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Equal Groups (equal + groups)
Selected AbstractsExercise is the primary factor associated with Hsp70 induction in muscle of treadmill running ratsACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2006E. G. Noble Abstract Aim:, The cytoprotective, inducible stress protein, Hsp70, increases in muscles of rodents subjected to strenuous treadmill running. Most treadmill running protocols employ negative reinforcement to encourage animals to exercise. As these stimuli may themselves activate stress responses, the present investigation was conducted to determine their contribution to the exercise-induced expression of Hsp70. Methods:, Twenty-one male Sprague,Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups including an exercise group (EX), which ran on a treadmill at 30 m min,1 for 60 min; a stimulation group (STIM), which was not allowed to run, but was stimulated with compressed air and mild electric shock concurrently with their exercising cohort; and a control group (CON), which was housed in the treadmill room during the exercise period. Animals were killed 24 h post-experiment and hearts (H), soleii (SOL) and white gastrocnemii (WG) were harvested and analysed for Hsp70 content (mean% ± SEM of standard). Results:, Significant increases in Hsp70 (as a % of standard) were noted in H and WG (H = 77.4 ± 8.5; WG = 93.9 ± 18.4) of EX but not in STIM (H = 32.5 ± 4.6; WG = 32.0 ± 3.4) or CON (H = 20.5 ± 3.7; WG = 32.4 ± 7.4). In SOL, Hsp70 expression in EX (126.7 ± 6.2) was different from STIM (98.3 ± 10.9) only. This occurred, despite the fact that all groups were exposed to a stressful environment and exhibited elevated (P < 0.001) temperatures (EX ,41.2 ± 0.1 °C > STIM ,40.5 ± 0.2 °C > CON ,39.0 ± 0.1 °C) indicative of a general stress response. Conclusions:, These data suggest that exercise per se, rather than environmental conditions or noxious stimuli, are responsible for the induction of Hsp70 in rat muscle during treadmill running. [source] Different effects of electroacupuncture on esophageal motility and serum hormones in cats with esophagitisDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 2 2008X. Shuai SUMMARY., We aim to investigate the effects of different electroacupuncture (EA) frequencies at ST-36 on esophageal motility, and to compare the effect of EA on serum gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Thirty-two cats were divided into four equal groups. All animals underwent a Heller myotomy. After esophagitis developed two frequencies (2/15 Hz or 2/100 Hz) of EA were delivered into ST-36 (LEA group [low EA], HEA group [high EA]). Animals submitted to EA on a non-point region (EANP) were used as controls (LEANP group, HEANP group), respectively. Esophageal motility was continuously monitored. The lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) decreased significantly after myotomy. The LESP decreased in both LEA and LEANP cats, and in LEA cats the pressure decrease was greater. The LESP increased in the HEA group, which was higher than that in the HEANP group (P < 0.05). High-frequency EA significantly increased the peak amplitude in esophageal peristalsis. There was a decrease in serum GAS and MTL in LEA cats compared with LEANP cats (both P < 0.01). GAS and MTL were higher in the HEA group than in the HEANP group (both P < 0.01). Serum VIP decreased in the HEA group (P < 0.05), while it increased in the LEA group (P < 0.05), compared with EANP groups, respectively. EA with a high frequency at ST-36 enhances LESP as well as esophageal motility, while EA with a low frequency decreases LESP. The effect of EA is acupoint-specific, and this effect appears to be mediated through GAS, MTL and VIP. [source] Mediational behaviours of preschoolers teaching their younger siblingsINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2003Pnina S. Klein There is very little research on the process of teaching in sibling interaction. The current study was designed to explore teaching behaviours of preschoolers and their effects on their toddler siblings. Participants were 40 dyads of 5-yr-olds and their 3-yr-old siblings from a middle class urban community in Israel. The children were divided into four equal groups based on gender and age of the siblings in each dyad. The children were visited at home and invited to play with two puzzles and two Lego games. Their play interaction with their siblings was videotaped. The observations were analysed using the observing mediational interaction (OMI) scale, assessing the frequency and style of the following behaviours: Focussing, Affecting, Encouraging, Expanding, and Regulating Behaviour. The younger siblings' success in playing the games was evaluated using a 5-point scale. The frequency of teaching behaviours in sibling interaction was found to be related to the younger