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Early 20th Century (early 20th + century)
Selected AbstractsDental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuriesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Sofia N. Wasterlain Abstract Dental caries was investigated in 600 adult dentitions belonging to the identified osteological collections of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal (late 19th/early 20th centuries). The main advantage of this sample compared to an archaeological source is the presence of known demographic parameters such as age, sex, and occupation. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues involved in comparing caries data derived from archaeological death assemblages with statistics compiled from clinical studies of the living. When only the upper dentition was considered, higher rates were observed in females than in males. No differences were found between sexes for lower teeth. In both sexes, both the percentage of carious teeth and the severity of lesions were found to increase with age, demonstrating that caries activity continued throughout life. The slight decrease observed for the age group 70,79 years is probably due to the increased antemortem tooth loss in the elderly. Caries was most common at contact areas (32.9%) and rarest at smooth crown surfaces (6.5%). Root surface caries was graphed in relation to the exposure of roots, and it was confirmed that the degree of root exposure was not strongly related to the frequency of carious lesions on the exposed root surface, although both increased with age. Molars were attacked more frequently by caries as a whole than premolars, canines or incisors. The results are similar to studies of recent living populations with a limited access to professional dental care. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Environmental awakening in the Swedish pulp and paper industry: pollution resistance and firm responses in the Early 20th century,BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 1 2009Kristina Söderholm Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse in what way a conflict in the early 20th century (1904,1911) over a Swedish pulp mill's emissions into air and water impacted on the technology choices and strategies of the mill. The article also analyses what characterized the company's other responses to the complaints, in the form of counter-arguments, as well as engagement of experts. The access to information about the deliberations at the mill's board meetings is very rare in historical studies of company behaviour in relation to the environment, and provides us with a unique opportunity to comprehend in what way business strategies were developed during the course of the conflict. Technology choices are often characterized by the search for knowledge that enables a company to employ existing but not yet developed technical potentials, rather than choices between known technical solutions. We emphasize that this is particularly evident in a case where a company is forced to alter its technology in order to solve previously unknown environmental problems. In spite of a persistent search, the mill did not find any ready-made technological solutions to the environmental problems faced and was therefore forced to engage scientific expertise and even initiate basic scientific research. In 1911, the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court ordered the mill to undertake a number of pollution abatement investments. Interestingly , and partly in line with the so-called Porter hypothesis , the long-run economics of these investments turned out to be more favourable than anticipated prior to the verdict. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The Archaeology of the Kelp Industry in the Northern Islands of IrelandINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2006W. Forsythe The manufacture of kelp in Ireland from the 17th to early 20th centuries provided soda and later iodine for contemporary industries. It was an immensely important element of coastal economies, and notably for island communities, often impoverished and with limited agricultural means. This paper traces the origins and development of the industry in Ireland and examines the evidence for production in the islands off the northern coast. The results of a recent survey of surviving kelp monuments are presented. The form of the monuments, in particular kilns, is considered as well as the role of the industry in island economies. © 2006 The Author [source] The Transformation of the Educational Semantic within a Changing Society: A Study of the Westernization of Modern Chinese Education1JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009MEIYAO WU In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the process of westernization of Chinese education , of the Chinese educational "system", was marked by ongoing conflicts between traditional Chinese and modern western culture. This paper looks at the process by which, within the larger context of the "world-society," educational thought was constituted or reconstituted (regenerated) in modern China, thus taking on a more hybrid form. My analysis is guided by a Luhmannian approach which focuses on the distinction between the educational system and its environment, and on the changing concept of "education" throughout an important period in the history of modern China. I will try to analyze the historical description of the distinction between traditional Chinese and modern Western educational ideas. [source] Bronze Age painted plaster in Mycenaean Greece: a pilot study on the testing and application of micro-Raman spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 8-9 2004Ann Brysbaert Abstract Since the first discoveries of Minoan and Mycenaean painted plaster around the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, iconographic and, to a lesser extent, technological studies have gone hand in hand in order to understand how these prehistoric societies were able to produce some of the earliest and most significant works of art in Bronze Age Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. These paintings claim to be among the first to be executed in the buon fresco technique. Past technological studies employed wet chemical methods, x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical emission spectroscopy and a range of microscopic techniques based on cross-sections of samples in order to investigate these fragmentary paintings. Most of these methods required destructive sampling and this is now, rightly so, very much restricted. Consequently, other non-micro-destructive approaches are being tested at present. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) has proven more than once its potential for non-destructive analysis of works of art and in archaeology in the recent past. Its application to this early fragmentary material is presented here for the first time. Interesting results were the identification of both organic (indigo) and non-crystalline materials (limonite), which complements the knowledge obtained from traditionally used techniques. Although not without problems (high fluorescence prevented identification of Egyptian Blue), non-destructive MRS yielded results comparable to XRD and provided the first identification of indigo blue on this medium, and can hence be considered very useful in future sample-reducing strategies considering these scarce materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On Defending Controversial Viewpoints: Debates of Sixth Graders About the Desirability of Early 20th-Century American ImmigrationLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 3 2002Charles A. MacArthur Sixth-grade students with and without mild disabilities participated in an eight-week project-based investigation about immigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Students' investigations were designed to promote their understanding of the perspectives of immigrants and Americans who opposed immigration, as well as the "ways of life" that gave impetus to immigration and often resulted in conflict between these groups. At the conclusion of these investigations, students were assigned the role of the immigrants or opponents of immigration and were asked to debate the desirability of immigration to the United States during this historical period. The primary focus of this article is on the opportunities afforded by, and the limitations of, these classroom debates. The debates promoted high levels of engagement and equal participation by students with and without disabilities as well as by boys and girls. Analyses of content and structure showed that students' discourse was influenced by the knowledge they gained during their investigations, but the use of this knowledge was shaped by the competitive rhetorical goal of defending a particular viewpoint. Later rounds of the debates were more balanced and drew more on the breadth of available knowledge than did earlier rounds. Overall, the debates were more typical of everyday arguments than academic arguments. The implications of our findings for the design of instructional opportunities in the social studies in inclusive classrooms are discussed. [source] The Gilded Age and Working-Class Industrial CommunitiesAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 4 2006PAUL A. SHACKEL In the United States, industrial management techniques shifted from strong paternalistic controls to absentee forms of ownership in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tracing the change of industrial management techniques in a mill community that survived through the Gilded Age shows the impact of industrialization on consumerism and health in working-class households. Initial examination of the archaeological record shows that the domestic material world of workers' households became similar to each other while consumer goods increased significantly. We suggest that with the transition of management techniques from minimal paternalism to absenteeism, a trend developed toward homogenization of some everyday material culture. However, living in a marginal geography promoted a countertrend among workers and their families, and alternatives to market-oriented consumption allowed for "insurgent" forms of citizenship. Understanding the historical consequences of industry for workers and their families is relevant for understanding the situation of marginalized labor today. [source] Chinese Nationalism and Sino,Japanese RelationsPACIFIC FOCUS, Issue 2 2008Jing-Dong Yuan Contemporary Chinese nationalism has its roots in the country's nation-building and identity-forming movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to establish China's place in the community of nations. Today, nationalism in China can be characterized as falling into two major categories. On the one hand, there is nationalism embedded in patriotism with great pride in China's civilization, major achievements, and confidence in the country's future in embracing and meeting the challenges of globalization. On the other hand, there is the sentimental nationalism that reacts to what is perceived as injustice and insult done to China and has a strong victim mentality. The domestic discourse of nationalism can be influenced by government propaganda, intellectual debates, populous display of emotion and repulsion, or a mixture of all three. As China continues to grow in economic power and political influence, how nationalism is handled can have a significant impact on relations with its neighbors and beyond. [source] Inbreeding and demographic transition in the Orozco Valley (Basque Country, Spain)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002J.A. Peńa Inbreeding in the Orozco Valley (Basque Country, Spain) between the 