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Kinds of Advertising Terms modified by Advertising Selected AbstractsPIZZA WARS: A CASE STUDY ON FALSE ADVERTISING UNDER SECTION 43 OF THE LANHAM ACTJOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 2 2002Steven J. Arsenault [source] THE PUSH,PULL OF MARKETING AND ADVERTISING AND THE ALGEBRA OF THE CONSUMER'S MIND,JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 2 2007JEFF EWALD ABSTRACT This article suggests that the relationship between a brand and a product is a virtuous circle,the brand frames expectations for a product execution; and the product experience either strengthens the brand perceptions or weakens them. Empirical evidence, based on a comprehensive database of scores collected across multiple conjoint studies, then confirms the hypothesis that different product attributes synergize, or interact, with different brand names. [source] TARGETED ADVERTISING: THE ROLE OF SUBSCRIBER CHARACTERISTICS IN MEDIA MARKETS,THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2009AMBARISH CHANDRA This paper seeks to establish the importance of targeted advertising in media markets. Using zip-code level circulation for U.S. newspapers, I show that newspapers facing more competition have lower circulation prices but higher advertising prices than similar newspapers facing little or no competition. I explain this by showing that newspapers in more competitive markets are better able to segment readers according to their location and demographics. This leads to greater homogeneity in the characteristics of subscribers and raises advertisers' willingness to pay for such readers. The results imply a substantial benefit to advertisers and media firms from targeted advertising. [source] Consumption Externalities, Coordination, and Advertising*INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Ivan Pastine The aim of this article is to demonstrate that advertising can have an important function in markets with consumption externalities apart from its persuasive and informative roles. We show that advertising may function as a device to coordinate consumer expectations of the purchasing decisions of other consumers in markets with consumption externalities. The implications of advertising as a coordinating device are examined in the pricing and advertising decisions of firms interacting strategically. Although, at times, the one-period advertising expense can exceed the one-period monopoly profit, in equilibrium, consumers will pay a premium for the more heavily advertised brand. [source] Endorsement advertising in aboriginal tourism: an experiment in TaiwanINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 6 2005Janet Chang Abstract Aboriginal cultures have become important tourism attractions worldwide. Cultural villages provide ready access to selected aspects of these cultures in a staged format. They package and promote culture to tourists. Advertising is one component of the promotional mix. Using brochures as the advertising media, the objective of this research is to ascertain the types of advertising endorsers and advertising appeals that are most likely to be successful in attracting visitors to such cultural villages. Adopting an experimental approach, a two-factor experimental design is manipulated. The causal effect is obtained by using MANOVA and Scheffe tests. The findings are twofold: (1) the advertising effectiveness of using an aboriginal employee is better than using other types of endorsers; (2) an emotional advertising appeal elicits a better response than a rational advertising appeal. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Advertising in tourism and leisure by Nigel Morgan and Annette Pritchard.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 6 20012000., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford No abstract is available for this article. [source] Advertising and Hong Kong societyJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2006Hong Cheng No abstract is available for this article. [source] Evaluating the effectiveness of generic advertising versus nonadvertising marketing activities on New York State milk marketsAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Yuqing Zheng This study distinguishes nonadvertising marketing activities from generic advertising and investigates their separate impacts on the retail demand for fluid milk in New York State. Advertising, having an estimated elasticity (of demand) of 0.038 using panel data, is found to be about five times as effective as nonadvertising; therefore, it remains the more powerful marketing tool. Such results have policy implications in benefit-cost analysis and optimal allocation of fluid-milk check-off funds. Our results suggest that NYS dairy producers have much to gain from investing more of their check-off budgets in advertising. [EconLit citations: Q11, M37]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Embedded Advertising on Television: Classic Legal Environment and Business Law Content "Brought to You by ,"JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 2 2010Rita Marie Cain First page of article [source] A Theory of Broadcast Media Concentration and Commercial AdvertisingJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 4 2004Brendan M. Cunningham We analyze a model in which the interaction of broadcasters, advertisers, and consumers determines the level of nonadvertising broadcasting produced and consumed. Our main finding is that an increase in concentration in broadcast media industries