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Emission
Kinds of Emission Terms modified by Emission Selected AbstractsPARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) ANALYSIS OF OBSIDIAN FROM TEOTIHUACANARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2010J. GAZZOLA A collection of 50 archaeological obsidian samples studied in the framework of the Preciudadela Project (Teotihuacan, Mexico) has been analysed using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) with the external beam line of the Accélérateur Grand Louvre d'Analyse Elémentaire facility (C2RMF, Paris) and of the Instituto de Física (UNAM, Mexico). This work addresses the provenance of these obsidian samples, with the purpose of determining if they come from the obsidian sources exploited by Teotihuacans (mainly Otumba and Sierra de Pachuca), from other sources, or arrived via commercial exchanges with other regions. For that, the elemental compositions derived from the PIXE spectra have been compared with data published in the literature on the basis of instrumental neutron activation analysis. From the concentrations of selected key elements (Na, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr), it was possible to unambiguously assign the provenance of most samples. Many originate from two major sources, namely Sierra de Pachuca (Hidalgo) and Otumba (Mexico), which were the main obsidian deposits used by the Teotihuacans. However, some samples exhibit a compositional fingerprint matching other provenances, i.e., Paredón (Puebla) and Zacualtipan (Hidalgo). [source] FREEDOM REDUCES PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2005Roger Bate No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE IMPACT OF POLICIES TO CONTROL MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN MUMBAI, INDIA,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007Akie Takeuchi ABSTRACT This paper examines the impacts of measures to reduce emissions from buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai, India. We have considered three possible policies: conversion of diesel buses to CNG, an increase in the price of gasoline and a tax on vehicle ownership. Our results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles,in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 reduced,is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 per year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. [source] THE FUTURE TRAJECTORY OF U.S. CO2 EMISSIONS: THE ROLE OF STATE VS.JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007AGGREGATE INFORMATION ABSTRACT This paper provides comparisons of a variety of time-series methods for short-run forecasts of the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, for the United States, using a recently released state-level data set from 1960,2001. We test the out-of-sample performance of univariate and multivariate forecasting models by aggregating state-level forecasts versus forecasting the aggregate directly. We find evidence that forecasting the disaggregate series and accounting for spatial effects drastically improves forecasting performance under root mean squared forecast error loss. Based on the in-sample observations we attempt to explain the emergence of voluntary efforts by states to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We find evidence that states with decreasing per capita emissions and a "greener" median voter are more likely to push toward voluntary cutbacks in emissions. [source] IS THERE UNIT ROOT IN THE NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS: A MONTE CARLO INVESTIGATION?NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 1 2010NINA S. JONES Abstract Use of the time-series econometric techniques to investigate issues about environmental regulation requires knowing whether air pollution emissions are trend stationary or difference stationary. It has been shown that results regarding trend stationarity of the pollution data are sensitive to the methods used. I conduct a Monte Carlo experiment to study the size and power of two unit root tests that allow for a structural change in the trend at a known time using the data-generating process calibrated to the actual pollution series. I find that finite sample properties of the Perron test are better than the Park and Sung Phillips-Perron (PP) type test. Severe size distortions in the Park and Sung PP type test can explain the rejection of a unit root in air pollution emissions reported in some environmental regulation analyses. [source] Fluctuating Helium Emission in Optically Thick Divertor PlasmasCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 1-3 2008F. B. Rosmej Abstract Simulations of the helium radiative properties carried out with the recently developed multi-level meta-stable resolved