18th and 20th centuries was investigated on the basis of ecclesiastical dispensations and surname lists. The variations over time are very similar to those observed elsewhere in Europe, with a major increase in the coefficient of inbreeding in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is due mainly to an increase in marriages between first cousins. A highly marked decrease in inbreeding is observed during the 20th century. The secular trends described by the coefficient calculated on the basis of dispensations and by that calculated on isonymy are very similar. The nonrandom component of isonymy reveals a selective search for a related spouse during the period of maximum inbreeding. These results are associated with the process of demographic transition which affected European populations as a whole in the 19th century, resulting in a greater availability of kin among potential mates and thus enabling inbreeding to increase to levels far higher than those observed for earlier centuries. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:713,720, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Public Health Nursing Pioneer: Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock 1863,1939PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 3 2003FAAN, Joellen W. Hawkins RNC, Ph.D. Abstract Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock was one of many distinguished nursing leaders of the 19th and early 20th centuries who attended a women's college before enrolling in a nurse training school. Like many of her contemporaries with equally impeccable family credentials, Hitchcock was something of an enigma to her family for choosing nursing over teaching, the most common acceptable career for women of her social class. Hitchcock's endowment of character, according to contemporary Lavinia Dock, exemplified the best of her Puritan roots. Her contributions to the evolution of public health nursing and the integration of public health nursing content into curriculums of training schools rivaled the achievements in higher education of her famous father, grandfather, and brother but garnered no comparable recognition. Her life presents an interesting case for analysis of an independent woman, a characteristic shared by many pioneers in the early years of public health nursing: 1893 to 1920. [source] Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuriesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Sofia N. Wasterlain Abstract Dental caries was investigated in 600 adult dentitions belonging to the identified osteological collections of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal (late 19th/early 20th centuries). The main advantage of this sample compared to an archaeological source is the presence of known demographic parameters such as age, sex, and occupation. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues involved in comparing caries data derived from archaeological death assemblages with statistics compiled from clinical studies of the living. When only the upper dentition was considered, higher rates were observed in females than in males. No differences were found between sexes for lower teeth. In both sexes, both the percentage of carious teeth and the severity of lesions were found to increase with age, demonstrating that caries activity continued throughout life. The slight decrease observed for the age group 70,79 years is probably due to the increased antemortem tooth loss in the elderly. Caries was most common at contact areas (32.9%) and rarest at smooth crown surfaces (6.5%). Root surface caries was graphed in relation to the exposure of roots, and it was confirmed that the degree of root exposure was not strongly related to the frequency of carious lesions on the exposed root surface, although both increased with age. Molars were attacked more frequently by caries as a whole than premolars, canines or incisors. The results are similar to studies of recent living populations with a limited access to professional dental care. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Quality management and quality practice: Perspectives on their history and their futureAPPLIED STOCHASTIC MODELS IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY, Issue 1 2009N. I. Fisher Abstract The purpose of this article and a companion article is to explore a number of topics in Statistics in Business and Industry. This article sketches the history of Quality Management, from its emergence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through to the present day. Particular emphasis is placed on activities in Japan immediately following the end of the Second World War, and subsequent developments elsewhere in the world. We draw a careful distinction between Quality Management and various methodologies that aid in its implementation, such as Six Sigma. In the words of one management practitioner, Norbert Vogel, ,TQM in its broadest sense examines all aspects of management and the alternative methodologies being promoted are merely sub-sets of what should be an integrated management system.' The article concludes with some speculative thoughts about the future of Quality Management from a statistician's point of view. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling landscape patterns of understory tree regeneration in the Pacific Northwest, USAAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001Michael C. Wimberly Abstract. Vegetation maps serve as the basis for spatial analysis of forest ecosystems and provide initial information for simulations of forest landscape change. Because of the limitations of current remote sensing technology, it is not possible to directly measure forest understory attributes across large spatial extents. Instead we used a predictive vegetation mapping approach to model Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis seedling patterns in a 3900-ha landscape in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, as a function of Landsat TM imagery, aerial photographs, digital elevation models, and stream maps. Because the models explained only moderate amounts of variability (R2 values of 0.24,0.56), we interpreted the predicted patterns as qualitative spatial trends rather than precise maps. P. sitchensis seedling patterns were tightly linked to the riparian network, with highest densities in coastal riparian areas. T. heterophylla seedlings exhibited complex patterns related to topography and overstory forest cover, and were also spatially clustered around patches of old-growth forest. We hypothesize that the old growth served as refugia for this fire-sensitive species following wildfires in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Low levels of T. heterophylla regeneration in hardwood-dominated forests suggest that these patches may succeed to shrublands rather than to conifer forest. Predictive models of seedling patterns could be developed for other landscapes where georeferenced inventory plots, remote sensing data, digital elevation models, and climate maps are available. [source] Why Games Will Be the Preeminent Art Form of the 21stCenturyCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2001Chris Hecker Computer games share many artistic and technical characteristics with films of the early 1900s. Games' artistic evolution is hampered by the lack of artistic respect from society at large, and the lack of technical standards that would allow artistic innovation. The same problems affected cinema during its birth. During the early 20th century, film managed to find its way from popular diversion to highly respected art form. Will games follow the same course, or will they be stuck forever in the ghetto of pop culture? What technological and artistic changes need to occur in the medium for games to evolve beyond merely shooting aliens and into an art form worthy of association with painting, music, writing, and film? This talk will pose some of those questions, if not attempt to answer them. [source] From Treatise to Textbook: A History of Writing About Household ManagementFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008Sharon Y. Nickols The origins of contemporary writing about household management in the United States have been traced back to Catharine Beecher's A Treatise on Domestic Economy. The expansion of academic programs in home economics, the rise of research using the scientific method, and the changing economic and social conditions during the early 20th century contributed to the transition from treatises offering household advice based on Christian precepts and customary roles to more analytical approaches to household management and the publication of textbooks for college courses. Using qualitative research methods, this study traced the 75-year history of home management/family resource management textbooks published in the United States. The themes found throughout this period show both subtle shifts and dramatic changes in seven areas of analysis: the rationale for studying home management, the theoretical conceptualization of management, what is managed, individual and family concepts within home management, internal/external emphasis on resource management, pedagogical style, and audience. [source] Overcoming disciplinary solitude: The archaeology and geology of native copper in Eastern North AmericaGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Mary Ann Levine Although native copper has attracted the scholarly attention of both geologists and archaeologists since the middle of the 19th century, it is only recently that native copper studies have benefited from interdisciplinary research. This history of disciplinary solitude can be traced to the professionalization of the two fields in the early 20th century, an era in which crossdisciplinary communication began to wane. The effects of this phenomena resulted in the development of a model of aboriginal native copper procurement by archaeologists that did not take into account the geological literature, which had long identified numerous,rather than a single,source of native copper in North America. In this article, the author discusses how this disciplinary solitude developed and how it resulted in the creation of a dominant model for native copper procurement that constrained our understanding of aboriginal lifeways for generations. The author also considers how increasing collaboration between geologists and archaeologists since the 1970s has led to the reevaluation of an old model of native copper procurement that has been uncritically accepted by most archaeologists for over a century and a half. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Geographies of Corporate Decision-Making and Control: Development, Applications, and Future Directions in Headquarters Location ResearchGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2010Murray D. Rice This article surveys the body of investigation related to the location of headquarters and other elite corporate decision-making activities, a research field known as quaternary location studies. The discussion includes four main sections following an introduction. The first reviews the initial development of headquarters location research from the early 20th century to 1980. The second section discusses contemporary developments and criticisms of the field that have diversified the field beyond its early focus on large-firm headquarters alone to examine the geography of all activities related to corporate decision making. We posit that incorporation of rapidly growing firms in quaternary research is a key element of this diversification. The third section examines the possibilities for further headquarters location research by making a connection between decision-making location and the literature of techno-economic paradigms. The article