may lead to a decrease in the total amount of nonadvertising broadcasting. The strength of this inverse relationship depends, in part, on the behavioral response of the consumers to changes in advertising intensities. We also present a numerical general equilibrium solution to our model and demonstrate a positive relationship between consumer welfare and the number of firms in the broadcast industry. [source] Press Advertising and the Political Differentiation of NewspapersJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2002Jean J. Gabszewicz The press industry depends in a crucial way on the possibility of financing an important fraction of its activities by advertising receipts. We show that this may induce the editors of the newspapers to moderate the political message they display to their readers, compared with the political opinions they would have expressed otherwise. [source] What Explains the Use of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs?THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2004Toshiaki Iizuka Following the clarification of advertising regulation in 1997, direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs has skyrocketed in the U.S., creating a controversy over the role of DTCA. Little is known, however, regarding what affects firms' advertising decisions and which drugs have been advertised to consumers. Using brand-level advertising data, I examine the determinants of DTCA of prescription drugs. I find that drugs that are new, of high quality, and for under-treated diseases are more frequently advertised. Furthermore, advertising outlays decrease with competition. These results complement the demand-side evidence that DTCA has a market-expanding effect but little business-stealing effect. [source] Informative Advertising and Optimal Targeting in a MonopolyTHE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2001Lola Esteban This paper analyzes how the transition from mass to specialized advertising can affect the market outcomes. To that end, we consider a particular technology of information transmission which allows a monopolist to decide the optimal targeting strategy. From this starting point, we show that the use of targeted advertising is likely to increase the market price and reduce the level of advertising, and that the degree of media specialization chosen by the monopolist tends to exceed the socially optimal. Furthermore, our model indicates that the social loss resulting from the greater monopoly power might exceed the gain due to the lower wasting of ads, in such a way that targeting could reduce consumer surplus and, what is more important, the level of social welfare. [source] All-Out For Victory: Magazine Advertising and the World War II Home Front by John Bush JonesTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 1 2010Scott Beekman No abstract is available for this article. [source] Sunscreen abuse for intentional sun exposureBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2009P. Autier Summary Skin cancer is caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the sun is the main source of this radiation. Sunscreens were initially formulated to prevent sunburns; laboratory studies later revealed that in rodents they could reduce UV-induced skin cancer which resembles human squamous cell carcinoma. Three randomized trials in older adults showed the ability of sunscreens to moderately reduce the occurrence of solar keratoses and of squamous cell carcinoma. However, no effect was observed for basal cell carcinoma. There is no animal model for human melanoma and observational studies often found sunscreen use associated with a higher risk of nevus, melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. These higher risks were found when sun exposure appeared to be intentional, that is, with the desire to acquire a tan, a healthy look or simply to spend as long as possible in the sun with as much skin exposed as possible. Three randomized trials showed that sunscreen use by sun sensitive subjects engaging in intentional sun exposure could increase the duration of exposure without decreasing sunburn occurrence. This increased duration could be the reason why melanoma risk is increased when sunscreen is used. Hence, sunscreen abuse may extend sun exposure duration thus allowing sun exposure behaviours that would not be possible otherwise. Advertising for sunscreens and labeling of sunscreen bottles should inform consumers of the carcinogenic hazards associated with sunscreen abuse. It would be good to use a personal UV dosimeter which would give an alert when one's individual sunburn threshold in the absence of sunscreen use is nearing. The combination of sunscreen and a UV dosimeter may be an option for reducing the melanoma risk among sun worshippers. [source] Brands on the Brain: Neuro-Images of AdvertisingBUSINESS STRATEGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2000Tim Ambler Neuroscience is opening a new chapter of understanding in many fields. One such is how advertising works. For the first time we can directly ,see' some effects of advertisements on the brain's activity. This article reports two small-scale experiments into the differential effects of advertising's rational and emotional components. Advertising has long been seen as providing reasons to buy, however subtle. In academic research at least, the importance of emotion has often been downplayed. The preliminary experiment reported here shows how emotional ads are more likely to be remembered. The second experiment uses