collisional-radiative code SOPHIA discovered new unique emission lines to analyze optically thick divertor plasmas relevant for ITER. The comparison of their time dependent line emission obtained from the NAGDIS-II plasma simulator experiments with time dependent temperature probe measurements shows a strong correlation. This indicates that line intensity fluctuations can be transformed to the important quantities of density and temperature fluctuations. A transformation method based on integral line intensity ratios which can be recorded with high time resolution is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Density Diagnostic Using Stark Broadening of He I Spectral Line Emission from Rydberg LevelsCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 7-9 2006M. Koubiti Abstract Neutral helium line spectra of the diffuse series observed under recombining plasma conditions, are used for electron density diagnostics. The method is similar to that using high members of the Balmer series of hydrogen or its isotopes. It is based on the comparison of experimental line spectra to calculated Stark profiles obtained with the Stark line shape code PPP. Among the required atomic data, the dipole reduced matrix elements have been calculated using a hydrogenic approximation. A good agreement was found between the behaviors of the Einstein coefficients calculated using this approximation and the available corresponding values found in the literature. It is demonstrated here through its application to JET data that for relatively dense plasmas this method gives promising results which are consistent with other measurements. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Performance of a full-scale biotrickling filter treating H2S at a gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 secondsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 2 2003David Gabriel Emission of objectionable odors is a major problem for wastewater treatment and other processing facilities. Biological treatment is a promising alternative to conventional control methods, such as chemical scrubbing, but historically, biotreatment has always required significantly larger reactor volumes than chemical scrubbers. In this paper, we present several aspects of the operation and performance of a chemical scrubber, retrofitted to operate as a biotrickling filter treating 16,000 m3 h,1 of foul air with the original gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds. In continuous operation for more than a year, the biotrickling filter has shown stable performance and robust behavior for H2S treatment, with pollutant removal performance comparable to using a chemical scrubber. Reclaimed water was used as a nutrient source for the process, and to maintain the pH in the biotrickling filter between 1.5 and 2.2. At a gas contact time of 1.6 seconds, H2S removal was in excess of 95% for sustained inlet H2S concentrations as high as 30 ppmv. This corresponds to volumetric elimination rates of 95 to 105 g H2S m,3 h,1. Efficiencies of about 90% were observed under transient conditions at 2.2 seconds gas contact time for inlet concentration peaks up to 60 ppmv. The biotrickling filter also removed significant amounts of reduced sulfur compounds, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds present in traces in the air, which is important in practical applications. Selected experiments, such as intermittent trickling operation and a one-month operation period at neutral pH, are also presented. Results indicate that the intermittent trickling operation does not have a significant effect on H2S removal. However, when operated at neutral pH, biotrickling filter performance clearly decreased, probably due to an excessive chlorine supply to the reactor through the make-up water. The study demonstrates that biotrickling filters can replace chemical scrubbers as a safer, more economical technique for odor control. [source] Emission of legacy chlorinated pesticides from agricultural and orchard soils in British Columbia, CanadaENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2006Terry F. Bidleman Abstract Air samples were collected above agricultural fields in the Fraser Valley and orchards in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, to investigate volatilization of organochlorine pesticides used in the past. Concentrations of pesticides in air were elevated over soils that contained higher residues. Soil/air fugacity ratios at sites with the higher soil residues were calculated relative to air sampled at 40 cm height and background air. The fugacity ratios in the first case indicated net volatilization or soil-air equilibrium for most compounds and occasional net deposition for p,p, -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p, -DDE), whereas those