concludes by summarizing the current state of the field, and argues that a continued diversification of research interests and perspectives is vital to the advancement of quaternary location studies as an important contributor to improved corporate strategies and more effective public policy. [source] To the Islands , Photographs of Tropical Colonies in The QueenslanderHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2010Hannah Perkins Australian readers knew a great deal about the Pacific Islands in the early 20th century. This understanding came from missionary fund-raising campaigns, visiting lantern-slide lecturers, postcards and illustrated books and encyclopaedia but most of all, after the mid-1890s, from heavily illustrated weekend newspapers. These were published in all major cities and offered a regular visual window on ,the islands', of which three were Australian colonies shortly after World War I. This paper argues that Australians were well-informed about the potential for settlement, and commercial and economic opportunities. It notes that illustrated newspapers were dominated by ethnographic images of the material culture and lifestyles of island peoples, but that images of wharves, plantations, port towns and colonial infrastructure were provided for those readers who thought the western Pacific should become an Australian or at least a British sphere of interest. Ultimately The Queenslander's editorial motivation was to alert Australian readers to the economic potential of plantations, trade, mining, travel and settling in the nearby tropics. [source] Medieval big cat remains from the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of LondonINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 5 2006H. O'Regan Abstract Big cats have been regarded as a symbol of power in different cultures throughout history. Here we present a study of the only known big cat remains from the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London. They were excavated in 1937 but have not previously been published. Our radiocarbon dating has established that they range in date from the 13th,17th centuries, making them the earliest post-Pleistocene big cat remains in Britain. We provide a description of the specimens,two lion skulls, a fragmentary leopard, plus 19 dog crania,and discuss the partially occluded foramen magnum of one of the lions. This anomaly has also been noted in captive and unprovenanced cat skulls from the early 20th century, indicating that it is a condition with a long history. We discuss the remains, the history of the menagerie, and the uses of the animals, in the light of our knowledge of conditions for captive animals at the time. Zooarchaeological studies such as these may also provide insights for modern conservation of zoo animals, and this aspect of the work is also considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Save the Children Fund and the Russian Famine of 1921,23: Claims and Counter-Claims about Feeding "Bolshevik" Children,JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009LINDA MAHOOD Drawing on literature on the social construction of social problems, this paper examines the British Save the Children Fund's claims making activities regarding support for child famine victims in Russia in 1921,23. It examines 1) how the Fund constructed famine in Russia as a social problem that was worthy of British, and wider international, support and attention; 2) the rhetorical strategies used by the Fund to construct the causes of the famine for the British public; and 3) the claims the Fund made about why Britons should care about starving children in Russia. We also attend to counter-claims made about the Fund and its involvement with Russia. We used unpublished letters, memos and reports from The Save the Children Fund archives to examine how the Fund responded to attacks on its activities coming from Russian émigrés and from The Daily Express. We suggest that the examination of this case through the concept of claims making offers a lens to understand how children in distress in the early 20th century became the objects of British, and wider international aid. [source] Comparison of genuine (1851,1852 AD) and forged or reproduction Hawaiian Missionary stamps using Raman microscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 6 2002Tracey D. Chaplin The rare and valuable Hawaiian Missionary stamps from the Tapling Collection held at the British Library were analysed using Raman microscopy and shown to be printed with an ink composed of Prussian blue. Blue particles dispersed between the paper fibres of the stamps and present as optical brighteners were identified to be lazurite or the synthetic equivalent, ultramarine blue. Each cancellation or postmark, where present, is composed of carbon, vermilion, iron(III) oxide or a madder-like organic pigment. The Raman analysis also showed that microscopic repair work on stamps can be identified. The genuine stamps were compared with 13 forged Hawaiian Missionary stamps, printed in the early 20th century, and with a set of eight reproduction items printed in 1985, from the Royal Philatelic Society London. Raman analysis of the forged stamps showed that the ink used is different from that of the genuine stamps, being a mixture of Prussian blue and ultramarine blue, or an organic blue pigment. Analysis of the 1985 reproduction stamps showed that they were printed with modern phthalocyanine blue ink, on paper coated with a yellow organic pigment to simulate aged paper. This analysis provides an invaluable and non-destructive method for assisting in drawing a distinction between fraudulent or reproduction material and the genuine article. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictusMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2004N. G. Gratz Abstract., The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), originally indigenous to South-east Asia, islands of the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, has spread during recent decades to Africa, the mid-east, Europe and the Americas (north and south) after extending its range eastwards across Pacific islands during the early 20th century. The majority of introductions are apparently due to transportation of dormant eggs in tyres. Among public health authorities in the newly infested countries and those threatened with the introduction, there has been much concern that Ae. albopictus would lead to serious outbreaks of arbovirus diseases (Ae. albopictus is a competent vector for at least 22 arboviruses), notably dengue (all four serotypes) more commonly transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.). Results of many laboratory studies have shown that many arboviruses are readily transmitted by Ae. albopictus to laboratory animals and birds, and have frequently been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes of this species, particularly in the Americas. As Ae. albopictus continues to spread, displacing Ae. aegypti in some areas, and is anthropophilic throughout its range, it is important to review the literature and attempt to predict whether the medical risks are as great as have been expressed in scientific journals and the popular press. Examination of the extensive literature indicates that Ae. albopictus probably serves as a maintenance vector of dengue in rural areas of dengue-endemic countries of South-east Asia and Pacific islands. Also Ae. albopictus transmits dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in South-east Asia, south-eastern U.S.A. and both D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens (Raillet & Henry) in Italy. Despite the frequent isolation of dengue viruses from wild-caught mosquitoes, there is no evidence that Ae. albopictus is an important urban vector of dengue, except in a limited number of countries where Ae. aegypti is absent, i.e. parts of China, the Seychelles, historically in Japan and most recently in Hawaii. Further research is needed on the dynamics of the interaction between Ae. albopictus and other Stegomyia species. Surveillance must also be maintained on the vectorial role of Ae. albopictus in countries endemic for dengue and other arboviruses (e.g. Chikungunya, EEE, Ross River, WNV, LaCrosse and other California group viruses), for which it would be competent and ecologically suited to serve as a bridge vector. [source] Genetic diversity, population structure, effective population size and demographic history of the Finnish wolf populationMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2006J. ASPI Abstract The Finnish wolf population (Canis lupus) was sampled during three different periods (1996,1998, 1999,2001 and 2002,2004), and 118 individuals were genotyped with 10 microsatellite markers. Large genetic variation was found in the population despite a recent demographic bottleneck. No spatial population subdivision was found even though a significant negative relationship between genetic relatedness and geographic distance suggested isolation by distance. Very few individuals did not belong to the local wolf population as determined by assignment analyses, suggesting a low level of immigration in the population. We used the temporal approach and several statistical methods to estimate the variance effective size of the population. All methods gave similar estimates of effective population size, approximately 40 wolves. These estimates were slightly larger than the estimated census size of breeding individuals. A Bayesian model based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations indicated strong evidence for a long-term population decline. These results suggest that the contemporary wolf population size is roughly 8% of its historical size, and that the population decline dates back to late 19th century or early 20th century. Despite an increase of over 50% in the census size of the population during the whole study period, there was only weak evidence that the effective population size during the last period was higher than during the first. This may be caused by increased inbreeding, diminished dispersal within the population, and decreased immigration to the population during the last study period. [source] 2004 ASM Conference on the New Phage Biology: the ,Phage Summit'MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Sankar Adhya Summary In August, more than 350 conferees from 24 countries attended the ASM Conference on the New Phage Biology, in Key Biscayne, Florida. This meeting, also called the Phage Summit, was the first major international gathering in decades devoted exclusively to phage biology. What emerged from the 5 days of the Summit was a clear perspective on the explosive resurgence of interest in all aspects of bacteriophage biology. The classic phage systems like , and T4, reinvigorated by structural biology, bioinformatics and new molecular and cell biology tools, remain model systems of unequalled power and facility for studying fundamental biological issues. In addition, the New Phage Biology is also populated by basic and applied scientists focused on ecology, evolution, nanotechnology, bacterial pathogenesis and phage-based immunologics, therapeutics and diagnostics, resulting in a heightened interest in bacteriophages per se, rather than as a model system. Besides constituting another landmark in the long history of a field begun by d'Herelle and Twort during the early 20th century, the Summit provided a unique venue for establishment of new interactive networks for collaborative efforts between scientists of many different backgrounds, interests and expertise. [source] "Kissing a Baby Is Not at All Good for Him": Infant Mortality, Medicine, and Colonial Modernity in the U.S.