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Early 19th Century (early 19th + century)
Selected AbstractsAUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN PLANTS CULTIVATED IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURYCURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, Issue 1-2 2009Brent Elliott First page of article [source] Das Gesetz vom Minimum.CHEMIE IN UNSERER ZEIT (CHIUZ), Issue 5 2010Liebig oder Sprengel? Abstract Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts vollzog sich langsam der Wandel von der Humustheorie zur Mineralstofflehre. Carl Sprengel kann als Wegbereiter der neuen Lehre angesehen werden, deren Grundlagen er als erster klar formulierte. Doch erst Justus von Liebig verhalf der Mineralstofflehre zum Durchbruch. So hat Sprengel auch bereits 1828 das Gesetz vom Minimum formuliert, welches heute noch häufig dem populäreren Liebig zugeschrieben wird. Die bekannte Analogie zur Visualisierung des Gesetzes als Minimum-Tonne geht auf keinen der beiden Protagonisten zurück. Diese Analogie hat sich seit 1903 behauptet, obwohl es bereits 1910 einen Wettbewerb zur Entwicklung einer besseren Darstellung gab. In the early 19th Century there was a change from the humus theory to the theory of mineral nutrition of plants. Carl Sprengel can be considered as pioneer, who first of all formulated the new theory clearly. But only Justus von Liebig made the theory of mineral nutrition popular. Similarly Sprengel formulated the Law of the Minimum already in 1828 whereas Liebig couched it only in 1855. The famous analogy as Minimum barrel was developed at none of the both protagonists. This analogy stands its ground since 1903, even though there was a competition for a better analogy already in 1910. [source] IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CONTROLS ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUBARCTIC GLACIER SALAJEKNA, NORTHERN SCANDINAVIAGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2005PER KLINGBJER ABSTRACT. In this paper we describe the dynamic behaviour of Salajekna, a valley glacier, over the last 200 years using terrestrial observations, in situ measurements, remote sensing observations and glacier reconstructions. The response time of the glacier was calculated using analytical models and field measurements. We were subsequently able to attribute specific dynamic responses to climate trends in the available climate record. The glacier's historical maximum extension was reached around 1880,1910 and was the result of a more continental climate with multi-modal airflows in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A transition to more maritime conditions in the mid-19th century resulted in a near-continuous 20th century retreat before the glacier adjusted to a near-steady state. [source] The poor, the Black, and the marginalized as the source of cadavers in United States anatomical education,CLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 5 2007Edward C. Halperin Abstract When the practice of hands-on anatomical dissection became popular in United States medical education in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, demand for cadavers exceeded the supply. Slave bodies and thefts by grave robbers met this demand. Members of the public were aware that graves were being robbed and countered with various protective measures. Since the deterrence of grave robbing took time and money, those elements of society who were least economically and socially advantaged were the most vulnerable. Enslaved and free African Americans, immigrants, and the poor were frequently the target of grave robbing. The politically powerful tolerated this behavior except when it affected their own burial sites. Slave owners sold the bodies of their deceased chattel to medical schools for anatomic dissection. Stories of the "night doctors" buying and stealing bodies became part of African American folklore traditions. The physical and documentary evidence demonstrates the disproportionate use of the bodies of the poor, the Black, and the marginalized in furthering the medical education of white elites. Clin. Anat. 20:489,495, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Temperance, alcohol, and the American evangelical: a reassessmentADDICTION, Issue 7 2009Jessica Warner ABSTRACT Abstinence from alcohol is a way of life for many American evangelicals, with rates of abstention running at over 70% among some Pentecostal denominations. This paper examines the religious beliefs that, historically, have supported teetotalism. The most notable of these is Christian perfection, a doctrine that originated in 18th-century England, that was then radicalized in America in the early 19th century. Abstinence from alcohol is highest among denominations that make Christian perfection the cornerstone of their teachings, and lowest among those that discount human agency. The paper also argues that 19th-century American evangelicals were by no means committed uniformly to temperance as a way of life, and that this was especially true of the various Methodist churches. [source] Re-Dating the Moraines at Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull using different Lichenometric Methods: Implications for the Timing of the Icelandic Little Ice Age MaximumGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2004Krista M. Mckinzey Abstract Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines along the margins of Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull, two neighbouring outlet glaciers flowing from the Vatnajökull ice-cap, have been re-dated to test the reliability of different lichenometric approaches. During 2003, 12 000 lichens were measured on 40 moraine fragments at Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull to provide surface age proxies. The results are revealing. Depending on the chosen method of analysis, Skálafellsjökull either reached its LIA maximum in the early 19th century (population gradient) or the late 19th century (average of five largest lichens), whereas the LIA maximum of Heinabergsjökull occurred by the mid-19th century (population gradient) or late-19th century (average of 5 largest lichens). Discrepancies (c. 80 years for Skálafellsjökull and c. 40 years for Heinabergsjökull) suggest that the previously cited AD 1887 LIA maxima for both glaciers should be reassessed. Dates predicted by the lichen population gradient method appear to be the most appropriate, as mounting evidence from other