in the second case showed a strong potential for net volatilization of all compounds. The enantiomer fraction (EF) of chiral compounds ,-hexachlorocyclohexane (,-HCH), trans -chlordane, cis -chlordane, and o,p, -DDT were determined in overlying air samples and soils. Enantiomer fractions in air corresponded to those in soils at fields in which soil concentrations were high but were decoupled from soil signatures at fields with low soil residues. Mean EFs in air sampled over soils were significantly (p < 0.001) nonracemic for ,-HCH and the chlordanes and agreed with published EFs in regional ambient air. The mean EF of o,p, -DDT for all air samples did not show a significant deviation from racemic EFs (p > 0.2), but EFs of individual samples reflected the ambivalent nature of o,p, -DDT degradation, sometimes preferring the (+) enantiomer and other times the (,) enantiomer. The study indicates that soils are continuing to emit "legacy" pesticides into the regional atmosphere. [source] Dinuclear Iridium(III) Complexes Linked by a Bis(,-diketonato) Bridging Ligand: Energy Convergence versus Aggregation-Induced EmissionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 23 2010Chang Hwan Shin Abstract Novel iridium(III)/iridium(III) and iridium(III)/platinum(II) dinuclear complexes, [{Ir(ppyFF)2}2(,2 - L)] (4) and [{Ir(ppyFF)2}(,2 - L){Pt(ppy)}] (5) [ppyFF = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, L = 1,3-bis(3-phenyl-3-oxopropanoyl)benzene], linked by an L bridging ligand were prepared, and their photophysical properties were investigated in solution and in the solid state. The photophysical properties of mononuclear iridium(III) and platinum(II) complexes, [Ir(ppyFF)2(dbm)] (1) and [Pt(ppy)(dbm)] (2) bearing a dibenzoylmethane (dbm) ligand were also compared. Whereas the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 4 and 5 show independent light absorption at each metal-centered moiety, the photoluminescence spectra of 4 and 5 display almost identical features, but very weak emissions in solution at both room temperature and 77 K. The weak emission in solution is found to mainly originate from a 3LX state of the L bridging ligand, which reflects the occurrence of efficient energy convergence from the triplet states of the Pt(ppy) and Ir(ppyFF) moieties to the 3LX state of L. By contrast, intense orange-red emission, that is, aggregation-induced emission, is produced in the solid state of 4 and 5. Inspection of the crystal-packing structures of 5 reveals that strong intermolecular ,,, interactions between the adjacent pyridine rings of ppyFF ligands in the Ir-centered moieties are responsible for the emissive metal-to-ligand,ligand charge-transfer [3M(LL)CT] state of the solid-state dinuclear systems. The electrochemical properties of 4 and 5 further indicate that the first two reductions occur at the dbm moieties of the L bridging ligand linked to each metal center, which is consistent with the fact that the lowest-energy excited state of the L bridging ligand dominates the excited-state properties of 4 and 5 in solution. [source] Luminescent Gold(I) and Copper(I) Phosphane Complexes Containing the 4-Nitrophenylthiolate Ligand: Observation of ,,,* Charge-Transfer EmissionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2008Cheng-Hui Li Abstract Gold(I) and copper(I) phosphane complexes containing the 4-nitrophenylthiolate ligand, namely [(PCy3)Au(SC6H4NO2 -4)] (1) (PCy3 = tricyclohexylphosphane), [Au2(,-dcpm)(SC6H4NO2 -4)2] (2) [dcpm = bis(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)methane], [Au2(,-dppm)(SC6H4NO2 -4)2] (3) [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane], and [(,2 -SC6H4NO2 -4)2(,3 -SC6H4NO2 -4)2(CuPPh3)4] (4), were prepared and characterized by X-ray crystal analysis. All of these complexes show an intense absorption band with ,max at 396,409 nm attributed to the intraligand (IL) ,(S),,*(C6H4NO2 -4) charge-transfer transition. The assignment is supported by the results of DFT and TDDFT calculations on the model complexes [PH3Au(SC6H4NO2 -4)] and [(,2 -SC6H4NO2 -4)2(,3 -SC6H4NO2 -4)2(CuPH3)4]. The emissions of solid samples and glassy solutions (methanol/ethanol, 1:4, v/v) of 1,4 at 77 K are assigned to the [,(S),,*(C6H4NO2 -4)] charge-transfer excited state. Metallophilic interactions are not observed in both solid state and solutions of complexes 1,3. