Emerging Problem (emerging + problem)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Topical aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a study of clinical efficacy and mechanism of action

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
B. Pollock
Summary Background, ,Acne affects 83,95% of 16-year-olds of both sexes, and many seek help from a clinician. Emerging problems with conventional acne treatments, specifically antibiotic resistance of Propionibacterium acnes and fears over the safety and tolerance of oral isotretinoin, create a demand for novel treatment modalities in acne. Objectives, To study the efficacy of aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) in the treatment of acne and to identify the mode of action, looking specifically at the effects on surface numbers of P. acnes and on sebum excretion. Methods, ,Ten patients (nine men and one woman, age range 16,40 years) with mild to moderate acne on their backs were recruited. Each patient's back was marked with four 30-cm2 areas of equal acne severity. Each site was then randomly allocated to either ALA-PDT treatment, light alone, ALA alone or an untreated control site. At baseline, numbers of inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions were counted, sebum excretion measured by Sebutapes (CuDerm, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.) and surface P. acnes swabs performed. ALA cream (20% in Unguentum Merck) was applied under occlusion to the ALA-PDT and ALA alone sites for 3 h. Red light from a diode laser was then delivered to the ALA-PDT and light alone sites (635 nm, 25 mW cm,2, 15 J cm,2). Each patient was treated weekly for 3 weeks. At each visit acne lesion counts were performed and 3 weeks following the last treatment sebum excretion rates and P. acnes swabs were repeated. Results, There was a statistically significant reduction in inflammatory acne lesion counts from baseline after the second treatment at the ALA-PDT site but not at any of the other sites. No statistically significant reduction in P. acnes numbers or sebum excretion was demonstrated at any sites including the ALA-PDT site. Conclusions, ALA-PDT is capable of clinically improving acne. An alternative mode of action for ALA-PDT other than direct damage to sebaceous glands or photodynamic killing of P. acnes is suggested from the results of this study. [source]


Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children , an emerging problem

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 12 2000
S. Ehtisham
SUMMARY Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus has never previously been described in UK children, although an increasing incidence in childhood is recognized in international studies. The prevalence of obesity in UK children is increasing and is a recognized risk factor for the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize children with Type 2 diabetes in the West Midlands and Leicester. Methods Children were identified by contacting paediatricians responsible for diabetes in five hospitals. Details were collected on demographics, mode of presentation, investigations and treatment on a standard proforma. Results Eight girls were identified with Type 2 diabetes, aged 9,16 years and who were of Pakistani, Indian or Arabic origin. They were all overweight (percentage weight for height 141,209%) and had a family history of diabetes in at least two generations. They presented insidiously with hyperglycaemia and glycosuria without ketosis and five were asymptomatic. Islet cell antibodies measured in seven patients were negative. Four had acanthosis nigricans which is a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance and the other four had high plasma levels of insulin and/or C peptide. These patients are distinct from those with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). All were initially managed with dietary measures, seven have been treated with oral anti-diabetic agents of whom two have subsequently required insulin. Conclusions These are the first UK case reports of Type 2 diabetes in children. Paediatricians need to be aware of the risk of Type 2 diabetes developing in childhood in high-risk ethnic groups, particularly in association with obesity and a positive family history. [source]


Productions of social solidarity and of social compulsion,

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2006
Janine Puget
Abstract I begin from the assumption that the social groups within which people acquire subjective attributes belong to two different orders. Those of the first order follow the model of organized, closed structures that define fixed places. Examples are social institutions, the state, and the oedipal structure. The groups of the second order are ad hoc groups whose life and consistency depend on the emergence of a problem that must be solved and, therefore, on a doing together. I call these groups communities. This approach to the matter of globalization responds to a way of thinking linkage organization that privileges different ontologies and a characteristic topology for each of them. We should ask ourselves whether solidarity requires an ontological definition; whether it constitutes an ethical problem (commitment), a moral problem (behaviour or obligation), an action/doing based on a previous knowledge of one of the parties, a practice created in connection with an emerging problem, a psychic mechanism, and so on. To answer these manifold questions, I travel a path , one among many possible paths , that involves understanding solidarity as a resource and a practice referred to psychic suffering, especially in present-day Argentina. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd. [source]