siblings' success on the games. Affecting and Encouraging were significantly related to the younger siblings' level of success on the games. The teaching behaviours of older siblings were characterized by relatively high frequencies of Regulation of Behavior and Encouraging, moderate frequencies of Affecting and low frequencies of Expanding. Boys were found to receive more teaching behaviours than girls. Older brothers and sisters showed higher frequencies of teaching behaviour in interactions with their younger brothers than with their younger sisters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of canal filling after using two warm vertical gutta-percha compaction techniques in vivo: a preliminary studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2006M. Venturi Abstract Aim, To evaluate the quality of root canal filling when comparing two warm gutta-percha filling techniques in vivo. Methodology, Human teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups, with 30 canals each. The root canals were shaped by hand and ProFile 0.04 rotary instruments to size 20,40 at the end-point and then filled with gutta-percha cones and AH-Plus. In group A, a traditional warm vertical compaction technique was performed using the Touch'n Heat, and back-filling with the Obtura II. In group B, a modified warm vertical compaction technique was used: small amounts of gutta-percha were removed, and the remaining most apical 3 mm were compacted with a 1 mm movement; then thermomechanical back-filling was performed. The teeth were extracted, stored in dye, cleared, and the distance between the apex and apical limit of the filling, linear dye penetration, and voids were measured from the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal perspective. The homogeneity of variance and means was verified using Levene's test and t -test. anova and Dunnett post hoc test were used to establish the significance and to analyse the effects through multiple comparisons. Results, Compared with the specimens of group A, the specimens of group B exhibited less mean linear dye penetration (P < 0.05), smaller void length (P , 0.05) and maximal width (P , 0.05) when examined in all four views, and a more precise filling when viewed from the buccal aspect (P < 0.05). Conclusions, The modified warm vertical compaction technique with apical back-filling produced a more effective and precise three-dimensional filling. [source] Effects of rotary instruments and ultrasonic irrigation on debris and smear layer scores: a scanning electron microscopic studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002B. E. Mayer Abstract Aim This study evaluated debris and smear layer scores after two types of instruments manufactured from different alloys were used to ultrasonically activate irrigants during canal preparation. The influence of two rotary preparation techniques on cleanliness of the shaped canals was also studied. Methodology Apical stops were prepared to size 45 in 42 single-canalled extracted premolars and canines, which were divided into six equal groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were prepared by ProFile .04 (PF) while groups 4, 5 and 6 were prepared by Lightspeed (LS). All groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Irrigants in groups 2 and 5 were ultrasonically activated using a size 15 steel K-file and by a blunt flexible nickel,titanium wire in groups 3 and 6. Groups 1 and 4 served as negative controls. Roots were split and canal walls examined at 15×, 200× and 400× magnification in an SEM. Smear layer and debris scores were recorded at 3, 6 and 9 mm levels using a 5-step scoring scale and a 200-µm grid. Means were tested for significance using nonparametric Mann,Whitney U and Kruskal,Wallis tests. Results Debris and smear layer scores for the six groups varied from 1.98 ± 1.04 to 3.47 ± 0.97 and from 1.37 ± 0.4 to 2.36 ± 0.99, respectively. Although all groups had significantly higher smear layer and debris scores at the 3 mm levels compared to the 9 mm levels (P < 0.05), no significant differences were recorded due to the ultrasonic energy transmitted by the two alloys. Conclusion Ultrasonically activated irrigants did not reduce debris or smear layer scores. This finding was not influenced by the material nor by the design of the instrument used to transmit ultrasonic activation. [source] Evaluation of smear layer removal by EDTAC and sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonic agitationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 5 2002D. M. Z. Guerisoli Abstract Aim To evaluate smear layer removal by different irrigating solutions under ultrasonic agitation. Methodology Twenty recently extracted mandibular incisors with a single root canal were divided into four equal groups. Three groups were instrumented using the modified double-flared