Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Easy Access (easy + access)
Selected AbstractsGOING ONLINE WITHOUT EASY ACCESS: A TALE OF THREE CITIESJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 5 2008KAREN MOSSBERGER ABSTRACT:,Building on a national study that showed that concentrated poverty matters for the "digital divide," this research compares the influence of the neighborhood-level context in three cities that vary in racial composition and income. We use a 2005 random digit-dialed survey of respondents in Northeast Ohio communities, and find unexpectedly that residents in areas of concentrated poverty demonstrate efforts to go online despite lacking home or work access. We analyze the results using regression models that include contextual "buffers" that create a unique geography for each respondent within a half-kilometer radius. Respondents who live in areas with a high percentage of African Americans or college graduates are more likely to go online even if they lack convenient Internet access, although the percentage of college graduates has a greater effect. At the neighborhood level, race and education influence the context for technology use. [source] Rapid and Easy Access to (E)-1,3-Enynes, 1,3-Diynes and Allenes Starting from Propargylic Acetals, Exploiting the Different Reactivity of Lithium and Mixed Lithium,Potassium Organometallic ReagentsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 35 2007Marco Blangetti Abstract The treatment of propargylic acetals with various lithium and mixed lithium,potassium Schlosser reagents, has allowed a one-pot synthesis of (E)-1,3-enynes, 1,3-diynes and allenes, depending on the reaction conditions and the selected base. Various reaction conditions were investigated in order to control the selectivity of the reactions and to obtain pure products. The metallation,elimination sequence in the presence of a suitable electrophile has provided a linear route to functionalized (E)-conjugated enynes, diynes and allenes.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] A One-Pot Synthesis of Doubly Unsaturated Trifluoromethyl Amines:Easy Access to CF3 -Substituted PiperidinesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2005Guillaume Magueur Abstract A straightforward route to trifluoromethyl analogs of piperidines is described. These syntheses involve a Barbier-type allylation reaction of trifluoroacetaldimines, followed by N -allylation (one-pot), and ring-closing metathesis. An efficient asymmetric version is also reported (>98,% de). Functionalized heterobicyclic compounds can also be obtained by a Pauson,Khand reaction. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] Side-Chain Retention During Lithiation of 4-Picoline and 3,4-Lutidine: Easy Access to Molecular Diversity in Pyridine SeriesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 19 2003Thomas Kaminski Abstract The first direct ring-selective lithiation of 4-picoline and 3,4-lutidine has been achieved through the use of BuLi/LiDMAE aggregates to prevent the usual side-chain metallation. Several functionalities have been introduced at the C-2, C-6 and C-5 positions by ring-selective sequential lithiation, opening a simple and fast route to polysubstituted pyridine building blocks. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of ,-Substituted Cyano Ketones to ,,,-Unsaturated ,-Keto Esters using Bifunctional Thiourea-Tertiary Amine Catalysts: An Easy Access to Chiral DihydropyransADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 17 2009Sheng-Li Zhao Abstract An asymmetric Michael addition of ,-substituted cyano ketones to ,,,-unsaturated ,-keto esters to form chiral dihydropyrans catalyzed by a series of ,-amino acid-derived thiourea-tertiary amines is presented. A novel tyrosine-derived thiourea catalyst was identified as the optimal catalyst providing the desired product in 91,95% yields and with 90,96% ee at a low catalyst loading of 2.0,mol%. The utility of the reaction was exemplified by facile conversion of the dihydropyran product into pharmaceutically useful dihydropyridine. [source] Thiophenol-Mediated 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Abstraction: Easy Access to Mono- and Bicyclic CompoundsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-13 2005Florent Beaufils Abstract A thiophenol-mediated method for cyclization of alkynes is described. The reaction cascade involves the intermolecular addition of a phenylthiyl radical to a terminal triple bond generating an alkenyl radical, followed by a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer and a 5- exo- trig radical cyclization. This very efficient tin-free procedure allows one to prepare highly functionalized cyclopentane derivatives as well as fused bicyclic and spirocyclic compounds from easily available precursors. During this cyclization process, a phenylthio moiety is incorporated into the final cyclized products. This functionalization is particularly attractive for further transformation of the products. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)-Catalyzed Highly Diastereoselective Three-Component Reactions of Aryl Diazoacetates with Alcohols and Chalcones: An Easy Access to Furan Derivatives.CHEMINFORM, Issue 36 2010Yingguang Zhu Abstract The title reaction affords ,-hydroxy ketone derivatives (IV) in high yield with excellent diastereoselectivity. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Friedel,Crafts Alkylation of 4,7-Dihydroindoles with ,,,-Unsaturated Aldehydes: An Easy Access to 2-Substituted Indoles.