brain imaging to investigate the part of the brain which responds to emotionally-engaging (,affective') and reason-engaging (,cognitive') advertising stimuli. These are very early days in using brain-imaging techniques and these experiments are very exploratory. However, as the three Commentaries by Simon Broadbent, Thomas O'Guinn and Larry Percy suggest, along with other work, they may point towards a revolution in advertising research. [source] Optimal Collective Investment in Generic Advertising, Export Market Promotion and Cost-of-Production-Reducing ResearchCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2003J. A. L. Cranfield Optimal investment rules are developed for a producer agency investing in domestic-market generic advertising, export market promotion, and cost-of-production-reducing research. These rules are derived assuming either maximization of producers' surplus or social surplus. The form of the optimality rules differs according to which objective is pursued. Fixed producer agency budgets are also allowed by incorporating a constraint limiting total expenditure on the three activities. Addition of such a constraint substantially alters the structure of the optimal investment rules. Differences in these rules highlight the importance of accounting for the financing mechanism when modeling optimal checkoff fund investment decisions. Optimality rules are simulated using data for the Canadian beef sector. Results suggest historic underinvestment in domestic-market generic advertising but overinvestment in export market promotion. Sensitivity of simulation results underscores the difficulty in assessing optimality of historic producer investment in cost-of-production-reducing research. L'auteur propose des règles pour calculer l'investissement optimal dans la publicité générique sur le marché intérieur, la promotion des exportations et la recherche sur la réduction des coûts de production. Il a dérivé ces règles en supposant une maximisation des excédents pour les producteurs ou pour la société. La forme des règles varie en fonction de l'objectif recherché. Les règles permettent aussi l'établissement d'un budget fixe pour les organismes des producteurs, par intégration d'une limite aux sommes totales engagées dans les trois activités. L'addition d'une telle contrainte modifie sensiblement la structure des règles. Les variations queprésentent ces dernières montrent qu'ilfaut tenir compte des modes de financement quand on modélise les décisions sur l'investissement optimal desfonds issus des prélèvements à la production. L'auteur a vérifié les règles d'optimalisation avec des données venant des producteurs de b,uf canadiens. Les résultats indiquent qu'on a sous-investi dans la publicité générique sur le marché intérieur et surinvesti dans la promotion des exportations. La sensibilité des résultats de la simulation souligne combien il est difficile d'évaluer l'optimalisation des investissements historiques des producteurs dans la recherche sur la réduction des coûts de production. [source] The Impact of Generic Advertising on U.S. Household Cheese Purchases: A Censored Autocorrelated Regression ApproachCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2003Todd M. Schmit The impacts of generic cheese advertising on U.S. household cheese purchases are examined via the use of a unique household panel. Modest gains in overall at-home cheese purchases from generic cheese advertising appear to be largely the result of strong gains in purchases of natural cheese rather than processed cheese. Results indicate that relatively larger gains in household cheese purchases from generic advertising may be realized by targeting infrequent purchasers to increase purchase frequencies, rather than by targeting households in general to increase their conditional purchase levels. Les impacts de publicité de fromage générique sur les achats de fromage par les ménages américains sont examinés via l'usage d'un panneau unique fixé sur les ménages. Les accroissements modérés dans les achats du fromage à la maison à cause des avertissements génériques du fromage apparaissent d'être principalement le résultat des gains forts dans les achats de fromage de type nature plutôt que ceux de fromage traité. Les résultats indiquent que les plus grands gains dans les achats de fromage à la maison grâce à la publicité générique peuvent être rendus compte en visant sur les acheteurs rares pour augmenter leurs fréquences d'achat, plutôt que sur les ménages en général pour augmenter leurs niveaux d'achats conditionnels. [source] Optimal Generic Advertising with a Rationed Related Good: The Case of Canadian Beef and Chicken MarketsCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2002J. A. L. Cranfield An optimal advertising rule is derived for a good sold in an open market (beef) when a related substitute good (chicken) is production rationed and whose imports are subject to trade restrictions. Such a rule is developed using a multi-market equilibrium displacement model that reflects demand interrelatedness, open trade of the advertised good (beef), with rationed production and restricted trade of the related good (chicken). The optimal rule nests earlier optimal advertising rules under a variety of conditions. Results underscore the importance of accounting for cross-product advertising effects. When these effects are present (absent), the optimal generic beef advertising intensity in Canada is shown to fall (rise) with elimination of supply management in Canada's chicken sector. L'auteur dérive une règie sur