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Edible Part (edible + part)
Selected AbstractsBiochemical composition of the Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda from the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean Sea) in different stages of sexual maturityJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006N. Zaboukas The content (% wet mass) in water, ash, lipid, crude protein, DNA and RNA of different tissues was determined during sexual maturation of bonitos Sarda sarda from the Aegean Sea. A total of 220 specimens were collected in the following stages of sexual maturity: immature, resting, developing, mature, spawning and spent. Highest lipid levels in the white muscle, red muscle and liver were measured in immature specimens, while lowest levels were found in spawning bonitos. The gradual percentage of lipid reduction from immature to spawning bonitos was relatively higher in the liver (females 71·2% and males 64·4%) than in the white (females 59·2% and males 53·5%) and red (females 62·1% and males 51·7%) muscle. Lipid levels in the gonads increased gradually from the immature to spawning stage. The decrease of lipid in the somatic tissues was more intense in females than in males, and gonadal lipid content was higher in females than in males. There was a strong reverse correlation between water and lipid percentage in all tissues. Protein content decreased significantly only in spawning bonitos. The percentage of protein reduction from immature to spawning stage was relatively higher in males than in females in both white (females 3·4% and males 4·6%) and red (females 4·6% and males 5·1%) muscles. Protein content in the liver was significantly lower than in the other tissues, being highest in mature females. Gonadal protein content in females increased with maturation and decreased after spawning. The content in ash exhibited considerable stability. The RNA:DNA ratio exhibited a similar pattern of variation in both muscles. The RNA:DNA ratio increased during gonadal development gradually from the developing to spent stage. It was concluded that in S. sarda during gonadal development, there was an increase in gonadal lipid accompanied by a decrease in somatic tissue lipid reserves. Thus, reproductive inactive bonitos have more lipid in their edible part and a higher nutritional value than active ones. [source] Determination of tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol and its metabolite pentachloroanisole in Asparagus officinalis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometryJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 9-10 2003Claudia Mardones Abstract A GC-MS method was developed and optimized for simultaneous determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), and pentachloroanisole (PCA) residues in the edible part of Asparagus officinalis. For this purpose, two procedures were evaluated: the direct separation of PCP, TBP, and PCA and the separation of acetyl-PCP, acetyl-TBP, and non-acetylated PCA. Better sensitivity and quantitative results, especially for PCP, were obtained after acetylation. The residues of PCP and TBP were extracted as phenolates and acetylated in a carbonate solution. Acetylated compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane, while PCA was directly leached with this solvent. The proposed method allows the rapid quantification of traces of PCP, TBP, and PCA in a concentration ranging between 1.0 and 8.0 ng mL,1 in solution (corresponding to 0.3 and 8.0 ,g kg,1 in asparagus). In this concentration range, typical recoveries for PCA, TBP, and PCP from asparagus samples were 59%, 86%, and 97% respectively (RSDs 3,7%). [source] Nutritional quality of red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso), pink shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas), and Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus),JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2004Rui Rosa Abstract The proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, lipid classes and cholesterol and glycogen contents were determined in the edible part of red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso), pink shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas), and Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus), in two distinct periods of the year. The proximate composition did not vary significantly between species or between periods of sampling. Significant differences in glycogen content were obtained between winter and summer; the lowest values were attained in winter (1.2, 1.1 and 1.0% wet weight for red shrimp, pink shrimp and Norway lobster respectively). With the exception of Norway lobster, an opposite trend was obtained for cholesterol content, ie lower values in summer (60.8 and 57.8 mg per 100 g wet weight for red shrimp and pink shrimp respectively). The major essential amino acids (EAA) were arginine, lysine and leucine and the limiting amino acid was methionine in all three crustacean species. The most important non-essential amino acids (NEAA) were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline and glycine. In respect to lipid classes, phospholipids and free cholesterol predominated. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. The polyunsaturated fraction was dominant (42.1,48.4%), followed by the monounsaturated (26.3,34.6%) and saturated (22.9,27.4%) fatty acids. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of these shellfish species is similar, they are valuable protein and lipid sources for the human diet and are adequate elements of the traditional Portuguese diet. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Distribution of arsenic species in the freshwater crustacean Procambarus clarkiiAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2002V. Devesa Abstract The concentrations of total arsenic and arsenic species in the complete organism of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its various parts (hepatopancreas, tail, and remaining parts) were analyzed in order to discover the distribution of arsenic and its species. With this information it will be possible to establish where the chemical forms of this metalloid tend to accumulate and what risks may derive from the contents and species present in the edible parts of this crustacean. The total arsenic content in the complete organism and in the various parts analyzed ranged from 2.5 to 12,µg g,1 dry mass (DM), with inorganic arsenic representing 18 to 34% of total arsenic. The arsenical composition varied according to the part of the crayfish considered. The hepatopancreas had the highest levels of total arsenic (9.2,12,µg g,1 DM) and inorganic arsenic (2.7,3.2,µg g,1 DM). The tail (edible part) had the lowest levels of both total arsenic (2.5,2.6,µg g,1 DM) and inorganic arsenic (0.46,0.64,µg g,1 DM). The predominant organoarsenical species were the dimethylarsinoylribosides: glycerol riboside in the hepatopancreas, sulfate riboside in the tail, and sulfonate and phosphate ribosides in the remaining parts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Transfer of toxaphene and chlordane into farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) via feedAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2002H Karl Abstract