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East Java (east + java)
Selected AbstractsSpatio-temporal climatic change of rainfall in East Java IndonesiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Edvin Aldrian Abstract Spatial and temporal rainfall analysis of the Brantas Catchment Area (DAS Brantas), East Java, from 1955 to 2005 based on 40 rainfall stations with monthly rainfall data derived from daily rainfall data has been performed. To identify the climatic trend and annual changes in the area over the last five decades, we use the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method based on multivariate statistics, followed by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method for the power density spectrum analysis, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and the wavelet transform method. With EOF, we found the monsoonal rainfall pattern as the most dominant in this area, which explains about 72% of all variances. Without the annual signal, the leading EOF shows significant ENSO-modulated inter-annual and seasonal variabilities, especially during the second transitional period. We found a common and significant negative trend of accumulated rainfall and a negative trend of the monsoonal strength and dominance. This finding leads to changes in the annual pattern, which are increase in the ratio of rainfall during the wet season and increase of the dry spell period or the imbalance of the annual pattern. The increased ratio of the rainfall in the wet season has led to an increased threat of drought in the dry season and extreme weather in the wet season in recent decades. The role of the orographic effect had been detected from the decadal pattern, in which the high-altitude areas have greater rainfall amount all year round. From the decadal isohyets in December/January/February (DJF) and June/July/August (JJA), the rainfall amount decreased significantly during the last five decades as shown by a persistent increase of areas with low rainfall amount. By comparing the time series of rainfall data in two locations, the mountain and coastal areas, we discovered that the dry periods have increased, mainly in the low altitude area. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Morphological description, biometry and phylogenetic position of the skull of Ngawi 1 (east Java, Indonesia)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 6 2003H. Widianto Abstract The skull of Ngawi 1 was discovered fortuitously in August 1987 on the left bank of the river Solo near the village of Selopuro (east Java, Indonesia). It is a complete, well preserved and strongly mineralized calvaria. The present article provides a complete description of this specimen. Its general morphological pattern is first considered; then, each anatomical complex is considered individually, allowing us a comparison with other Asian Pleistocene fossils. A broad biometric framework and a morphological database are both used to perform a cladistic analysis aiming at a more accurate determination of the phylogenetic position of this skull among ,Homo erectus'. This work confirms that Ngawi 1 is closer to the Ngandong-Sambungmachan series than to the Trinil-Sangiran series. Following the hypothesis of a young age (40,000 years) for the former series, the question is whether this skull belongs to a subspecies of Homo sapiens, as suggested by early authors, or to a separate species, Homo soloensis. An evolutionary process is suggested here, where Ngawi 1 belongs to a particular human group that is geographically and chronologically restricted. This Indonesian human group may have evolved at the same time as the Neandertals in Europe, an area which represented the westernmost end of Eurasia when Indonesia was its easternmost end. The question is raised as to whether insularity, that isolated this taxon, is comparable to the cool climate which isolated the Neandertals for thousands of years. If so, the Ngawi-Ngandong-Sambungmachan series might have evolved from an older, local Homo erectus population. On the other hand, due to local, drastic volcano-tectonic events that occurred 71,000 years ago, and catastrophic events 780,000 years ago, the first inhabitants of Java may have disappeared. According to this alternative hypothesis, Ngawi 1 could be one of the new invaders from continental Asia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Control of Plutella xylostella using polymer-formulated Steinernema carpocapsae and Bacillus thuringiensis in cabbage fieldsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2005S. Schroer Abstract:, Field trials evaluating the potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and the feasibility to combine nematodes with Bacillus thuringiensis for sustainable control of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella were conducted in cabbage cultivated in the province Probolinggo, east Java and Indonesia. A single use of 0.5 million S. carpocapsae m,2 applied with a surfactant-polymer-formulation containing 0.3% xanthan and 0.3% Rimulgan® achieved a significant reduction of the insects per plant with >50% control after 7 days. Even 14 days after the application about 45% control was recorded and dead larvae containing nematodes were found. No significant effects were recorded when the formulation was compared with nematodes applied in water or with a surfactant alone. This was attributed to high humidity in the experimental area at the end of the rainy season and a microclimate in the cabbage heads favouring nematode survival. Weekly applications of B. thuringiensis (Turex®) or alternating applications of Turex® and the nematodes achieved >80% control. The application of both biological agents together every second week reached insignificant lower efficacy (70%). Nematodes can be used to substitute ineffective chemical insecticides and alterations with B. thuringiensis can prevent the further development of resistance against the bacterial control agent. [source] | ||||||||||