l'optimisation de la publicité pour un produit vendu sur un marché libre (b,uf) en présence d'un produit de substitution rationné dont on restreint les importations. Pour parvenir à une telle règie, l'auteur a utilisé un modèle de déplacement du point d'équilibre sur un marché multiple illustrant les liens entre la demande des produits concernés, le libre-échange du produit faisant l'objet de la publicité (b,uf) et la restriction de la production et des importations du produit apparenté (poulet). La règie d'optimisation englobe les règles antérieures sur l'optimisation de la publicité dans diverses situations. Les résultats soulignent qu'il est important de prendre en compte les retombées de la publicité sur les autres produits. Au Canada, en présence (absence) de telles retombées, le degré optimal de publicité générique sur le b,uf diminue (augmente) avec l'abolition de la gestion de l'offre de poulet. [source] Comparisons of U.S. Government Communication Practices: Expanding the Government Communication Decision WheelCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 3 2010J. Suzanne Horsley Government communication is pervasive and has an impact on every aspect of American public life. However, there is minimal theory-driven research in this critical area of communication. This research explores comparisons of communication practices and the status of professional development among the four levels of U.S. government organizations through a survey of 781 government communicators. The study identifies six significant differences and two similarities in how the public sector environment affects communication practices at the city, county, state, and federal levels. The findings were applied to a modification of the government communication decision wheel, a model that offers a theoretical foundation for the study of government communication within its unique environmental context free from the bias of corporate-centric research assumptions. The findings contribute to communication theory development for the underresearched public sector. Comparaisons des pratiques de communication du gouvernement américain : pour développer la roue des décisions communicationnelles du gouvernement J. Suzanne Horsley, Brooke Fisher Liu, & Abbey Blake Levenshus La communication gouvernementale est omniprésente et affecte tous les aspects de la vie publique américaine. Néanmoins, il existe très peu de recherches guidées par la théorie dans ce domaine critique de la communication. Cette recherche explore des comparaisons dans les pratiques communicationnelles et le développement professionnel auprès de quatre niveaux gouvernementaux américains, par une enquête menée auprès de 781 agents de communication du gouvernement. L'étude identifie cinq différences importantes et trois similarités dans les façons par lesquelles le milieu du secteur public influence les pratiques de communication aux niveaux de la municipalité, du comté, de l'État et du pays. Les résultats ont été appliqués de façon à modifier la roue des décisions communicationnelles du gouvernement, un fondement théorique pour l'étude de la communication gouvernementale dans son milieu unique, sans les biais des hypothèses de recherche axées sur le secteur privé. Les résultats contribuent au développement des théories en communication à propos du secteur public, toujours sous-étudié. Vergleiche von Kommunikationspraktiken der US-Regierung: Eine Erweiterung des Kommunikationsentscheidungsrads der Regierung J. Suzanne Horsley, Brooke Fisher Liu, & Abbey Blake Levenshus Die Kommunikation der Regierung ist allgegenwärtig und berührt jeden Aspekt des Lebens der amerikanischen Öffentlichkeit. Dennoch gibt es wenig theoriebasierte Forschung in diesem zentralen Feld der Kommunikation. Diese Studie betrachtet Vergleiche der Kommunikationspraktiken und professionellen Entwicklung auf vier Ebenen der US-Regierung mittels einer Umfrage unter 781 Regierungskommunikatoren. Die Studie identifiziert fünf signifikante Unterschiede und drei ähnliche Aspekte, wie der öffentliche Sektor die Kommunikationspraktiken auf Stadt-, Landkreis-, Länder- und Bundesebene beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse wurden zur Modifikation des Kommunikationsentscheidungsrads der Regierung herangezogen - eine theoretische Basis für die Untersuchung von Regierungskommunikation innerhalb ihres einzigartigen Kontextes und frei von Befangenheiten unternehmenszentristischer Forschungsannahmen. Die Ergebnisse tragen zur Entwicklung von Kommunikationstheorie im bislang unterbeleuchteten öffentlichen Sektor bei. Las Comparaciones de las Prácticas de Comunicación del Gobierno de los EE.UU.: Expandiendo la Comunicación de la Rueda de Decisión del Gobierno J. Suzanne Horsley, Brooke Fisher Liu, & Abbey Blake Levenshus Advertising and Public Relations, University of Alabama, 255 S Central Campus Dr., Room 2400, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Resumen La comunicación del gobierno es dominante y toca cada aspecto de la vida pública Americana. No obstante, hay un mínimo de investigación dirigida por la teoría sobre esta área de comunicación crítica. Esta investigación explora las comparaciones de las prácticas de comunicación y el desarrollo profesional entre 4 niveles del gobierno de los EE.UU. mediante una encuesta de 781 comunicadores del gobierno. Este estudio identifica 5 diferencias significativas y 3 similitudes en cómo el sector público del medio ambiente afecta las prácticas de comunicación al nivel de la ciudad, el condado, el estado y el estado federal. Estos