The study was carried out to quantitate the transfer of toxaphene and chlordane compounds from commercial fish feed into the edible part of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under normal rearing conditions. Trout were fed with unspiked high energy feed for salmon (fat content 26,30%) over a period of 19 months. The average weight of trout increased from 10 g to more than 2092 g, reaching sizes of 51 cm length. Considerable amounts of toxaphene and chlordane residues were transferred from fish feed into trout muscle. Toxaphene concentrations increased up to 8.6 µg (, toxaphene indicator compounds 1,3) kg,1 wet weight (w.w.) and chlordane reached 5.3 µg ,oxy -, trans -, cis -chlordane + t -nonachlor kg,1 w.w. Results are also discussed on the contaminant levels based on the fat content and the effect of sexual maturation is considered in this study. The data allow the establishment of transfer rates for toxaphene and chlordane congeners from high energy diet into the edible part of farmed rainbow trout. [source] Foraging of lynxes in a managed boreal-alpine environmentECOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000Peter Sunde Foraging of Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx was studied with telemetry and snow tracking in central Norway. In all habitats and at all seasons, medium-sized ungulates (roe deer Capreolus capreolus, reindeer Rangifer tarandus and domestic sheep Ovis aries) dominated the diet (81% of ingested biomass estimated from faeces). Mountain hares Lepus timidus and galliform birds comprised the remainder of the diet (15% and 3%, respectively). Lynxes with different life history status did not differ in prey choice, but adult males utilised carcasses of ungulate prey considerably less (16% of the edible parts) than did females with offspring (80%) and subadults (58%.). Forest habitats in lowlands and adjacent to cultivated fields were the most favourable foraging habitats (indexed as the prey encounter rate per km lynx track) primarily owing to the presence of roe deer. Two family groups tracked in winter killed 0.2 ungulate per day. The importance of agricultural land as a foraging habitat and the dominance of livestock in the diet in remoter areas indicate that the lynx has responded to agriculture and reindeer husbandry during the past century by switching from smaff game to ungulates. [source] Cumin seed meal with enzyme and polyethylene glycol as an alternative to wheat bran in broiler dietsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 15 2006Behzad Mansoori Abstract Iran produces about 7000 metric tons of cumin seed meal (CSM) as a by-product of cumin oil extraction factories, annually. To evaluate the nutritional significance of cumin seed meal as a broiler feedstuff, an experiment was conducted using 288 male broiler chicks (14 days old) receiving diets containing 0, 25 and 50 g kg,1 of CSM with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) and enzyme (GrindazymeÔ GP 15000) for 28 days. Total body weight (BW), body weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight of carcass and percentage of legs, breast and edible parts of carcass were measured. The results showed that, inclusion of CSM in broiler diets had no negative influence on parameters evaluated compared to the control diet containing wheat bran (P > 0.05). PEG and enzyme had no influence on the bird performance (P > 0.05). There was an increase in relative weight of gizzard when the amount of CSM in the diet was increased (P < 0.01). An increase in relative weight of gizzard in birds that received the CSM diet was likely to be due to the increase in fibre content of CSM diets. In respect of the low price of CSM, it could be concluded that inclusion of CSM at levels used in this experiment has no negative effect on broiler performance and reduces the overall cost of broiler production. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] In vitro micro-tuber initiation and dormancy in yamANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010E.I. Hamadina Dormancy is a mechanism that regulates the timing of sprouting (germination) of affected plant parts as well as ensures that the food quality of edible parts is maintained in storage until the following growing season. In yam, however, little is known about the control of tuber initiation or tuber dormancy. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of selected plant growth regulators (PGRs) on tuber initiation and dormancy, using an in vitro system. In two replicated experiments, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon, an ethylene source), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) , and their inhibitors silver nitrate, fluridone and 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride, respectively , were added at two concentrations to the culture medium prior to explant culture. Dates of micro-tuber initiation and sprouting (end of dormancy) and tuber number were recorded. In the control (no PGR) in Experiment 1, micro-tubers were initiated at the base of the stem after 176 days and sprouted 235 days later, that is 411 days after culturing. Most PGR treatments had only small effects (±30 days) on the duration of dormancy and the time of micro-tuber initiation. However, in GA3 micro-tuber initiation occurred after 76 days, about 100 days earlier than in the control, whereas fluridone affected the position of micro-tubers and duration of dormancy. With fluridone treatments, tubers were found at the base of the stem (normal position) and on lower and upper nodes. Lower node tubers sprouted within 225 days of culturing compared with about 420 days after culturing at other nodal positions and in other PGR treatments. These data suggest an important role for ABA and gibberellic acid in yam micro-tuber initiation and the induction of dormancy. [source] Distribution of arsenic species in the freshwater crustacean Procambarus clarkiiAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2002V. Devesa Abstract The concentrations of total arsenic and arsenic species in the complete organism of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its various parts (hepatopancreas, tail, and remaining parts) were analyzed in order to discover the distribution of arsenic and its species. With this information it will be possible to establish where the chemical forms of this metalloid tend to accumulate and what risks may derive from the contents and species present in the edible parts of this crustacean. The total arsenic content in the complete organism and in the various parts analyzed ranged from 2.5 to 12,µg g,1 dry mass (DM), with inorganic arsenic representing 18 to 34% of total arsenic. The arsenical composition varied according to the part of the crayfish considered. The hepatopancreas had the highest levels of total arsenic (9.2,12,µg g,1 DM) and inorganic arsenic (2.7,3.2,µg g,1 DM). The tail (edible part) had the lowest levels of both total arsenic (2.5,2.6,µg g,1 DM) and inorganic arsenic (0.46,0.64,µg g,1 DM). The predominant organoarsenical species were the dimethylarsinoylribosides: glycerol riboside in the hepatopancreas, sulfate riboside in the tail, and sulfonate and phosphate ribosides in the remaining parts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||