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Adventitious Root Formation (adventitious + root_formation)
Selected AbstractsA Study of the Interaction between Auxin and Ethylene in Wild Type and Transgenic Ethylene-Insensitive Tobacco during Adventitious Root Formation Induced by Stagnant Root Zone ConditionsPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003M. P. McDonald Abstract: Wild type (Wt) and transgenic plants (etr1-1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana; encoding for a defective ethylene receptor; Tetr) of Nicotiana tabacum L. were subjected to experiments to resolve the role of the interaction between ethylene and auxin in waterlogging-induced adventitious root formation. Plants were grown in aerated or stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution and treated with the following plant growth regulators: ethylene, the synthetic auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA), and the auxin efflux inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). The superior growth of Wt in stagnant solution suggests that the ability to sense and respond to ethylene partially mediates tolerance to stagnant root zone conditions. Wt produced around 2 - 2.5-fold more adventitious roots than Tetr in aerated and stagnant solution. Treatment with NPA phenocopied the effects of ethylene insensitivity by reducing the number of adventitious roots on Wt to Tetr levels. Additionally, application of 1-NAA to the shoot of Tetr increased the number of adventitious roots on Tetr to similar levels as the untreated Wt. However, this level was only around half the number achieved by 1-NAA-treated Wt. The results suggest an interplay between ethylene and auxin in the process of adventitious root formation in waterlogged tobacco, most likely on the level of polar auxin transport. However, a separate non-auxin-related role as a transcription regulator for genes essential to adventitious root formation cannot be excluded. [source] Molecular physiology of adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida cuttings: involvement of wound response and primary metabolismNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2009Amir H. Ahkami Summary ,,Adventitious root formation (ARF) in the model plant Petunia hybrida cv. Mitchell has been analysed in terms of anatomy, gene expression, enzymatic activities and levels of metabolites. This study focuses on the involvement of wound response and primary metabolism. ,,Microscopic techniques were complemented with targeted transcript, enzyme and metabolite profiling using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern blot, enzymatic assays, chromatography and mass spectrometry. ,,Three days after severance from the stock plants, first meristematic cells appeared which further developed into root primordia and finally adventitious roots. Excision of cuttings led to a fast and transient increase in the wound-hormone jasmonic acid, followed by the expression of jasmonate-regulated genes such as cell wall invertase. Analysis of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates showed a continuous accumulation during ARF. A broad metabolite profiling revealed a strong increase in organic acids and resynthesis of essential amino acids. ,,Substantial changes in enzyme activities and metabolite levels indicate that specific enzymes and metabolites might play a crucial role during ARF. Three metabolic phases could be defined: (i) sink establishment phase characterized by apoplastic unloading of sucrose and being probably mediated by jasmonates; (ii) recovery phase; and (iii) maintenance phase, in which a symplastic unloading occurs. [source] Urea derivatives on the move: cytokinin-like activity and adventitious rooting enhancement depend on chemical structurePLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009A. Ricci Abstract Urea derivatives are synthetic compounds, some of which have proved to be positive regulators of cell division and differentiation. N -phenyl- N,-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)urea (forchlorofenuron, CPPU) and N -phenyl- N,-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea (thidiazuron, TDZ), well known urea cytokinin representatives, are extensively used in in vitro plant morphogenesis studies, as they show cytokinin-like activity often exceeding that of adenine compounds. In recent years, renewed interest in structure,activity relationship studies allowed identification of new urea cytokinins and other urea derivatives that specifically enhance adventitious root formation. In this review, we report the research history of urea derivatives, new insights into their biological activity, and recent progress on their mode of action. [source] A Study of the Interaction between Auxin and Ethylene in Wild Type and Transgenic Ethylene-Insensitive Tobacco during Adventitious Root Formation Induced by Stagnant Root Zone ConditionsPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003M. P. McDonald Abstract: Wild type (Wt) and transgenic plants (etr1-1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana; encoding for a defective ethylene receptor; Tetr) of Nicotiana tabacum L. were subjected to experiments to resolve the role of the interaction between ethylene and auxin in waterlogging-induced adventitious root formation. Plants were grown in aerated or stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution and treated with the following plant growth regulators: ethylene, the synthetic auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA), and the auxin efflux inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). The superior growth of Wt in stagnant solution suggests that the ability to sense and respond to ethylene partially mediates tolerance to stagnant root zone conditions. Wt produced around 2 - 2.5-fold more adventitious roots than Tetr in aerated and stagnant solution. Treatment with NPA phenocopied the effects of ethylene insensitivity by reducing the number of adventitious roots on Wt to Tetr levels. Additionally, application of 1-NAA to the shoot of Tetr increased the number of adventitious roots on Tetr to similar levels as the untreated Wt. However, this level was only around half the number achieved by 1-NAA-treated Wt. The results suggest an interplay between ethylene and auxin in the process of adventitious root