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Educational Qualifications (educational + qualification)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences28%
Humanities and Social Sciences28%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting28%

Selected Abstracts

Socio-economic status predicts drinking patterns but not alcohol-related consequences independently

ADDICTION, Issue 7 2010
Taisia Huckle
ABSTRACT Aim To identify independent relationships between socio-economic status and drinking patterns and related consequences and to identify socio-economic groups at risk for heavier consumption. Design and setting Three comparable national telephone surveys were utilized: 1995, 2000 and 2004. The respondents were aged 18,65 years. Contextual information includes that a number of liberalized alcohol policy changes occurred over the time of the surveys. Results Educational qualification, income and occupation were associated independently with alcohol consumption. There were indications that the different dimensions of drinking (quantity and frequency) had different relationships with socio-economic status (SES). For example, lower SES groups drank heavier quantities while higher SES groups drank more frequently. SES, however, did not play a major role predicting drinking consequences once drinking patterns were controlled for, although there were some exceptions. It was the lower-to-average SES groups that were at greater risk for drinking heavier quantities compared to other SES groups in the population (as they had sustained increases in the quantities they consumed over time where other SES groups did not). Conclusion Socio-economic status was related independently to drinking patterns and there were indications that SES interacted differently with the different dimensions of drinking (quantity and frequency). For the most part, socio-economic status was not related independently to the experience of alcohol-related consequences once drinking patterns were accounted for. It was the lower-to-average SES groups that were at greater risk for drinking heavier quantities compared to other SES groups in the population. [source]

Routes to party choice: Ideology, economic evaluations and voting at the 1997 British General Election

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001
C.J. PATTIE
Most conventional accounts of voting behaviour fit single models to the entire electorate, implicitly assuming that all voters respond to the same sets of influences, and do so in similar ways. However, a growing body of research suggests that this approach may be misleading, and that distinct groups of voters approach politics, and the electoral decision, from different perspectives. The paper takes a disaggregated look at voting in the 1997 British General Election, dividing voters into different groups according to their formal educational qualifications. Results suggest that different groups of voters respond to different stimuli, depending on their education, and on the party they are voting for. [source]

Source Effects in Internet-based Screening Procedures

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 2-3 2003
Mia L. Jattuso
This research examined the relationship between two newly-proposed source classifications (degree of interim contact and job board specificity) and two pre-hire outcomes: candidate qualifications and job fit. Among other findings, higher interim contact was related to stronger education qualifications, and candidates resulting from occupation/industry-specific job boards possessed, in comparison to candidates from general job boards, stronger educational qualifications, technical skills, and a higher degree of fit between their job preferences and the characteristics of the job. However, we did not observe our expected effects uniformly for all qualifications variables, and we discuss potential contributing factors and implications. [source]

Minimum and preferred entry qualifications and training provision for North Australian workers

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006
Bruce Acutt
This paper reports on the outcomes of a replication study of a survey of British employers that requested information on the qualifications sought when recruiting employees and on subsequent training and development. While the British survey was interested in the uptake and use of the British National Vocational Qualifications, the study reported in this article is primarily focused on the uptake and use of the Australian Qualifications Framework qualifications by North Australian employers. This study was prompted by the skills shortages and recruitment difficulties being experienced by organizations throughout rural and regional Australia. Previous studies have found that vocational qualifications were not valued by UK employers and few employers were encouraging employees to undertake vocational awards. If this is also the case in Australia, it may in part explain problems in recruiting skilled workers. This research clearly demonstrates that employees in regional and rural Australia are seeking to improve their knowledge and skills through vocational training and higher education qualifications. Also, employers are providing access to training and are supporting managerial and professional employees to gain higher educational qualifications. When recruiting all types of worker other than unskilled labourers, the majority of organizations prefer to recruit workers with qualifications. In rural and regional centres, however, a more pragmatic stance of recruiting unqualified employees in some areas is observed. Clearly, employers will attempt to minimize training costs by recruiting skilled employees, but in the end they will have to provide access to training and education to ensure that they have a skilled workforce that can deliver essential services and products. [source]

Chinese Immigrants in Canada: Their Changing Composition and Economic Performance1