technique, the fourth remained unprepared. Each group was irrigated with either distilled water, 1.0% sodium hypochlorite alone or associated with 15% EDTAC between each file size. The final group was not instrumented but irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite and 15% EDTAC. A size 15 file energised by ultrasound was used with small amplitude filing movements against the canal walls in all groups. The teeth were split longitudinally and the roots measured to provide three sections of the same size (cervical, middle and apical). Samples were examined under the scanning electron microscope and assessed for the amount of smear layer by three independent and calibrated examiners. The scoring system ranged from 1 (no smear layer) to 4 (all areas covered by smear layer). Due to the non-parametric nature of the data, Friedman's test was used for statistical analysis. Results Canal walls were covered with smear layer in the group irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite alone and the group irrigated with distilled water. Canals irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite associated with 15% EDTAC had less smear layer throughout the canal (P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences for the amount of smear layer found on the cervical, middle and apical thirds when each group was analysed separately. Conclusions Under ultrasonic agitation, sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTAC removed the smear layer from root canal walls, whereas irrigation with distilled water or 1.0% sodium hypochlorite alone did not remove smear layer. [source] Effect of different liquid cultures of live yeast strains on performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in lambsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 6 2008M. K. Tripathi Summary Three yeast strains, Kluyveromyces marximanus NRRL-3234 (KM), Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCDC-42 (SC) and Saccharomyces uvarum ATCC-9080 (SU), and a mixed culture (1:1:1 ratio) were evaluated for their value as probiotics in lamb feeding in two experiment. In experiment I and II, 20 and 30 pre-weaner lambs were fed for 63 and 60 days in two and three equal groups respectively. All lambs were offered ad libitum a creep mixture and Zizyphus nummularia leaves, and yeasts were dosed orally. In experiment I, one group received no yeast, the other of the mixed culture (1.5,2 × 1010 live cells/ml). In experiment II, yeast cultivation was modified yielding 1.5,2 × 1013 live cells/ml. Lambs of the three experimental groups received 1 ml/kg live weight of one of the individual yeasts. Feed intake did not differ among groups of both experiments with the exception of SC-supplemented lambs in experiment II which showed a trend to higher intakes per kg metabolic body weight and in percentage of body weight when compared with KM- and SU-supplemented lambs. Supplementation of the mixed yeast culture had no effect on intakes of digestible crude protein and metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation characteristics (pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acid concentration, protozoa count) and urinary allantoin as an indicator of microbial protein synthesis. The same was true for comparisons in experiment II except ciliate protozoa counts, which showed a trend to be the highest with SU and the lowest with SC. The results of present study show that the response of lambs to supplemented live yeast cultures is inconsistent, as it lacked to have an effect in the present study, and that differences among strains were small, even when supplemented at a much higher live cell count. [source] Bonding characteristics of newly developed all-in-one adhesivesJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007S. K. Sidhu Abstract This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength and the interfacial morphology of newer adhesives. The occlusal surfaces of extracted teeth were ground flat for random allocation to four equal groups. Resin composite was bonded to each surface using either Clearfil SE Bond [SEB], Clearfil Protect Bond [PB], G-Bond [GB], or an experimental adhesive, SSB-200 [SSB]. After storage for 24 h in water at 37°C, they were sectioned into beams (cross-sectional area 1 mm2) for microtensile bond strength testing (,TBS) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The load at failure of each was recorded; the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Games Howell tests. The surfaces of the fractured specimens were observed using SEM. For the ultra-morphology of the interface, the occlusal surfaces of four more teeth were prepared as before and a thin layer of flowable resin composite was bonded to each surface using one of the four adhesives. The mean ,TBS ranged from 39.68 MPa (GB) to 64.97 MPa (SEB). There were no