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties of Some Heterodimetallic Bisporphyrins of Ytterbium and Transition Metals , Enhancement and Lifetime Extension of Yb3+ Emission by Transition-Metal Porphyrin SensitizationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 21 2007Feng-Lei Jiang Abstract A series of d-f heterodimetallic bisporphyrin complexes (YbZn, YbPd, and YbPt), in which a YbIII porphyrinate moiety is linked to a transition-metal porphyrinate moiety by a flexible three-carbon chain, were synthesized. They were fully characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption, andfluorescence methods. Variable-temperature near-infrared photoluminescence studies showed that the transition-metal porphyrinate moiety would enhance the ytterbium(III) emission centered at about 998 nm and extend its emission lifetime. YbPd and YbPt showed large two-photon absorption cross-section values because of the interaction between the porphyrin units, which caused a loss of centrosymmetry. Optical limiting investigation demonstrated that [Yb(TPP)(LOMe)] and YbPt have comparable performance to C60 by virtue of their heavy-metal effect. Our results indicate that these bisporphyrin dimetallic complexes will find valuable applications in the field of nonlinear optics. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Metal-Directed Self-Assembly: Two New Metal-Binicotinate Grid Polymeric Networks and Their Fluorescence Emission Tuned by Ligand ConfigurationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 13 2004Benlai Wu Abstract Two new 2-D metal-binicotinate coordination polymers, namely, [CdII(bpdc)]n (1) and {[ZnII8(bpdc)8(H2O)8](H2O)8}n (2) (H2bpdc = binicotinic acid) have been synthesized using hydrothermal and three-layer diffusion methods, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that both are extended grid networks of the (4,4) topology. Their structures alter with the configuration and function of bpdc. The achiral, free H2bpdc has axial chirality induced by metal coordination in 1, and bpdc connects to four metal centers forming a 2-D (4,4) net with three kinds of apertures generated through self-assembly. In 2, however, bpdc connects to three metal centers, fabricating a microporous framework containing hydrophilic channels. Studies on the solid emission spectra of the free ligand, 1, and 2 confirmed, that the configuration of bpdc resulting from metal-directed coordination has a profound effect on the fluorescence emissions of 1 and 2. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Multicolor Tunable Emission from Organogels Containing Tetraphenylethene, Perylenediimide, and Spiropyran DerivativesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Qun Chen Abstract A dendron-substituted tetraphenylethene low molecular weight gelator (LMWG)compound, LMWG1, is designed and investigated. Gelation-induced fluorescence enhancement is observed for the gel based on LMWG1 and its fluorescence can be reversibly tuned by varying the temperature of the ensemble. The photoinduced energy-transfer can occur between LMWG1 and PI2 (perylene diimide) in the gel phase, but it cannot occur in the corresponding solution. The emission color of the gel of LMWG1 and PI2 can be tuned from cyan, yellow, to red by varying the concentration of PI2. By taking advantage of the photochromic transformation of spiropyran, the emission color of the organogels based on LMWG1 and SP3 can be switched by alternating UV and visible-light irradiations. The emission color can also be tuned by varying the irradiation time. In this way, organogels based on LMWG1 with multiemission color can be achieved in the presence of SP3 after light irradiations. [source] Stable, Glassy, and Versatile Binaphthalene Derivatives Capable of Efficient Hole Transport, Hosting, and Deep-Blue Light EmissionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2010Bin Wei Abstract Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have great potential applications in display and solid-state lighting. Stability, cost, and blue emission are key issues governing the future of OLEDs. The synthesis and photoelectronics of a series of three kinds of binaphthyl (BN) derivatives are reported. BN1,3 are "melting-point-less" and highly stable materials, forming very good, amorphous, glass-like films. They decompose at temperatures as high as 485,545,°C. At a constant current density of 25,mA,cm,2, an ITO/BN3/Al single-layer device has a much-longer lifetime (>80,h) than that of an ITO/NPB/Al single-layer device (8,h). Also, the lifetime of a multilayer device based on BN1 is longer than a similar device based on NPB. BNs are efficient and versatile OLED materials: they can be used as a hole-transport layer (HTL), a host, and a deep-blue-light-emitting material. This versatility may cut the cost of large-scale material manufacture. More importantly, the deep-blue electroluminescence (emission peak at 444 nm with CIE coordinates (0.16, 0.11), 3.23 cd A,1 at 0.21,mA cm,2, and 25200,cd,m,2 at 9,V) remains very stable at very high current densities up to 1000,mA,cm,2. [source] Bionanotechnology: Enhancement of Aggregation-Induced Emission in Dye-Encapsulating Polymeric Micelles for Bioimaging (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 9 2010Mater. Amphiphilic block copolymers can form polymer micelles for delivering hydrophobic fluorescent probes with aggregation-induced emission properties, as presented by A. K.