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2005
Shuguang Wang
ABSTRACT Using landing records and tax data, this paper examines both the changing composition of the Chinese immigrants in Canada in the past two decades and their levels of economic performance. Our research found that, in addition to a shift in origin, economic immigrants have been on the rise and other classes of immigrants have declined. This has been accompanied by a significant increase in their educational qualifications and proficiency in a Canadian official language. Yet, despite their increased human capital, Chinese immigrants still experience very different economic outcomes in the Canadian labour market compared to members of the general population of Canada. For one thing, they have much lower employment and self-employment income than the general population. Moreover, these earning differentials hold true for all age groups, both genders, and Chinese immigrants from all origins. While their levels of economic performance increases with length of residency in Canada, this study suggests that it would take more than 20 years for Chinese immigrants to close the earning gaps with the general population. Evidence also suggests that Canadian-specific educational credentials are indeed worth more than those acquired in the immigrants' country of origin, and are much better remunerated by Canadian employers. IMMIGRÉS CHINOIS AU CANADA: ÉVOLUTION DE LEURS COMMUNAUTÉS ET DE LEUR RÉUSSITE ÉCONOMIQUE En s'appuyant sur les relevés d'embarquement et les données des services fiscaux, les auteurs examinent à la fois l'évolution de la composition des com-munautés chinoises immigrées au Canada au cours des deux dernières décennies et le niveau de leur réussite économique. Ils constatent que, outre un glissement au niveau des régions d'origine, les immigrés économiques sont de plus en plus nombreux, tandis que d'autres catégories d'immigrés sont en recul. Cette évolution s'accompagne d'un relèvement significatif du niveau d'instruction et de la connaissance des langues officielles du Canada. Cependant, malgré l'accroissement de leur capital humain, les immigrés chinois connaissent tou-jours des fortunes très différentes sur le marché du travail canadien, si on les compare avec la population canadienne en général. D'une part, leurs revenus en qualité de salariés ou d'indépendants sont nettement inférieurs à ceux de la population générale. D'autre part, les écarts de revenus se vérifient pour toutes les tranches d'âge et pour les deux sexes, et la région d'origine ne change rien à la donne. Alors que le niveau de réussite économique s'améliore au fil des ans, cette étude montre qu'il faudrait plus de 20 ans aux immigrés chinois pour se hisser au niveau de revenu de la population générale. Elle démontre également que les diplômes acquis au Canada sont nettement plus valorisés que ceux acquis dans le pays d'origine des migrants et que leurs titulaires sont nettement mieux rémunérés par les employeurs canadiens. INMIGRANTES CHINOS EN EL CANADÁ: CAMBIOS EN SU COMPOSICIÓN Y RENDIMIENTO ECONÓMICO Gracias a los registros de entrada en el país y de pago de impuestos a la renta, en este documento se examina la variación de las últimas dos décadas en la composición de los inmigrantes chinos en el Canadá y en su rendimiento económico. En este estudio se determina que, además de provenir ahora de distintos lugares de origen, los inmigrantes económicos no dejan de aumentar mientras que las demás categorías de inmigrantes disminuyen. Ello se acompaña de un considerable incremento en sus calificaciones educativas y del conocimiento de uno de los idiomas oficiales del Canadá. Sin embargo, a pesar del creciente capital humano, los inmigrantes chinos siguen experimentando, en general, resultados económicos sumamente diferentes en el mercado laboral canadiense en comparación al resto de la población del Canadá. Por una parte, tienen tasas de ingresos muy inferiores en empleo y autoempleo que el resto de la población. Por otra, la diferencia de ingresos es válida para todos los grupos de edad, para ambos géneros, y para los inmigrantes chinos de cualquier parte. Si bien el nivel de rendimiento económico aumenta con la duración de la residencia en el Canadá, este estudio apunta a que los inmigrantes chinos tardarían más de 20 años en colmar las brechas salariales con el resto de la población. También se demuestra que las credenciales educativas específicas canadienses valen mucho más que aquéllas adquiridas por los inmigrantes en su país de origen y, por ende, son mejor remuneradas por los empleadores canadienses. [source]

Cultural versus reproductive success: Why does economic development bring new tradeoffs?

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Lesley Newson
Achievements that attract social rewards in developed countries, such as educational qualifications, a prestigious career, and the ability to acquire prestige goods, interfere with a woman's ability to achieve reproductive success. This tradeoff between cultural and reproductive success may have developed because economic development creates an evolutionarily novel social environment. In the social environment of developed countries, a far smaller proportion of social exchange is between kin than in the small-scale communities in which the human brain and behavior evolved. Evidence suggests that social interaction between non-kin is less likely to encourage behavior that enhances inclusive fitness. A model of the cultural change that is likely to result from this change in social influence suggests that beliefs and values will become increasingly less consistent with the pursuit of fitness (Newson et al. [2007]: Evol Hum Behav 28: 199,210). Responses to the World Value Survey, which has been carried out in over 70 countries, confirm a number of the predictions of this model. In countries where fertility began to decline more recently, people appear to perceive the costs of having children to be lower relative to the cost of childlessness and the benefits of being a parent. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Menopausal transition and the risk of urinary incontinence: results from a British prospective cohort

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2010
Gita D. Mishra
Study Type , Aetiology (inception cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of menopausal transition and age on symptoms of urinary incontinence in midlife. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included a nationally representative cohort of 1211 women followed up since their birth in 1946 and annually from 48,54 years; their menopausal transition status and symptoms of stress, urge, and severe urinary incontinence (UI) at 7 consecutive years from ages 48,54 were assessed. RESULTS From Generalized Estimating Equations, women who became perimenopausal (,pre-peri') or those experiencing perimenopause for >1 year (,peri-peri') were more likely to have symptoms of stress UI than were postmenopausal women; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was; pre-peri 1.39 (1.11,1.73); and peri-peri 1.39 (1.4,1.71). Menopausal transition status was not associated with urge or severe UI. These relationships were not explained by age, childhood enuresis, reproductive factors, previous health status, body mass index and educational qualifications. CONCLUSION This study is unique in being able to disentangle the effects of age, menopausal transitions, and other life-long risk factors on UI. Menopausal transition was only related to stress UI, while increasing age was related to both stress and urge UI. This study suggests that there are both shared and distinct aetiological pathways leading to each type of UI. [source]