statistical differences between SEB and SSB, or between PB and GB (p > 0.05). The ,TBS of SEB and SSB were significantly greater than that of PB and GB (p < 0.05). SEMs of the fractured surfaces revealed a mixed (cohesive/interfacial) failure. TEM examination highlighted differences in the hybrid layer; SEB had a thicker layer than the others. In conclusion, the newer all-in-one adhesives produced a thin hybrid layer but varied in their bond strengths. The 2-step self-etching adhesives do not necessarily produce higher bond strengths than that of the all-in-one systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007 [source] Biocompatibility of Heparin-Coated Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits in Coronary Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction Is Superior to PMEA-Coated CircuitsJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 6 2006Veysel Kutay M.D. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and biocompatibility of heparin-coated and poly-2-methoxyethylacrylate (PMEA)-coated CPB circuits on coronary patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Methods: Thirty-six patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting were divided into two equal groups: group H (n = 18), heparin-coated; group P (n = 18), PMEA coated. Clinical outcomes, hematologic variables, cardiac enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), and acute phase inflammatory response (including myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase, hsCRP, and IL-8) were analyzed perioperatively. Results: Demographic, CPB, and clinical outcome data were similar for both groups. Plasma fibrinogen, total protein, albumin, and platelet count decreased, neutrophil count, MDA, IL-8, MPO, and catalase levels increased during CPB. During CPB, MPO and catalase values were significantly higher in group P (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01) and postoperative MDA concentration was lower in group H (p = 0.03). Platelet counts were better preserved in group H during and after CPB but neutrophil count and IL-8 level did not differ between the groups. Postoperative total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen levels were higher in group H (p < 0.05). The postoperative first day levels of troponin-I, CK-MB, and CRP increased in both groups without any significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Heparin-coated circuit provided better suppression of perioperative inflammatory markers and exhibited more favorable effects on hematologic variables than PMEA-coated circuit. [source] A comparison of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular and infraclavicular blocks for upper extremity surgeryACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2009Z. J. KOSCIELNIAK-NIELSEN Background: Ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular or infraclavicular blocks are commonly used for upper extremity surgery. The aims of this randomized study were to compare the block performance and onset times, effectiveness, incidence of adverse events and patient's acceptance of US-guided supraclavicular or infraclavicular blocks. We hypothesized that the supraclavicular approach, being more superficial and easier to visualize using a 10 MHz transducer, will produce a faster and a more extensive sensory block. Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were randomized to two equal groups: supraclavicular (S) and infraclavicular (I). Each patient received a mixture containing equal volumes of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml and mepivacaine 20 mg/ml with adrenaline 5 ,g/ml, 0.5 ml/kg body weight (minimum 30 ml, maximum 50 ml). The sensory score (anaesthesia , 2 points, analgesia , 1 point and pain , 0 point) of the seven terminal nerves was assessed every 10 min. Patients were declared ready for surgery when they had an effective surgical block , anaesthesia or analgesia of the five nerves below the elbow. Thirty minutes after the block, the unblocked nerves were supplemented. The block performance and latency times, surgical effectiveness, adverse events and patient's acceptance were recorded. Results: Significantly more patients in the I group were ready for surgery 20 and 30 min after the block. The mean block performance time was 5.7 min in the S group and 5.0 min in the I group (NS). Block effectiveness was superior in the I group: 93% vs. 78% in the S group (P=0.017). The S group patients had a significantly poorer block of the median and ulnar nerves, but a better block of the axillary nerve. Sensory scores at 10, 20 and 30 min were not significantly different. Thirty-two patients in the S group vs. nine patients in the I group experienced transient adverse events (P<0.0001). Patients' acceptance of the block was similar in both groups. Conclusions: Infraclavicular block had a faster onset, better surgical effectiveness and fewer adverse events. Block performance time and patients' acceptance of the procedure were similar in both groups. [source] Compression therapy promotes proliferative repair during rat Achilles tendon immobilizationJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 7 2010Nikos Schizas Abstract Achilles tendon ruptures are treated with an initial period of immobilization, which obstructs the healing process partly by a reduction of blood circulation. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) has been proposed to enhance tendon repair by stimulation of blood flow. We hypothesized that daily IPC treatment can counteract the deficits caused by 2 weeks of immobilization post tendon rupture. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley SD) rats, all subjected to blunt Achilles tendon transection, were divided in three equal groups. Group A was allowed free cage activity, whereas groups B,C were immobilized at the operated hindleg. Group C received daily IPC treatment. Two weeks postrupture the rats were euthanatized and the tendons analyzed with tensile testing and histological assessments of collagen organization and collagen III-LI occurrence. Immobilization significantly reduced maximum force, energy uptake, stiffness, tendon length, transverse area, stress, organized collagen diameter and collagen III-LI occurrence by respectively 80, 75, 77, 22, 47, 65, 49, and 83% compared to free mobilization. IPC treatment improved maximum force 65%, energy 168%, organized collagen diameter 50%, tendon length 25%, and collagen III-LI occurrence 150% compared to immobilization only. The results confirm that immobilization impairs healing after tendon rupture and furthermore demonstrate that IPC-treatment can enhance proliferative tendon repair by counteracting biomechanical and morphological deficits caused by immobilization. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:852,858, 2010 [source] Is the circumferential tensile modulus within a human medial meniscus affected by the test sample location and cross-sectional area?JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 6 2000Kate Lechner Quantifying the material properties of the human menisci is paramount to understanding their biomechanical functions within the knee. One important intrinsic material property governing the biomechanical functions of the meniscus is the circumferential tensile modulus. The purpose of this study was to determine if the circumferential tensile modulus of the human medial meniscus depends on the location and thickness of the sample tested. The following three hypotheses were tested: (a) the circumferential location (anterior, central, and posterior) does not significantly affect the tensile modulus, (b) the radial location (inner to outer) significantly affects the tensile modulus, and (c) the thicknes (cross-sectional area) significantly affects the tensile modulus. Test samples, whose length was oriented in parallel with the circumferential collagen fibers, were collected from different circumferential and radial locations throughout 30 human medial menisci. Samples of three different thicknesses (0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 mm) were taken from three equal groups of 10 menisci (i.e., one thickness per group). The circumferential tensile modulus was measured under quasi-statc loading. Statistical analysis showed no significant effect of the circumferential or radial location of the sample on the circumferential tensile modulus. This indicates that an overall circumferential tensile modulus may be calculated for the human medial meniscus by averaging the values determined at the various locations. However, the thickness of the test sample had a significant effect on the measured circumferential tensile modulus: the modulus varied inversely with the thickness. Thus, moduli determined from test samples that are too small in cross-sectional area overestimate the effective modulus of the tissue on the whole, and the cross-sectional area of the sample must be considered when determining a representative circumferential tensile modulus for the medial meniscus in a human knee. [source] Fracture Resistances of Cast Metal and Ceramic Dowel and Core Restorations: A Pilot StudyJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 2 2005Emine Yalç, n DDS Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare fracture strengths of teeth restored with cast metal and ceramic dowel and cores supporting all-ceramic crowns. Materials and Methods: Eighteen recently extracted teeth were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Metal dowel and cores (MDC) were fabricated for 1 group using a base metal alloy, and served as the control. The other groups received In-Ceram Spinell® (ICS) and IPS Empress 2® (IPS) dowel and cores. IPS