-Occupied PhilippinesAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2005BONNIE McELHINNY Feminist scholars have begun to consider the ways indigenous practices of child rearing were and are challenged in (post)colonial discourse and practice, and how these practices have become a terrain on which definitions of nation, state, and economy are contested. In this article, I adopt a historical anthropological approach to consider how Filipino child-rearing strategies were described and stigmatized in educational, public health, and public welfare discourses in the U.S.-occupied Philippines in the early 20th century. I demonstrate how public health practices and discourses that were generated as part of a "benevolent" campaign against high rates of infant mortality were strategically used as a weapon against Filipino arguments for independence. I also consider how discourses constructing Filipino caregivers as overly indulgent were linked to metropolitan concerns about production of the "new industrial man" and were used to develop a racialized critique of the cultural practices of Filipinos. [source] Review: Neuropathology of acute phase encephalitis lethargica: a review of cases from the epidemic periodNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009L. L. Anderson Introduction: Encephalitis lethargica (EL), an epidemic disease of the early 20th century, has continued to be diagnosed sporadically since that time, including a report of 20 new cases in 2004. Many of the recent case reports state that the primary neuropathology of acute EL consists of inflammatory changes and lesions within the midbrain, basal ganglia and substantia nigra. However, the neuropathology of acute EL cases from the epidemic period was actually much more widespread. Methods: In order to characterize the neuropathology of acute phase EL, we developed a database of EL pathology based on 112 cases from the years 1915 to 1940, of which most died within 2 weeks of EL onset. Results: Our analysis revealed that cortical damage was prevalent in 75% of the 112 cases; damage to the meninges and brainstem occurred in approximately half of the cases; and the substantia nigra was damaged in only 13% of these acute cases. We also found that after 1921, damage to cranial nerve nuclei was not reported. An analysis of the neuropathology and clinical symptoms revealed little correlation. Conclusions: Based on these findings, putative modern cases of acute EL with MRI/CT indicated lesions confined solely to the midbrain, brainstem, and/or basal ganglia should not be considered, consistent with that reported during epidemic period. [source] China's Dilemma: Invest at Home or in US StimulusNEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2009XU KUANGDI As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state,and thus politics,into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence,especially between China and the US,deepen global links? The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section. [source] Has the Financial Crisis Killed Consumerism?NEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2009JAMES HOWARD KUNSTLER As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state,and thus politics,into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence,especially between China and the US,deepen global links? The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section. [source] Fixing national subjects in the 1920s southern Balkans: Also an international practiceAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 2 2008JANE K. COWAN ABSTRACT The momentous transition from empire to nation-state in the early 20th century entailed a challenge for European states to produce "national" subjects,citizens. Scholars examining how diverse populations were incorporated into national projects have typically taken the nation-state's territorial boundaries as analytical boundaries and have rarely considered nation-building comparatively or investigated the creation of national subjects as an international practice. Taking the case of the League of Nation's supervision of the Greco,Bulgarian Convention Concerning Reciprocal and Voluntary Emigration in the 1920s, I explore collaboration between international and national agents in disambiguating multistranded affiliations of certain subjects in pursuit of homogeneous nation-states. [international institutions, nation-building, supervision, subjects, migration, borders, minorities] [source] Ketones: Metabolism's Ugly DucklingNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 10 2003Theodore B. Vanitallie MD Ketones were first discovered in the urine of diabetic patients in the mid-19th century; for almost 50 years thereafter, they were thought to be abnormal and undesirable by-products of incomplete fat oxidation. In the early 20th century, however, they were recognized as normal circulating metabolites produced by liver and readily utilized by extrahepatic tissues. In the 1920s, a drastic "hyperketogenic" diet was found remarkably effective for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. In 1967, circulating ketones were discovered to replace glucose as the brain's major fuel during the marked hyperketonemia of prolonged fasting. Until then, the adult human brain was thought to be entirely dependent upon glucose. During the 1990s, dietinduced hyperketonemia was found therapeutically effective for treatment of several rare genetic disorders involving impaired neuronal utilization of glucose or its metabolic products. Finally, growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced bioenergetic efficiency occur in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because ketones are efficiently used by mitochondria for ATP generation and may also help protect vulnerable neurons from free radical damage, hyperketogenic diets should be evaluated for ability to benefit patients with PD, AD, and certain other neurodegenerative disorders. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||