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2009Liang Hong Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Easy Access to Indoles via Microwave-Assisted Hemetsberger,Knittel Synthesis.CHEMINFORM, Issue 30 2009Frank Lehmann Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Easy Access to Triazoles, Triazolopyrimidines, Benzimidazoles and Imidazoles from Imidates.CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2009A. Zarguil Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: 1,3-Cycloaddition of Nitrones in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Er(III): An Easy Access to Isoxazolidines.CHEMINFORM, Issue 3 2008Olga Bortolini Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Cycloisomerization of 1,6-Dienes Mediated by Lewis Super Acids Without Additives: Easy Access to Polysubstituted Six-Membered Carbocycles.CHEMINFORM, Issue 8 2007Fanny Grau Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] A Novel Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reaction: An Easy Access to Substituted Propionamides and Succinimides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 27 2006Maxim A. Mironov Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] A One-Pot Synthesis of Doubly Unsaturated Trifluoromethyl Amines: Easy Access to CF3 -Substituted Piperidines.CHEMINFORM, Issue 32 2005Guillaume Magueur Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] 2-Aryl-N-tosylazetidines as Formal 1,4-Dipoles for [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions with Nitriles: An Easy Access to tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives.CHEMINFORM, Issue 14 2005B. A. Bhanu Prasad Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Easy Access to Orthogonally Protected ,-Alkyl Aspartic Acid and ,-Alkyl Asparagine Derivatives by Controlled Opening of ,-Lactams.CHEMINFORM, Issue 47 2003Guillermo Gerona-Navarro Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Synthesis of Molybdenum and Vanadium-Based Mixed Oxide Catalysts with Metastable Structure: Easy Access to the MoVNbTe(Sb)Ox Catalytically Active Structure Using Reductant and Oxoacid.CHEMINFORM, Issue 36 2003Hideto Tsuji Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed Oxidation of Tertiary Nitrogen Compounds with Molecular Oxygen: An Easy Access to N-Oxides under Mild Conditions.CHEMINFORM, Issue 37 2002Suman L. Jain Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Easy Access to Optically Active Hagemann,s Esters.CHEMINFORM, Issue 33 2001Mohammed Nour Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Gold Catalysis: Tandem Reactions of Diyne,Diols and External Nucleophiles as an Easy Access to Tricyclic Cage-Like Structures,CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 32 2010Stephen Abstract Different diyne,diols composed of two terminal homopropargylic alcohol groups were prepared by bi-directional synthesis. Subjection of the syn diastereomers to NAC,gold catalysts (NAC=nitrogen acyclic carbene) in the presence of external nucleophiles such as water or anilines provided substituted and highly rigid heterocyclic cages. The corresponding anti disastereomers polymerised. An intermediate of the reactions of the syn diastereomers could be isolated and even be characterised by crystal structure analysis. Overall, eight new bonds are formed in the reaction, which proceeds by a multistep sequence of highly selective hydroalkoxylations and hydrohydroxylation or hydroaminations. For furyl substituents and for internal alkynes competing reaction pathways could be identified. By the cross-coupling of a product with an iodoaryl substituent, the use of these cage compounds as geometrically defined linking groups by using orthogonal transition-metal-catalysed methodology, namely, gold and palladium catalysis, could be demonstrated. [source] A New, Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Compounds by Samarium Diiodide Induced Cyclisations of Naphthyl-Substituted Arylketones,An Easy Access to Steroid-Like SkeletonsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 21 2007Francesca Aulenta Dr. Abstract In this report, we present the application of samarium diiodide induced cyclisations of naphthyl-substituted ketones towards an easy and stereoselective access to tri- and tetracyclic-functionalised compounds. Typical naphthalene derivatives were studied to investigate the scope and limitations of this novel cyclisation process. The model substrates studied demonstrate that the samarium ketyl cyclisations are essentially restricted to the formation of six-membered rings. The diastereoselectivity of these reactions is strongly influenced by the connection of the alkyl side chain to the naphthalene core. ,-Naphth-1-yl-substituted ketones furnished cyclisation products, such as 17 or 22,26, as single diastereomers, whereas ,-naphth-2-yl-substituted precursors gave mixtures of diastereomers,as demonstrated by the conversion of model compound 10 into tricyclic products 18,a/18,b, or that of cyclohexanone derivative 33 into tetracyclic diastereomers 34,a/34,b. Cyclic ketones as ketyl precursors furnished steroid-like tetracyclic skeletons; however, due to the cis/cis fusion of rings B/C and C/D these products have an "unnatural" bowl-like shape. Several of the cyclisation products have been identified by X-ray analyses, which not only proved the constitutions, but also the relative configurations and the preferred conformations. Steroid analogue 23 was subjected to subsequent transformations, which demonstrate that the styrene-like double bond of such compounds can be used for further structural diversification. First attempts to synthesise related azasteroids by incorporating nitrogen atoms into the ketone moiety are also reported. Thus, pyrrolidine derivatives 44 and 47 as well as piperidine derivatives 50 and 52 were subjected to samarium diiodide induced cyclisations. The expected tetracyclic products 48, 49,a/49,b, 51 and 53,a/53,b were obtained in moderate to good yields. The stereoselectivities observed follow the rules already established for the all-carbon precursors. The resulting products, bearing a nitrogen atom in ring D, are interesting azasteroid analogues with "unnatural" configuration. [source] Population