formation in waterlogged tobacco, most likely on the level of polar auxin transport. However, a separate non-auxin-related role as a transcription regulator for genes essential to adventitious root formation cannot be excluded. [source] Ethylene insensitivity impedes a subset of responses to phosphorus deficiency in tomato and petuniaPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 12 2008HYE-JI KIM ABSTRACT The role of ethylene in growth and developmental responses to low phosphorus stress was evaluated using ethylene-insensitive ,Never-ripe' (Nr) tomato and etr1 petunia plants. Low phosphorus increased adventitious root formation in ,Pearson' (wild-type) tomato plants, but not in Nr, supporting a role for ethylene in adventitious root development and showing that ethylene is important for this aspect of phosphorus response. Low phosphorus reduced ethylene production by adventitious roots of both genotypes, suggesting that ethylene perception , not production , regulates carbon allocation to adventitious roots at the expense of other roots under low phosphorus stress. With the exception of its effect on adventitious rooting, Nr had positive effects on growth and biomass accumulation in tomato whereas etr1 tended to have negative effects on petunia. This was particularly evident during the recovery from transplanting, when the effective quantum yield of photosystem II of etr1 petunia grown with low phosphorus was significantly lower than ,Mitchell Diploid', suggesting that etr1 petunia plants may undergo more severe post-transplant stress at low phosphorus availability. Our results demonstrate that ethylene mediates adventitious root formation in response to phosphorus stress and plays an important role for quick recovery of plants exposed to multiple environmental stresses, i.e. transplanting and low phosphorus. [source] Hormonal interplay during adventitious root formation in flooded tomato plantsTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 4 2010Maria Laura Vidoz Summary Soil flooding, which results in a decline in the availability of oxygen to submerged organs, negatively affects the growth and productivity of most crops. Although tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is known for its sensitivity to waterlogging, its ability to produce adventitious roots (ARs) increases plant survival when the level of oxygen is decreased in the root zone. Ethylene entrapment by water may represent the first warning signal to the plant indicating waterlogging. We found that treatment with the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) resulted in a reduction of AR formation in waterlogged plants. We observed that ethylene, perceived by the Never Ripe receptor, stimulated auxin transport. In a process requiring the Diageotropica gene, auxin accumulation in the stem triggered additional ethylene synthesis, which further stimulated a flux of auxin towards to the flooded parts of the plant. Auxin accumulation in the base of the plant induces growth of pre-formed root initials. This response of tomato plants results in a new root system that is capable of replacing the original one when it has been damaged by submergence. [source] Genetic dissection of the role of ethylene in regulating auxin-dependent lateral and adventitious root formation in tomatoTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Sangeeta Negi Summary In this study we investigated the role of ethylene in the formation of lateral and adventitious roots in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using mutants isolated for altered ethylene signaling and fruit ripening. Mutations that block ethylene responses and delay ripening ,Nr (Never ripe), gr (green ripe), nor (non ripening), and rin (ripening inhibitor) , have enhanced lateral root formation. In contrast, the epi (epinastic) mutant, which has elevated ethylene and constitutive ethylene signaling in some tissues, or treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), reduces lateral root formation. Treatment with ACC inhibits the initiation and elongation of lateral roots, except in the Nr genotype. Root basipetal and acropetal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport increase with ACC treatments or in the epi mutant, while in the Nr mutant there is less auxin transport than in the wild type and transport is insensitive to ACC. In contrast, the process of adventitious root formation shows the opposite response to ethylene, with ACC treatment and the epi mutation increasing adventitious root formation and the Nr mutation reducing the number of adventitious roots. In hypocotyls, ACC treatment negatively regulated IAA transport while the Nr mutant showed increased IAA transport in hypocotyls. Ethylene significantly reduces free IAA content in roots, but only subtly changes free IAA content in tomato hypocotyls. These results indicate a negative role for ethylene in lateral root formation and a positive role in adventitious root formation with modulation of auxin transport as a central point of ethylene,auxin crosstalk. [source] NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 promote leaf expansion and auxin-induced lateral root formationTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005Jill C. Wilmoth Summary Auxin response factors (ARFs) bind auxin response promoter elements and mediate transcriptional responses to auxin. Five of the 22 ARF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encode ARFs with glutamine-rich middle domains. Four of these can activate transcription and have been ascribed developmental functions. We show that ARF19, the fifth Q-rich ARF, also activates transcription. Mutations in ARF19 have little effect on their own, but in combination with mutations in NPH4/ARF7, encoding the most closely related ARF, they cause several phenotypes including a drastic decrease in lateral and adventitious root formation and a decrease in leaf cell expansion. These results indicate that auxin induces lateral roots and leaf expansion by activating NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19. Auxin induces the ARF19 gene, and NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 together are required for expression of one of the arf19 mutant alleles, suggesting that a positive feedback loop regulates leaf expansion and/or lateral root induction. [source] | ||||||||||