hallazgos fueron aplicados a modificación de la comunicación de la rueda de decisión del gobierno, una fundación teórica para el estudio de la comunicación del gobierno dentro de este contexto único del medio ambiente libre de las preconcepciones de las asunciones de la investigación centradas en las corporaciones. Los hallazgos contribuyen al desarrollo de la teoría de la comunicación para el sector público poco investigado. [source] The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Guatemalan Political Advertisements: An Ethnographic Content AnalysisCOMMUNICATION, CULTURE & CRITIQUE, Issue 3 2010Colleen Connolly-Ahern This study investigates the current status of indigenous peoples within Guatemalan society, as articulated in one of the most relevant forms of modern communication, political advertising, and defined by one of the most relevant forms of self-expression to the indigenous peoples of Guatemala, the traje. Using ethnographic content analysis, the study examines the roles and characterizations of indigenous people in 67 television commercials from across the Guatemalan political spectrum. Results indicate that indigenous people are most often seen as "crowd members," and are never given important roles, such as "candidate endorser" or "undecided voter." Overall, wearing traje is associated with helplessness and separateness. The commercials of Q'iché Maya candidate Rigoberta Menchú exhibited many of the same characteristics of other candidates. Le rôle des peuples autochtones dans les publicités politiques guatémaltèques : une analyse de contenu ethnographique Colleen Connolly-Ahern & Antoni Castells i Talens Cette étude explore le statut actuel des peuples autochtones dans la société guatémaltèque, telle qu'elle est articulée dans l'une des formes les plus appropriées de communication moderne, les publicités politiques, et telle que définie par l'une des formes d'expression des peuples autochtones du Guatemala les plus pertinentes, le «traje». Par une analyse de contenu ethnographique, l'étude explore les rôles et les représentations des peuples autochtones dans 67 publicités télévisées couvrant le spectre politique du Guatemala. Les résultats indiquent que les peuples autochtones sont le plus souvent vus comme des «membres de la foule». Ils n'ont jamais de rôles importants comme celui de «partisan d'un candidat» ou d'«électeur indécis'. Dans l'ensemble, le port du «traje» est associéà l'impuissance et à la différence. Les publicités de la candidate maya k'iche' Rigoberta Menchú présentaient plusieurs des mêmes caractéristiques que celles des autres candidats. El Rol de las Personas Indígenas en la Publicidad Política de Guatemala: Un Análisis de Contenido Etnográfico Colleen Connolly-Ahern & Antoni Castells i Talens Advertising and Public Relations College of Communications, Penn State University, State College, PA 16802, USA Resumen Este estudio investiga el estado corriente de las personas indígenas dentro de la sociedad Guatemalteca, articulado en una de las formas más relevantes de la comunicación moderna, la publicidad política, y definido por una de las formas más relevantes de auto expresión de las personas Indígenas de Guatemala, el traje. Usando un análisis de contenido etnográfico, este estudio examina los roles y las caracterizaciones de las personas indígenas en 67 comerciales de televisión a través del espectro político Guatemalteco. Los resultados indican que las personas indígenas son vistas más a menudo como "miembros de la multitud'' y nunca se les da roles importantes tales como ,,el candidato de la representación'' o ,,el votante indeciso. '' En general, el uso del traje está asociado con la impotencia y la separación. Los comerciales de la candidata Q'ich,e Maya Rigoberta Menchú exhibieron muchas de las mismas características de los otros candidatos. [source] THE IMPACT OF PRICES AND CONTROL POLICIES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTSCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 2 2001C Czart Smoking among youths and young adults rose throughout the 1990s. Numerous policies were enacted to try to reverse this trend. However, little is known about the impact these policies have on the smoking behavior of young adults. This article uses a dichotomous indicator of daily smoking participation in the past 30 days, an ordered measure representing the frequency of cigarette consumption, and a quasi-continuous measure of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average to examine the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws, and campus-level smoking policies on the smoking behaviors of a 1997 cross section of college students. The results of the analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with lower smoking participation and lower levels of use among college student smokers. Local- and state-level clean indoor air restrictions have a cumulative impact on the level of smoking by current smokers. Complete smoking bans on college campuses are associated with lower levels of smoking among current smokers but have no significant impact on smoking participation. Bans on cigarette advertising on campus as well as bans on the sale of cigarettes on campus have no significant effect on the smoking behavior of college students. [source] Her kind: Anne Sexton, the Cold War and the idea of the housewifeCRITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2006CLARE POLLARD As a key figure of the 'Confessional' movement, Anne Sexton's work has often been critically assessed only in relation to her life - her history