screening for fetal trisomy 21: easy access to screening should be balanced against a uniform ultrasound protocolPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 11 2005Wilfried J. A. Gyselaers Abstract Objectives To evaluate the performance of a first-trimester fetal aneuploidy screening program, with a documented underestimation of nuchal translucency thickness measurements (NT) compared to the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) reference range. Methods We analysed the data of Algemeen Medisch Laboratorium (AML) in Antwerp, Belgium, on combined screening with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free ,-human chorionic gonadotropin (FB-hCG) and NT. NT-multiples of the median (MoM), relative to the FMF reference range, were used for risk calculations. Results The proportion of first-trimester screening tests in the total of serum screening tests increased from 1.3% (125/9424) in 2000 to 53.1% (6577/12 377) in 2003. Only 11.4% (1514/13 267) of NT measurements were performed according to FMF criteria. The 80.8% (21/26) trisomy 21 (T21) detection rate (DR) at cut off 1:300 resulted from maternal serum screening. NT measurements did not add to this DR, but reduced the false-positive rate from 16.8% (2212/13181) to 8.6% (1130/13181). Only 23.8% (5/21) of T21 detections were by FMF trainees. Conclusion Easy access to screening and maternal serum parameters accounted for the majority of T21 detections in our first-trimester combined screening program. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Facile Synthesis of Bastnaesite -Type LaF[CO3] and Its Thermal Decomposition to LaOF for Bulk and Eu3+ -Doped SamplesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2009Oliver Janka Abstract Rare-earth metal(III) oxide fluorides with the composition MOF (M = La,Lu) seem to offer promising host lattices for luminescence applications by doping these materials with trivalent lanthanoid cations. Unfortunately, there was no simple and practicable way to synthesize the compounds in phase-pure quality with classical solid-state chemistry reactions. However, by using the rare-earth metal(III) fluoride oxocarbonates, MF[CO3], as solution-born precursor materials that crystallize with a bastnaesite -type structure, easy access is now possible by mild thermal decomposition. Synthetic details, investigations on the phase purity and the presence of the oxocarbonate anion [CO3]2, proved by IR measurements as well as from X-ray powder diffraction data are given in this paper for the example of bulk LaF[CO3] and Eu3+ -doped samples. The latter (LaF[CO3]:Eu3+) shows a bright orange-red luminescence that is stronger than that of the product of its thermal decomposition: trimorphic LaOF:Eu3+.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for managementEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 8 2010I. Steiner Background:, Viral encephalitis is a medical emergency. The prognosis depends mainly on the pathogen and host immunologic state. Correct immediate diagnosis and introduction of symptomatic and specific therapy has a dramatic influence upon survival and reduces the extent of permanent brain injury. Methods:, We searched the literature from 1966 to 2009. Recommendations were reached by consensus. Where there was lack of evidence but consensus was clear, we have stated our opinion as good practice points. Recommendations:, Diagnosis should be based on medical history and examination followed by CSF analysis for protein and glucose levels, cellular analysis, and identification of the pathogen by polymerase chain reaction amplification (recommendation level A) and serology (level B). Neuroimaging, preferably by MRI, is essential (level B). Lumbar puncture can follow neuroimaging when immediately available, but if this cannot be performed immediately, LP should be delayed only under unusual circumstances. Brain biopsy should be reserved only for unusual and diagnostically difficult cases. Patients must be hospitalized with easy access to intensive care units. Specific, evidence-based, antiviral therapy, acyclovir, is available for herpes encephalitis (level A) and may also be effective for varicella-zoster virus encephalitis. Ganciclovir and foscarnet can be given to treat cytomegalovirus encephalitis, and pleconaril for enterovirus encephalitis (IV class evidence). Corticosteroids as an adjunct treatment for acute viral encephalitis are not generally considered to be effective, and their use is controversial, but this important issue is currently being evaluated in a large clinical trial. Surgical decompression is indicated for impending uncal herniation or increased intracranial pressure refractory to medical management. [source] Base-Catalysed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Vinyl Sulfides,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2009Coralie Quinet Abstract Small amounts of n -butyllithium catalyse the highly efficient hydroamination of a large variety of vinyl sulfides. This novel methodology offers an easy access to a wide range of nitrogen heterocycles, including simple pyrrolidines and piperidines, as well as more complex bicyclic compounds. Subsequent transformations of the sulfur group led to the formation of functionalised alkaloid-like substructures.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] A Lewis Acid Promoted Asymmetric Umpolung Reaction with ChiralN -Sulfinyl Imines as the ElectrophilesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2005Xin Xu Abstract An new asymmetric umpolung reaction has been developed by reacting N -sulfinyl imines with 2-lithio-2-phenyl-1,3-dithiane. The reaction was conducted at between ,20 and,25 °C in THF in the presence of Et2AlCl as the Lewis acid promoter. Excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >95,% de) and chemical yields (64,95,%) have been achieved for nine substrates with all individual isomers separated and characterized. The absolute structure of the chiral products has been unambiguously determined by synthetic conversions to a known sample. 