-Y. Jen et al. on page 1413. By itself, 1,1,2,3,4,5-hexaphenylsilole (HPS) exhibits dramatically enhanced blue-green fluorescent emission efficiencies when encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of a polymeric micelle. When HPS is co-encapsulated with bis(4-(N -(1-naphthyl) phenylamino)-phenyl)fumaronitrile, effective orange-red fluorescence resonance energy transfer can be demonstrated within live RAW 264.7 cells. Illustration provided by Brent Polishak. [source] Enhancement of Aggregation-Induced Emission in Dye-Encapsulating Polymeric Micelles for BioimagingADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 9 2010Wen-Chung Wu Abstract Three amphiphilic block copolymers are employed to form polymeric micelles and function as nanocarriers to disperse hydrophobic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dyes, 1,1,2,3,4,5-hexaphenylsilole (HPS) and/or bis(4-(N -(1-naphthyl) phenylamino)-phenyl)fumaronitrile (NPAFN), into aqueous solution for biological studies. Compared to their virtually non-emissive properties in organic solutions, the fluorescence intensity of these AIE dyes has increased significantly due to the spatial confinement that restricts intramolecular rotation of these dyes and their better compatibility in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. The effect of the chemical structure of micelle cores on the photophysical properties of AIE dyes are investigated, and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the green-emitting donor (HPS) to the red-emitting acceptor (NPAFN) is explored by co-encapsulating this FRET pair in the same micelle core. The highest fluorescence quantum yield (,62%) could be achieved by encapsulating HPS aggregates in the micelles. Efficient energy transfer (>99%) and high amplification of emission (as high as 8 times) from the NPAFN acceptor could also be achieved by spatially confining the HPS/NPAFN FRET pair in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. These micelles could be successfully internalized into the RAW 264.7 cells to demonstrate high-quality fluorescent images and cell viability due to improved quantum yield and reduced cytotoxicity. [source] Helically ,-Stacked Conjugated Polymers Bearing Photoresponsive and Chiral Moieties in Side Chains: Reversible Photoisomerization-Enforced Switching Between Emission and Quenching of Circularly Polarized FluorescenceADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 8 2010Hiroyuki Hayasaka Abstract Novel multifunctional conjugated polymers, [poly(p -phenylene)s and poly(bithienylene-phenylene)s with (R)- and (S)-configurations], which have fluorescence, chirality, and photoresponsive properties, have been designed and synthesized. The polymers are composed of ,-conjugated main chains, where poly(p -phenylene) and poly(bithienylene-phenylene) are fluorescence moieties, and the side chains of the photochromic dithienylethene moiety are linked with chiral alkyl groups. The polymer films exhibit right- or left-handed circularly polarized fluorescence (CPF) and also show reversible quenching and emitting behaviors as a result of photochemical isomerization of the dithienylethene moiety upon irradiation with ultraviolet and visible light. This is the first report realizing the reversible switching of CPF using chirality and photoresponsive properties. [source] Simple and Efficient Generation of White Light Emission From Organophosphorus Building BlocksADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 22 2009Carlos Romero-Nieto Abstract This paper describes a structure,property study using two dithieno[3,2- b;2,,3,- d]phosphole building blocks for the generation of white light emission and the incorporation of these units in a single polystyrene material. The emission of one of the light-emitting organophosphorus building blocks can efficiently be switched from orange to green by simple protonation of the amino functional groups that are part of the , -conjugated scaffold. The resulting three components (blue, green, and orange) exhibit photophysical properties that allow for an efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in the mixture/polymer and provide intense white fluorescence upon excitation of the blue component; the fluorescence is close to pure white in solution and similar to the emission of an incandescent light bulb in the thin film. The results nicely illustrate the intriguing features that can be obtained by exclusively using organophosphorus-based organic electronic materials. [source] Electroluminescence and Laser Emission of Soluble Pure Red Fluorescent Molecular Glasses Based on DithienylbenzothiadiazoleADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 18 2009Ju Huang Abstract Soluble molecular red emitters 1a/1b are synthesized by Stille coupling from 2-(3,5-di(1-naphthyl)phenyl)thiophene precursors. The compounds show emission maxima at ca. 610,nm in CH2Cl2 solution and 620,nm in solid films. Replacing the n -hexyl substituent by 4- sec -butoxyphenyl produces a marked increase of glass transition temperature (Tg) from 82,°C to 137,°C and increases the solubility in toluene and p -xylene, thus improving the film-forming properties. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the compounds can be reversibly oxidized and reduced around +1.10 and ,1.20,V, respectively. A two-layered electroluminescent device based on 1b produces a pure red light emission with CIE coordinates (0.646, 0.350) and a maximal luminous efficiency of 2.1,cd A,1. Furthermore, when used as a solution-processed red emitter in optically pumped laser devices, compound 1b successfully produces a lasing emission at ca. 650,nm. [source] Controlling Light Emission in Luminescent Solar Concentrators Through Use of Dye Molecules Aligned in a Planar Manner by Liquid CrystalsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 17 2009Paul P. C. Verbunt Abstract A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a potential low-cost enhancement of the standard large-area silicon photovoltaic panels for the generation of electricity from sunlight. In this work, guest,host systems are investigated using anisotropic fluorescent dyes and liquid crystal mesogens to control the direction of emitted light in the LSC. It is determined that up to 30% more light is emitted from the edge of an LSC waveguide with planar dye alignment parallel to the alignment direction than from any edge of an LSC with no alignment (isotropic). The aligned samples continue to show dichroic performance after additions of both edge mirrors and rear scattering layer. [source] Polyfluorene Light-Emitting Diodes: Understanding the Nature of the States Responsible for the Green Emission in Oxidized Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s: Photophysics and Structural Studies of Linear Dialkylfluorene/Fluorenone Model Compounds (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2009Mater. Polyfluorenes, whilst attractive candidates for polymer light-emitting diodes, are susceptible to oxidative degradation. This degradation results in significant green emission. Although it has been linked to the formation of fluorenones, the precise relationship between fluorenones and the observed color shift remains widely debated. On page 2147, Chan et al. report a study on this relationship with the use of a series of model compounds. Inter-molecular fluorenone,fluorenone interaction is reported to be an essential requirement for the color shift. [source] Understanding the Nature of the States Responsible for the Green Emission in Oxidized Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s: Photophysics and Structural Studies of Linear Dialkylfluorene/Fluorenone Model CompoundsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2009Khai Leok Chan Abstract Here, the optical properties of a series of structurally well-defined model compounds for oxidatively degraded poly(dialkylfluorenes) (PFs) are reported. Specifically, linear compounds comprising one, two, or four dihexylfluorene (F) moieties together with one fluorenone (O) moiety placed either at the end or in the center of each chain (i.e., FO, FFO, FOF, FFOFF) are studied. The results support the recent observation that the photophysics of the fluorenone-centered "pentamer" (FFOFF) is most similar to that of oxidized PFs. They further demonstrate that molecule,molecule interaction is essential to activate the green emission band. Investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD) identify the solid-state structure of a representative member of this class of compounds and reveal inter-molecular interaction through dipole,dipole coupling between neighboring fluorenone moieties. [source] Functionalized Siloles: Versatile Synthesis, Aggregation-Induced Emission, and Sensory and Device ApplicationsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2009Zhen Li Abstract The synthesis of functionalized siloles has been a challenge because of the incompatibility of polar functional groups with the reactive intermediates in the conventional protocols for silole synthesis. In this work, a synthetic route for silole functionalization is elaborated, through which a series of functionalized siloles are successfully prepared. Whereas light emissions of traditional luminophores are often quenched by aggregation, most of the functionalized siloles show an exactly opposite phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The siloles are nonemissive when dissolved in their good solvents but become highly luminescent when aggregated in their poor solvents or in the solid state. Manipulation of the aggregation,deaggregation processes of the siloles enables them to play two seemly antagonistic roles and work as both excellent quenchers and efficient emitters. The AIE effect endows the siloles with multifaceted functionalities, including fluorescence quenching, pH sensing, explosive detection, and biological probing. The sensing processes are very sensitive (with detection limit down to 0.1,ppm) and highly selective (with capability of discriminating among different kinds of ions, explosives, proteins, DNAs, and RNAs). The siloles also serve as active layers in the fabrication of electroluminescent devices and as photosensitive films in the generation of fluorescence patterns. [source] Luminescent Colloidal Dispersion of Silicon Quantum Dots from Microwave Plasma Synthesis: Exploring the Photoluminescence Behavior Across the Visible SpectrumADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 5 2009Anoop Gupta Abstract Aiming for a more practical route to highly stable visible photoluminescence (PL) from silicon, a novel approach to produce luminescent silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) is developed. Single crystalline Si-NPs are synthesized by pyrolysis of silane (SiH4) in a microwave plasma reactor at very high production rates (0.1,10,g,h,1). The emission wavelength of the Si-NPs is controlled by etching them in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. Emission across the entire visible spectrum is obtained by varying the etching time. It is observed that the air oxidation of the etched Si-NPs profoundly affects their optical properties, and causes their emission to blue-shift and diminish in intensity with time. Modification of the silicon surface by UV-induced hydrosilylation also causes a shift in the spectrum. The nature of the shift (red/blue) is dependent on the emission wavelength of the etched Si-NPs. In addition, the amount of shift depends on the type of organic ligand on the silicon surface and the UV exposure time. The surface modification of Si-NPs with different alkenes results in highly stable PL and allows their dispersion in a variety of organic solvents. This method of producing macroscopic quantities of Si-NPs with very high PL stability opens new avenues to applications of silicon quantum dots in optoelectronic and biological fields, and paves the way towards their commercialization. [source] Fabrication of Large-Scale Single-Crystalline PrB6 Nanorods and Their Temperature-Dependent Electron Field EmissionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 5 2009Qin Yuan Zhang Abstract A simple catalysis-free approach that utilises a gas,solid reaction for the synthesis of large-scale single-crystalline PrB6 nanorods using Pr and BCl3 as starting materials is demonstrated. The nanorods exhibit a low turn-on electric field (2.80,V µ-b;m,1 at 10,µ-b;A cm,2), a low threshold electric field (6.99,V µ-b;m,1 at 1,mA cm,2), and a high current density (1.2,mA cm,2 at 7.35,V µ-b;m,1) at room temperature (RT). The turn-on and threshold electric field are found to decrease clearly from 2.80 to 0.95 and 6.99 to 3.55,V µ-b;m,1, respectively, while the emission current density increases significantly from 1.2 to 13.8,mA cm,2 (at 7.35,V µ-b;m,1) with an increase in the ambient temperature from RT to 623,K. The field enhancement factor, emission current density, and the dependence of the effective work function with temperature are investigated. The possible mechanism of the temperature-dependent emission from PrB6 nanorods is discussed. [source] Exploiting a Dual-Fluorescence Process in Fluorene,Dibenzothiophene- S,S -dioxideCo-Polymers to Give Efficient Single Polymer LEDs with Broadened EmissionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Simon M. King Abstract A description of the synthesis of random (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl),(dibenzothiophene- S,S -dioxide-3,7-diyl) co-polymers (p(F-S)x) by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling polymerization where the feed ratio of the latter is varied from 2 to 30,mol % (i.e., x,=,2,30) is given. Polymer light emitting devices are fabricated with the configuration indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid)/p(F,S)x/Ba/Al. The device external quantum efficiency increased as the ratio of the S co-monomer was increased, up to a maximum of 1.3% at 100,mA cm,2 for p(F-S)30 and a brightness of 3 770,cd m,2 (at 10,V). The S units impart improved electron injection, more balanced mobilities, and markedly improved device performance compared to poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) under