of mental illness and eventual suicide. This article attempts to place Sexton's poetry back into its historical context, arguing that with American suburbia being viewed as a new 'home front' during the Cold War, the persona of 'Housewife-poet' that Sexton adopted was highly politically charged. Seizing the language of pop-culture - from advertising to sci-fi - Sexton used it to expose the nightmare behind the white picket fence, and deconstruct the carefully constructed propaganda of the American housewife. [source] Transforming the brand narrative: The global redesign of Pantene Pro-VDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2003Emily Kokenge As a product, Pantene Pro-V is a blockbuster,the planet's best-selling shampoo, with annual sales topping one billion dollars. After a decade of envious growth, however, the line had become dated and somewhat confusing. In this story, Emily Kokenge and Liz Grubow tell how the brand has been revitalized with new graphics, packaging, and advertising based on a strategy that blends local marketing and sales tactics with a compelling global presence. [source] The role of remote community stores in reducing the harm resulting from tobacco to Aboriginal peopleDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2006ROWENA G. IVERS Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the potential for reducing the harm resulting from tobacco use through health promotion programmes run in community stores in remote Aboriginal communities. The Tobacco Project utilised data from 111 stakeholder interviews (72 at baseline and 71 at follow-up after 12 months) assessing presence of sales to minors, tobacco advertising, labelling and pricing. It also involved the assessment of observational data from community stores and comments obtained from 29 tobacco vendors derived from community surveys. Sales of tobacco to minors were not reported in community stores and all stores complied with requirements to display the legislated signage. However, tobacco was accessible to minors through a vending machine and through independent vendors. Only one store displayed tobacco advertising; all stores had displayed anti-tobacco health promotion posters or pamphlets. Pricing policies in two stores may have meant that food items effectively subsidised the cost of tobacco. All stores had unofficial no-smoking policies in accessible parts of the store. Remote community stores complied with existing legislation, aside from allowing access of minors to vending machines. There may still be potential for proactive tobacco education campaigns run through community stores and for a trial assessing the effect of changes in tobacco prices on tobacco consumption. [source] Reflections on 30 + years of smoking cessation research: from the individual to the worldDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 1 2006HARRY A. LANDO PhD Abstract This is a personal retrospective in which I describe my career as a smoking cessation researcher and place cessation into an overall perspective of tobacco reduction. I spent approximately the first 15 years focusing primarily upon small group approaches to cessation emphasising relatively intensive behavioural interventions. It became apparent, however, that these types of approaches in isolation, even if broadly disseminated, would have relatively minimal impact on overall tobacco use. In part because I became discouraged with the potential of group programmes to reduce overall smoking prevalence, I began to focus more on population-based studies, especially in the context of ,teachable moments' including pregnancy, hospitalisation, forced abstinence in the military and existing smoking-related disease. I became concerned especially with the fact that there has been relatively little work with hard-core medically compromised smokers. It also became apparent that promoting cessation would be most likely to be effective with a comprehensive evidence-based tobacco reduction strategy including school and community-based prevention programmes, enforcement of ordinances restricting minors' access to tobacco, restrictions on tobacco advertising and promotion, counter advertising and strong smoke-free policies. In recent years I have become very concerned about the overall global tobacco epidemic and the projections of dramatically increasing tobacco morbidity and mortality in developing countries. I am now devoting my primary career emphasis to global tobacco reduction initiatives, including cessation research in India and Indonesia, cessation as part of broader tobacco reduction strategies and networking to increase resources and emphasis devoted to global tobacco reduction. [source] Vaccines, Viagra, and Vioxx: medicines, markets, and money,when life-saving meets life-style,DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005David J. Triggle Abstract In this Commentary, life-style drugs will be termed as "those drugs for which there is a definable and real, but limited, therapeutic need, but a need that has been significantly stimulated by the cycle of pharmaceutical company advertising and pressure and public demand." The key to the continuing expansion of the life-style drug market is a progressive narrowing of the definition of "normal" coupled with campaigns launched by the pharmaceutical industry that persuade both patients and clinicians that a major and treatable disease does exist and that drug treatment, rather than acceptance of hair loss or occasional lack of sexual interest, and so on, is both necessary and appropriate. The