquiry)
Selected AbstractsAn Empirical Inquiry into the Relation of Corrective Justice to Distributive JusticeJOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2006Gregory Mitchell We report the results of three experiments examining the long-standing debate within tort theory over whether corrective justice is independent of, or parasitic on, distributive justice. Using a "hypothetical societies" paradigm that serves as an impartial reasoning device and permits experimental manipulation of societal conditions, we first tested support for corrective justice in a society where individual merit played no role in determining economic standing. Participants expressed strong support for a norm of corrective justice in response to intentional and unintentional torts in both just and unjust societies. The second experiment tested support for corrective justice in a society where race, rather than individual merit, determined economic standing. The distributive justice manipulation exerted greater effect here, particularly on liberal participants, but support for corrective justice remained strong among nonliberal participants, even against a background of racially unjust distributive conditions. The third experiment partially replicated the first experiment and found that the availability of government-funded insurance had little effect on demands for corrective justice. Overall, the results suggest that while extreme distributive injustice can moderate support for corrective justice, the norm of corrective justice often dominates judgments about compensatory duties associated with tortious harms. [source] Searching for a developmental typology of personality and its relations to antisocial behaviour: a longitudinal study of an adjudicated men sampleCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2003Julien Morizot The search for an empirically based personality typology has regained the interest of researchers. To date, however, empirical inquiries have mainly been cross-sectional. In this study, an empirically based developmental typology of personality was identified using data from a prospective longitudinal study of a sample of men adjudicated during their adolescence and assessed on four occasions until midlife. Cluster analyses were performed on measures of disinhibition, negative emotionality, and extraversion. Four developmental types of personality were identified. The first was characterized by average scores in the three traits in adolescence that decreased linearly until midlife (39%). The second type displayed very high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality in adolescence that decreased rapidly during early adulthood (24%). The third type was characterized by very high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality that remained stable until midlife, while extraversion was average during adolescence and then decreased rapidly until midlife (17%). The fourth type was characterized by high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality in adolescence that was followed by cycles of decreases and increases until midlife (20%). These four developmental types of personality seemed to be related to known antisocial behaviour trajectories. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT,MICROBE MUTUALISMS AND ADAPTIVE EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATIONEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2008Eric M. Janson Adaptive diversification is a process intrinsically tied to species interactions. Yet, the influence of most types of interspecific interactions on adaptive evolutionary diversification remains poorly understood. In particular, the role of mutualistic interactions in shaping adaptive radiations has been largely unexplored, despite the ubiquity of mutualisms and increasing evidence of their ecological and evolutionary importance. Our aim here is to encourage empirical inquiry into the relationship between mutualism and evolutionary diversification, using herbivorous insects and their microbial mutualists as exemplars. Phytophagous insects have long been used to test theories of evolutionary diversification; moreover, the diversification of a number of phytophagous insect lineages has been linked to mutualisms with microbes. In this perspective, we examine microbial mutualist mediation of ecological opportunity and ecologically based divergent natural selection for their insect hosts. We also explore the conditions and mechanisms by which microbial mutualists may either facilitate or impede adaptive evolutionary diversification. These include effects on the availability of novel host plants or adaptive zones, modifying host-associated fitness trade-offs during host shifts, creating or reducing enemy-free space, and, overall, shaping the evolution of ecological (host plant) specialization. Although the conceptual framework presented here is built on phytophagous insect,microbe mutualisms, many of the processes and predictions are broadly applicable to other mutualisms in which host ecology is altered by mutualistic interactions. [source] Multinationality and performance: A synthetic review and research agendaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 2 2007Lei Li This paper provides a reflective and synthetic review of the literature on the relationship between a firm's multinationality and performance. It revisits the main theories and demonstrates a gradual shift from the traditionally equilibrium-oriented theorization to the recent dynamics-oriented perspectives. It also examines the current status of empirical inquiry and identifies some important voids. The following areas are highlighted for further conceptual development and empirical investigation: (1) conceptual refinement and measurement of multinationality as a construct; (2) cost-efficiency implications of multinationality; (3) impact of internationalization motivations on both multinationality and performance; (4) two-way relationships between multinationality and performance; and (5) moderating roles of important external and internal contextual factors. [source] International Regimes: The Case of Western Corporate GovernanceINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2006DAVID A. DETOMASI Accounting and financial scandals of unprecedented scale have recently occurred in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. Much of the cause for these scandals has been attributed to the poor corporate governance standards practiced by the offending companies, leading researchers to re-examine how corporate governance affects economic development. One topic receiving significant research attention has been whether national corporate governance systems are likely to converge, what form that convergence may take, and what barriers currently inhibit convergence. This essay argues that the tools of regime theory hold significant potential for helping to structure empirical inquiry into the process of corporate governance convergence. It then draws upon the recent experience of Western corporate governance systems to illustrate how a consensus on norms, values, and principles in the issue area of corporate governance is emerging. The essay concludes by drawing out the implications of the developing corporate governance regime for emerging market economies and the general topic of global governance. It also poses questions for continued empirical research in the area of corporate governance and international relations. [source] Toward a community-oriented action research framework for spirituality: Community psychological and theological perspectivesJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Paul R. Dokecki Spirituality, once an old and honorable religious term for the "exploration into what is involved in becoming human" (McFague, 1997, p. 10), is ubiquitous in contemporary culture, albeit highly diverse and ambiguous in its usage. In our active interchange involving two community psychologists and a theologian,carried on in the spirit of Lewinian action research and pastoral theology's method of congregational studies, we have returned to that earlier tradition. We are developing a framework for spirituality encompassing human development and community development as two sides of the same coin. The framework provides a community-oriented theoretical account of the dynamics of spirituality and a foundation for action research on the interrelationship of spirituality and community. We begin by describing the context for the development of the framework,the St. Robert project, a participant,observer action research and consultation project ongoing for more than ten years in a Roman Catholic parish. We then present the framework's elements and conclude by outlining an ongoing empirical inquiry at St. Robert into the nature of spirituality, which has implications for the field's address to the spiritual dimensions of personal and community experience, especially psychological sense of community. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Characteristics of managerial coachingPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2010Ann Gilley PhD Coaching has become ubiquitous in organizations. Despite its growth in popularity, the concept remains largely untested through empirical inquiry. This study examined the skills and behaviors associated with managerial coaching. Results indicate a link between specific managerial skills, behaviors, and coaching. [source] A method for evaluating research syntheses: The quality, conclusions, and consensus of 12 syntheses of the effects of after-school programsRESEARCH SYNTHESIS METHODS, Issue 1 2010Jeffrey C. Valentine Abstract Like all forms of empirical inquiry, research syntheses can be carried out in ways that lead to more or less valid inferences about the phenomenon under study. This synthesis of syntheses (a) examined the methods employed in the syntheses of the effects of after-school programs (ASPs) and determined how closely they conformed to what is defined as best practice for research synthesis, (b) compared the inferences drawn from the ASP research literature by each synthesis with the inferences that plausibly could be made from the data they covered, and (c) determined the points of consistency across the syntheses with regard to both potentially valid and potentially invalid conclusions. It was found that the 12 syntheses used highly divergent methods, varying in problem definitions, search strategies, inclusion criteria for individual studies, and techniques for drawing conclusions about the cumulative evidence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||