Recent Progress and New Perspectives in Studying T Cell Responses to Allografts

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2010
A. Valujskikh
Studies in the past decade advanced our understanding of the development, execution and regulation of T-cell-mediated allograft rejection. This review outlines recent progress and focuses on three major areas of investigation that are likely to guide the development of graft-prolonging therapies in the future. The discussed topics include the contribution of recently discovered molecules to the activation and functions of alloreactive T cells, the emerging problem of alloreactive memory T cells and recently gained insights into the old question of transplantation tolerance. [source]


Increasing antimicrobial resistance,an emerging problem in the treatment of shigellosis

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 12 2007
S. K. Niyogi
Abstract Shigellosis is a major cause of diarrhoea-related morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Effective antibiotic treatment reduces the average duration of illness by reducing faecal excretion of the bacterium and preventing further transmission and potentially lethal complications. Treatment of shigellosis is currently limited by the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of Shigella. Although fluoroquinolones are currently effective in treating adults, resistance to fluoroquinolones among Shigella spp. is emerging, and their use in children is subject to limitations. Azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins are also effective in the treatment of shigellosis, but monitoring of Shigella isolates to detect the emergence of resistance is essential. [source]


Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 45 2009
Weiya Zhou
Abstract Great interest in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) derives from their remarkable electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties together with their lower density, which promise extensive and unique applications. Much progress has been achieved in the fundamental and applied investigations of SWCNTs over the past decade. At the same time, many obstacles still remain, hampering further development in this field. To clarify the emerging problems and to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field, we review the recent progress of research on the synthesis, structure, and properties of SWCNTs, in particular the SWCNT non-woven film, SWCNT rings, boron,nitrogen (B,N) co-doped SWCNTs (BCN-SWNTs), and individual SWCNTs. Some long-standing problems and topics warranting further investigations in the near future are addressed. [source]


Impact of Mental Health Training for Frontline Staff Working With Children With Severe Intellectual Disabilities

JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2008
Teresa Whitehurst
Abstract, The risk factors for young people with intellectual disabilities developing a mental health disorder are higher than those found in the general population, yet training is very rarely available to frontline staff. A recent study in the United Kingdom cited prevalence rates of mental ill health among adults with intellectual disabilities ranging from 35.2 to 40.9%, depending upon the sensitivity of the diagnostic tool used (Cooper et al., 2007). The ability to identify mental health problems is crucial to early intervention, but is particularly difficult when the symptoms of intellectual disability often mask emerging problems and confound differential diagnosis. The literature relating to mental health training focuses largely on changes in knowledge base and attitude, falling short of considering the primary focus of training,its impact upon practice and how this ultimately benefits people with intellectual disabilities. This study highlights the need for training, considers a training package provided to all frontline (direct care) staff in a residential school in the United Kingdom, catering to young people between the ages of 6 and 19 with severe intellectual disabilities, and investigates the impact of training upon practice and its influence upon the organization. [source]


Globalization, Societal Change, and New Technologies: What They Mean for the Future of Adolescence

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 1 2002
Reed W. Larson
Nations around the world are undergoing rapid changes that are altering the nature of adolescence in their societies. This volume examines current trends in adolescent experience across nations, with the objective of identifying emerging problems and opportunities in adolescents' preparation for adulthood. This introduction reviews methods used by futurists and how these methods are applicable to adolescence, and provides an overview of some of the macrochanges that are shaping the societies in which adolescents of the future will live. The macrochanges considered include demographic trends, globalization, trends in government, and changes in technology. Subsequent articles in this volume examine how these and other changes are altering adolescents' transition to adult work, preparation for adult interpersonal lives, civic and community engagement, and health and well-being. The final article focuses on social policy and is followed by a conclusion with the main points and trends in the volume. [source]