similar conditions. These co-polymers display broad emission, observed as greenish-white light, which arises from dual fluorescence, viz. both local excited states and charge transfer states. Utilizing dual emission can reduce problems associated with Förster energy transfer from high-energy to-low energy excited states. [source] Field Emission and Cathodoluminescence of ZnS Hexagonal Pyramids of Zinc Blende Structured Single CrystalsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 3 2009Zhi-Gang Chen Abstract Single-crystal hexagonal pyramids of zinc blende ZnS are fabricated by facile thermal evaporation in an ammonia atmosphere at 1150,°C. It is found that ZnS pyramids grow along the [111] crystal axis and possess a sharp tip with a diameter of ,10,nm and a micrometer-sized base. The structural model and growth mechanism are proposed based on crystallographic characteristics. This unique ZnS pyramid structure exhibits a low turn-on field (2.81,V µm,1), a high field-enhancement factor (over 3000), a large field-emission current density (20,mA cm,2), and good stability with very small fluctuation (0.9%). These superior field-emission properties are clearly attributed to the pyramid morphology, with micrometer-sized bases and nanotips, and high crystallinity. Moreover, a stable UV emission of 337,nm at room temperature is observed and can be ascribed to the band emission of the zinc blende phase. These results suggest that the ZnS hexagonal pyramids can be expected to find promising applications as field emitters and optoelectronic devices. [source] Amplified Spontaneous Emission of Poly(ladder-type phenylene)s , The Influence of Photophysical Properties on ASE Thresholds,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 20 2008Frédéric Laquai Abstract Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of a series of blue-emitting poly(ladder-type phenylene)s (LPPP)s has been studied in thin film polymer waveguide structures. The chemically well-defined step-ladder polymers consist of an increasing number of bridged phenylene rings per monomer unit starting from fully arylated poly(ladder-type indenofluorene) up to poly(ladder-type pentaphenylene). The ASE characteristics of the polymers including the onset threshold values for ASE, the gain and loss coefficients as well as the photoluminescence (PL) properties, i.e., the solid state fluorescence lifetimes, decay kinetics and solid state quantum efficiencies have been studied by time-resolved PL spectroscopy. A fully arylated polyfluorene has been synthesized and its photophysical properties were compared to the step-ladder polymers. Steady-state photoinduced absorption and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy have been used to study excited state absorption of singlet and triplet states and polarons present in the solid state. The results demonstrate a minimum regarding the onset threshold value of ASE for a fully arylated poly(ladder-type indenofluorene) and a successive increase of the ASE threshold for the step-ladder polymers with more bridged phenylene rings. In particular, carbazole-containing step-ladder LPPPs exhibit significantly increased ASE threshold values as compared to their carbazole-free analogues due to a pronounced overlap of stimulated emission (SE) and photoinduced absorption (PA). [source] The Influence of UV Irradiation on Ketonic Defect Emission in Fluorene-Based Copolymers,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 17 2008Horst Scheiber Abstract The influence of UV irradiation in inert atmosphere on the emission spectrum of fluorenone containing poly[9,9-bis(2-ethyl)hexylfluorene] (PF2/6) has been investigated by means of optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It is shown that a substantial reduction of green emission arising from ketonic defect sites can be achieved by irradiation of thin films with UV light. This is found to be accompanied by partial cross-linking of the films. FTIR measurements show no reduction of the C=O stretching mode upon irradiation, and, moreover, the degree of cross-linking does not scale with the relative fluorenone content (0.1, 0.5, and 5%). Therefore, the reduced emission intensity in the green spectral region is rather associated with the occurrence of interruptions in the polymer backbone, which reduce the effective conjugation length and subsequently inhibit the energy transfer onto the ketonic defect sites. The found results enabled us to build organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) that can be structured by selective illumination of the emitting layer with an intense UV light source. This method allows for the fabrication of rather efficient (2000,cd,m,2 at 7,V) two-color OLEDs. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||