geochronological reconstructions and sea-ice records throughout Iceland tends to support an earlier LIA glacier maximum (late 18th to mid-19th century) and probably reflects changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation. These revised chronologies shed further light on the precise timing of the Icelandic LIA glacier maximum, whilst improving our understanding of glacier-climate interactions in the North Atlantic. [source] Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2005C. J. Butler Abstract Three independent mean temperature series for Armagh Observatory, covering the period 1796,2002 have been calibrated and corrected for the time of reading and exposure. Agreement between the three series is good in regions of overlap. With a short gap in the Armagh data from 1825 to 1833 filled by data from two stations in Dublin, the resulting series is the longest for the island of Ireland and one of the longest for any single site in the British Isles. Over the past 207 years, we note that temperatures in Armagh, in all seasons, show a gradual overall trend upwards. However, there are seasonal differences: summer and spring temperatures have increased by only half as much as those in autumn and winter. This is partly due to the exceptionally cold winters and autumns experienced prior to 1820. Relative to the overall trend, warm periods occurred in Ireland, as in other parts of Europe, in the mid-19th century, in the mid-20th century and at the end of the 20th century. Relatively cool temperatures prevailed in the early 19th century, in the 1880s and in the 1970s. Thus, if the baseline against which current temperatures are compared were moved from the late 19th century to include the earlier warm period, the apparent warming at the end of the late 20th century would be correspondingly reduced. A gradual decline in the daily temperature range at Armagh since 1844 may have resulted from higher minimum temperatures associated with increased cloudiness. A 7.8 year periodicity is identified in winter and spring mean temperatures at Armagh, which is probably a consequence of the North Atlantic oscillation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Pigment analysis of a wallpaper from the early 19th century: Les Monuments de ParisJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 8-9 2004K. Castro Abstract In this work the analysis of a wallpaper from 1812 that was found in a palace in the Basque Country (Spain) is presented. The wallpaper represents a beautiful view of Paris and it is considered one of the most important wallpapers ever manufactured. The determination of the pigments present in the work was achieved using a Raman microprobe spectrometer, resulting in a completely non-destructive analysis. All the colour shades observed in the wallpaper were manufactured with the pigments red, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide Prussian blue, Scheele's green, minium (Pb3O4), CaCO3, lead white, carbon black, vermilion (HgS), raw sienna and burnt sienna. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trans-Atlantic slavery: Isotopic evidence for forced migration to BarbadosAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Hannes Schroeder Abstract The question of the ultimate origin of African slaves is one of the most perplexing in the history of trans-Atlantic slavery. Here we present the results of a small, preliminary isotopic study that was conducted in order to determine the geographical origin of 25 enslaved Africans who were buried at the Newton plantation, Barbados, sometime between the late 17th and early 19th century. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the slaves' origin, we used a combination of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were determined in bone and dentinal collagen; oxygen and strontium isotopes were measured in tooth enamel. Results suggest that the majority of individuals were born on the island, if not the estate itself. Seven individuals, however, yielded enamel oxygen and strontium ratios that are inconsistent with a Barbadian origin, which strongly suggests that we are dealing with first-generation captives who were brought to the island with the slave trade. This idea is also supported by the fact that their carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values differ markedly between their teeth and bones. These intra-skeletal shifts reflect major dietary changes that probably coincided with their enslavement and forced migration to Barbados. While it is impossible to determine their exact origins, the results clearly demonstrate that the slaves did not all grow up in the same part of Africa. Instead, the data seem to suggest that they originated from at least three different areas, possibly including the Gold Coast and the Senegambia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Auricular surface aging: Worse than expected?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2006A test of the revised method on a documented historic skeletal assemblage Abstract This study presents results and recommendations arising from a blind test of the revised age estimation method for the auricular surface as proposed by Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119:321,329). Auricular surfaces of 167 individuals from St. Bride's, London, a documented skeletal assemblage spanning the late 17th to early 19th century, were analyzed for the following traits: transverse organization, surface texture appearance, macroporosity, microporosity, and morphological changes to the apex. Composite scores of trait expressions were found to generally correlate with age and to show a positive association with known chronological age (P < 0.01). However, when composite scores were combined to define auricular surface phases, which ultimately assign age estimations, only three distinct developmental stages, compared with seven suggested by Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119:321,329), could be identified and statistically supported, all showing a considerable degree of individual variation in age. The most well-defined stage in the St. Bride's assemblage was the new stage III, where the majority of individuals were older than 60 years, whereas middle-aged adults displayed a large variation in composite scores. These results provide little hope for a promising application of age-at-death estimation of auricular surface morphology traits with higher resolution, but rather suggest indications of broad stages of life. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Otolaryngologic Aspects of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, 1803,1806,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2002Marc D. Eisen MD Abstract Medical difficulties related to otolaryngology that occurred during the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803,1806) are highlighted. These difficulties included ear and face frostbite, upper respiratory infections, temporal vessel laceration from an air gun accident, neck scrofula, and a pediatric neck mass. The custom of Clatsop Indian head flattening is also described. These descriptions also aim to illustrate the state of otolaryngology during the early 19th century in America. [source] The Story of Istanbul's ModernisationARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 1 2010lhan Tekeli Abstract Since reform started under Ottoman rule in the early 19th century, Istanbul has undergone a substantial period of modernisation that has spanned more than 150 years. ,lhan Tekeli outlines the metropolis' enduring development, characterising Istanbul's transformation into a modern city into four distinct periods. It is a story that bridges the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the reconstruction of the Turkish Republic as a nation-state, with the initial demise of the city in favour of Ankara; and continues with Istanbul regaining its status as a world city; as it evolves from a monstrous industrial city to an urban region and global centre. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Designing Morpho-Ecologies: Versatility and Vicissitude of Heterogeneous SpaceARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 2 2008Michael Hensel Abstract ,Morpho-Ecology' is a concept and design approach that combines the notion of ,morphology', and thus intrinsically ,morphogenesis', with the notion of ,ecology'. In the early 19th century, in the context of his studies in botany, the poet and writer Goethe defined morphology as the study of forms; he combined the study of ,Gestalt', or structured form, with the process of ,Bildung', or formation, which acts continuously upon form.1 Later on in the century, the term ,ecology' was coined by the German physician and zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who defined it as the science of relationships between organisms and their environment.2 Here Michael Hensel and Achim Menges outline their theoretical and methodological framework for ,morpho-ecological design' in architecture, illustrating it further with two projects that combine research and design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Zwischen Naturphilosophie und Wissenschaftspolitik: Zum Profil der Isis oder Encyklopädischen Zeitschrift von Oken als naturwissenschaftliches Publikationsorgan in den Jahren 1817 bis 1822,BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2003Katrin Stiefel Abstract Isis oder Encyklopädische Zeitung, edited by the German natural philosopher Lorenz Oken (1779-1851), is supposed to be one of the most significant journals of natural sciences in the early 19th century. The following study, based on a quantitative analyses of all articles (1817-1822), investigates the profile of the natural sciences in this journal. The results are interpreted according to Oken's concept of the journal as well as his editorial notes. It is shown that the encyclopedically broadly designed journal focuses on the natural sciences as major part of it's content, presenting the descriptive history of natural sciences (Naturgeschichte) as main subject. The journal's research perspective follows the encyclopedical spread of issues and scientific subjects; a clear research profile of scientific disciplines can not be discerned. Although scientific subjects, issues and authors are heterogeneous, Oken preserves an inner coherence by a common perspective founded in natural philosophy: his strategy was therefore to interfere with the content of the articles by comments and footnotes. Finally it is shown that Oken's idea of encyclopedism and it's realisation in Isis comprises sciences as well as politics as two sides of the same coin: based on the philosophical understanding of the unity of nature Oken tries to educate the consciousness of his readers towards a socially and politically homogeneous nation. [source] Civiale, stones and statistics: the dawn of evidence-based medicineBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2009Harry W. Herr The statistical research on bladder stones conducted by Paris urologist Jean Civiale in the early 19th century provided historical roots for evidence-based medicine. Translations of original documents by Civiale describing his work on treating bladder stones, and the discussion by members of the Paris Academy of Sciences that commented on his results in 1835, were reviewed. By collecting statistical data on a wide scale throughout Europe, Civiale argued that his new transurethral procedure, called lithotripsy, was superior to the more widely used but highly morbid technique, lithotomy. The Paris Academy of Sciences commented on his research and chose the occasion to debate whether or not numerical reasoning and statistics had any place in medical and surgical practice. Civiale's insights and methods espoused similar concepts and ideas driving today's new paradigm of evidence-based medicine. [source] Forgotten pioneers of color order.COLOR RESEARCH & APPLICATION, Issue 5 20081821), Part II: Matthias Klotz (174 Abstract The painter Matthias Klotz began to investigate the subject of color beginning circa 1780 and thereby during the same general time period as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Philipp Otto Runge, and Gaspard Grégoire. Like the others, he was an adherent of the theory of three fundamental colors, yellow, red, and blue. With Grégoire he had in common three perceptual color attributes and an implicit cylindrical ordering system that presaged the system of Munsell, developed nearly a century later. With Runge and Grégoire he had in common a balanced color chart in which opposites were presumed to neutralize each other in a common medium gray. Klotz's so-called color canon is the most carefully executed in the early 19th century. He was unique in proposing a nine-grade, geometrically stepped gray scale that would require a logarithmic mathematical model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 341,345, 2008 [source] | ||||||||||||||||