2-Lithio-2-phenyl-1,3-dithiane was found to be much less reactive than its 2-methyl counterpart, which was reported very recently. All individual isomers have been readily separated by column chromatography. The absolute structure of the chiral products has been unambiguously determined by conversion into a known compound. This method provides an easy access to enantiomerically pure ,-amino ketones. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] The Origins of Modern DivorceFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 1 2007STEPHANIE COONTZ High rates of marital dissolution and easy access to divorce are not unprecedented, historically or cross-culturally. But contemporary divorce in North America and Western Europe has different origins and features than divorce in previous cultures. The origins of modern divorce patterns date back more than 200 years, to the invention of the historically unprecedented idea that marriage should be based on love and mutual affection. Ironically, then, the fragility of modern marriage stems from the same values that have elevated the marital relationship above all other personal and familial commitments: the concentration of emotion, passion, personal identity, and self-validation in the couple relationship and the attenuation of emotional attachments and obligations beyond the conjugal unit. The immediate causes of divorce may range from factors as diverse as the personal psychological characteristics of one or both spouses to the stresses of economic hardship and community disintegration. But in a larger perspective, the role of divorce in modern societies and its relatively high occurrence both flow from the same complex of factors that have made good marriages so much more central to people's happiness than through most of the past, and deterioration of a marital relationship so much more traumatic. [source] Late Bronze Age paleogeography along the ancient Ways of Horus in Northwest Sinai, EgyptGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008Stephen O. Moshier The northwest Sinai contained the eastern frontier of New Kingdom Egypt during the Late Bronze Age. The ancient Pelusaic branch of the Nile Delta influenced the environmental setting of this region at that time. Fortresses were built along the coastal byway through the study area known as the Ways of Horus to protect Egyptian-held territory from immigrants and intruders from Canaan and the Mediterranean Sea. Building on previous geomorphic studies in the region, this paper presents the results of field investigations of Holocene sedimentary deposits, aided by satellite photography, used to create a paleogeographic map that places archaeological sites in their proper environmental context. CORONA satellite photographs from the late 1960s reveal surface features that have been obscured by more recent agricultural development in the region. Canals dug for an agricultural project provided easy access to the shallow subsurface for mapping the extent of Holocene sediments representing barrier coast, lagoon, estuarine, fluvial, and marsh depositional environments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Internet use by end-stage renal disease patientsHEMODIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2007Emily SETO Abstract Information on the prevalence and predictors of use of the Internet by patients can be applied to the design and promotion of healthcare Internet technologies. To our knowledge, few studies on Internet use by end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have been reported. The objectives of this study are to ascertain the prevalence and predictors of Internet use by ESRD patients among different dialysis modalities. A questionnaire surveying Internet use was delivered in person to 199 conventional hemodialysis patients (57 returned), and mailed to 170 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (42 returned), and 65 nocturnal home hemodialysis (NHD) patients (43 returned). Of the respondents, most (58%) have used the Internet to find information on their health condition. The strong majority (76%) of these patients have easy access to the Internet. A higher proportion of NHD patients (86%) used the Internet compared with the PD patients (60%) (p=0.02). Internet use was found to be more prevalent with younger (p<0.001), more educated (p=0.001), and Canadian-born patients (p=0.005). The high prevalence of Internet use and easy access to the Internet by ESRD patients suggest that future Internet information and communication systems for healthcare management in ESRD will likely be well adopted by this patient population. [source] 2-Ethyl-2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene derivatives: Synthesis and use in fragmentation-related phosphorylationsHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2005Helga Szelke A 2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene oxide (2) and a 2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-diene oxide (3) with ethyl substituent on the phosphorus atom was synthesized and their fragmentation properties were studied. The phosphabicyclooctadiene oxide (3) could be utilized in both the UV light-mediated phosphorylation of simple alcohols and in the thermoinduced phosphorylation of hydroquinone giving an easy access to P-ethylphosphinates (e.g., 4 and 6). The phosphabicyclooctene oxide (2) was, however, not useful in photoinduced phosphorylations; under such conditions the precursor (2) underwent dechlorination to afford 5. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:196,199, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20093 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||