expansion of the market for prescription drugs in this manner is now an integral part of the business model of the pharmaceutical industry. For society, the expanding role of these drugs, particularly those directed at "desires rather than diseases," raises ethical issues of our increasing obsession with a medically directed quest for perfection, and financial issues of the cost of this quest on the health care system and its priorities. For the pharmaceutical industry, there are questions of whether its role is life-saving or life-styling for a Huxleyan "Brave New World." Drug Dev Res 64:90,98, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Alcohol policy in South Africa: a review of policy development processes between 1994 and 2009ADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Charles D. H. Parry ABSTRACT Background Implementation of effective policies to reduce harmful alcohol consumption requires both a good understanding of the policy development process and which strategies are likely to work. Aims To contribute to this understanding by reviewing four specific policy development initiatives that have taken place in South Africa between 1994 and 2009: restrictions on alcohol advertising and counter-advertising, regulation of retail sales of alcohol, alcohol taxation and controls on alcohol packaging. Methods Material was drawn from a record of meetings and conferences held between 1994 and 2009 and a database of reports, newspaper clippings and policy documentation. Findings When the policy process resulted in a concrete outcome there was always a clear recognition of the problem and policy alternatives, but success was more likely if there was an alignment of ,political' forces and/or when there was a determined bureaucracy. The impact of the other factors such as the media, community mobilization, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the liquor industry and research are also discussed. Future avenues for policy research are identified, including the need for more systematic studies that give greater consideration to economic factors. Conclusions Alcohol policy development in South Africa takes place in a piecemeal fashion and is the product of various competing influences. Having a comprehensive national alcohol strategy cutting across different sectors may be a better way for other developing countries to proceed. [source] What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920,1933?ADDICTION, Issue 7 2010Wayne Hall ABSTRACT National alcohol prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933 is believed widely to have been a misguided and failed social experiment that made alcohol problems worse by encouraging drinkers to switch to spirits and created a large black market for alcohol supplied by organized crime. The standard view of alcohol prohibition provides policy lessons that are invoked routinely in policy debates about alcohol and other drugs. The alcohol industry invokes it routinely when resisting proposals to reduce the availability of alcohol, increase its price or regulate alcohol advertising and promotion. Advocates of cannabis law reform invoke it frequently in support of their cause. This paper aims: (i) to provide an account of alcohol prohibition that is more accurate than the standard account because it is informed by historical and econometric analyses; (ii) to describe the policy debates in the 1920s and 1930s about the effectiveness of national prohibition; and (iii) to reflect on any relevance that the US experience with alcohol prohibition has for contemporary policies towards alcohol. It is incorrect to claim that the US experience of National Prohibition indicates that prohibition as a means of regulating alcohol is always doomed to failure. Subsequent experience shows that partial prohibitions can produce substantial public health benefits at an acceptable social cost, in the absence of substantial enforcement. [source] Exposure of children and adolescents to alcohol advertising on Australian metropolitan free-to-air televisionADDICTION, Issue 7 2009Lynda Fielder ABSTRACT Aim This study investigated the exposure of underage youth to alcohol television advertising on metropolitan free-to-air television in the five mainland capital city markets of Australia. Design Exposure levels (target audience rating points; TARPs) were obtained for all alcohol advertisements screened from November 2005 to October 2006 in each capital city market for: children 0,12 years; underage teens 13,17 years; young adults 18,24 years; and mature adults 25+ years. The 30 most exposed advertisements across age groups were then content-analysed for elements appealing to children and underage youth. Results In each of the five metropolitan markets, mature adults were most exposed to alcohol advertising. Children were exposed to one-third the level of mature adults and underage teens to approximately the same level as young adults. However, there was considerable variation in media weight between markets, such that underage teens in two markets had higher advertising TARPs than young adults in other markets. All 30 highest exposed advertisements contained at least one element known to appeal to children and underage youth, with 23 containing two or more such elements. Fifteen of the 30 advertisements featured an animal. Conclusions The self-regulation system in Australia does not protect children and youth from exposure to alcohol advertising, much of which contains elements appealing to these groups. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||