Empress 1 crowns were fabricated for all samples. Each tooth was subjected to a shear force at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min on a universal testing machine until failure occurred. Results: The mean fracture strengths and standard deviations of MDC, ICS, and IPS restorations were 1101 N (361), 832 N (288), and 1137 N (367), respectively. The differences between groups were insignificant (p < 0.05). Fractures of the all-ceramic crowns were observed in the MDC group, whereas the failure of ceramic dowel and core restorations was associated with root fracture at the cervical region. Conclusions: Due to improved mechanical properties, In-Ceram Spinell® and IPS Empress 2® ceramic dowel and cores may be candidates for the restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth. [source] Effect of feeding complete feed block containing Prosopis cineraria leaves and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 on nutrient intake, its utilization, rumen fermentation pattern and rumen enzyme profile in kidsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2005Raghavendra Bhatta Abstract A study was carried out to determine the effect of replacing the cake portion of concentrate mixture with 5 parts polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 in a complete feed block (CFB) containing Prosopis cineraria leaves on the performance, rumen fermentation pattern and rumen enzyme profile of kids under an intensive system of rearing. Eighteen weaners of Sirohi goat of similar body weight (16.0 ± 0.5 kg) and age (90 ± 5 days) were divided into three equal groups. They were housed in individual cages in a side open asbestos roof shed with mud floor. All the kids received CFBs containing 50 parts P cineraria leaves and 50 parts concentrate mixture. CFB offered to the first group had high protein (183.8 g kg,1; HP), that offered to the second group had low protein (131.3 g kg,1; LP) and that offered to the third group had low protein (124.7 g kg,1) but contained PEG-6000 (LP-PEG). The concentrate mixtures in LP and LP-PEG were without groundnut cake, whereas in LP-PEG, groundnut cake was replaced by barley and 5 parts PEG-6000 were incorporated. CFBs were similar in their nutritive value except for crude protein (CP). Prosopis leaves utilized in the CFB contained (g kg,1 dry matter) 129.1 CP, 535.5 neutral detergent fibre, 395.8 acid detergent fibre and 222.8 acid detergent lignin. There were significant differences in dry matter intake (g day,1) between HP (1102), LP (1108) and LP-PEG (1194); the trend in Metabolizable energy intake was similar. During the growth trial, LP kids consumed maximum amount of feed (76.91 kg) followed by HP (75.73 kg) and LP-PEG (73.12 kg). However, maximum feed efficiency (feed consumed kg,1 live weight gain) was recorded in LP-PEG kids (9.59) followed by HP (10.64) and LP (11.60). These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in the digestibility of dry matter among the groups, there was significant difference in the digestibility of CP, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre. The digestibility of CP was 0.591, 0.484 and 0.645, that of neutral detergent fibre was 0.397, 0.308 and 0.499 and that of acid detergent fibre was 0.168, 0.154 and 0.282 in HP, LP and LP-PEG, respectively. Rumen metabolites studied 6 h after feeding revealed that there were significant (p < 0.05) differences in the concentrations of ammonia N, tri-chloro acetic acid precipitable N and total volatile fatty acids among the three groups, but not pH. The rumen enzyme concentrations showed significant (p < 0.05) differences for ,-amylase, whereas the differences were non-significant for CMcase and protease. After 90 days of feeding trial, the maximum weight gain was recorded in LP-PEG (7.62 kg) followed by HP (7.23 kg) and LP (6.53 kg). It can be concluded that, when kids are reared under an intensive system on complete feed blocks containing Prosopis leaves, high protein concentrate can be replaced with a low protein concentrate containing 5 parts PEG, which would not only alleviate the negative effects of tannin but would also spare expensive groundnut protein. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effects of Lidocaine Infusion during Experimental Endotoxemia in HorsesJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010J.R. Peiró Background: The clinical efficacy of IV infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine endotoxemia has not been studied. Hypothesis: Lidocaine infusion after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will inhibit the inflammatory response and have inhibitory effects on the hemodynamic and cytokine responses to endotoxemia. Animals: Twelve horses. Methods: Two equal groups (n = 6): saline (GI) and lidocaine (GII). In all animals, endotoxin (500 ng/kg body weight [BW]) was injected intraperitoneally over 5 minutes. Twenty minutes later, animals received a bolus of GI or GII (1.3 mg/kg BW) over 5 minutes, followed by a 6-hour continuous rate infusion of GI or GII (0.05 mg/kg BW/min). Treatment efficacy was judged from change in arterial blood pressure, peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) variables (total and differential cell counts, enzyme activities, and cytokine concentrations), and clinical scores (CS) for behavioral evidence of abdominal pain or discomfort during the study. Results: Compared with the control group, horses treated with lidocaine had significantly lower CS and serum and PF tumor necrosis factor-, (TNF-,) activity. At several time points in both groups, total and differential cell counts, glucose, total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and TNF-, activities were significantly different from baseline values both in peripheral blood and in PF. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lidocaine significantly decreased severity of CS and inhibited TNF-, activity in PF. [source] Losartan and Ozagrel Reverse Retinal Arteriolar Constriction in Non-Obese Diabetic MiceMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 5 2008Seungjun Lee ABSTRACT Objective: Reductions in retinal blood flow are observed early in diabetes. Venules may influence arteriolar constriction and flow; therefore, we hypothesized that diabetes would induce the constriction of arterioles that are in close proximity to venules, with the constriction mediated by thromboxane and angiotensin II. Methods: Using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, retinal measurements were performed three weeks following the age at which glucose levels exceeded 200 mg/dL, with accompanying experiments on age-matched normoglycemic NOD mice. The measurements included retinal arteriolar diameters and red blood cell velocities and were repeated following an injection of the thromboxane synthase inhibitor, ozagrel. Mice were subdivided into equal groups and given drinking water with or without the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, losartan. Results: Retinal arterioles were constricted in hyperglycemic mice, with a significant reduction in flow. However, not all arterioles were equally affected; the vasoconstriction was limited to arterioles that were in closer proximity to venules. The arteriolar vasoconstriction (mean arteriolar diameters = 51 ± 1 vs. 61 ± 1 , m in controls; p < 0.01) was eliminated by both ozagrel (61 ± 2 , m) and losartan (63 ± 2 , m). Conclusions: Venule-dependent arteriolar vasoconstriction in NOD mice is mediated by thromboxane and/or angiotensin II. [source] Influence of calcitonin administration on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of pigeon, Columba liviaMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 5 2009Seema Yadav Abstract Pigeons were divided into two numerically equal groups (A and B) containing 30 specimens each. Birds from group A were intraperitoneally injected daily with 0.1 mL/100 g body wt of vehicle (0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.3 containing 0.1% gelatin). Specimens from group B were intraperitoneally injected daily with 1 ,g/100 g body wt of salmon calcitonin. Six birds were sacrificed from each group 2 h after the last injection on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th, and 15th day of the experiment. After collection of blood samples, ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands were fixed for histological studies. In calcitonin-treated C. livia, the plasma calcium levels exhibit a progressive decline from day 1 till day 5. On day 15, the levels become more or less similar to the control value. No change has been noticed on day 1 in the plasma phosphate levels of calcitonin-treated C. livia. The levels decrease progressively from day 3 to day 5; thereafter, it exhibits an elevation so that on day 15, normal plasma phosphate levels is achieved. The ultimobranchial gland of C. livia exhibits no change up to day 5 following calcitonin treatment. The nuclear volume of ultimobranchial cells exhibits a decrease on day 10. This response progresses up to day 15. Few degenerating cells are also discerned following 15 days calcitonin treatment. The parathyroid gland of calcitonin-treated C. livia exhibits no histological alteration up to day 3. The nuclear volume of parathyroidal cells exhibits a progressive increase from day 3 till the close of the experiment (day 15). Moreover, the gland exhibits more compactness on day 10 and day 15. Few degenerating cells are encountered after day 15 following calcitonin treatment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Validation of a sham for percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS)NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 1 2009Kenneth Peters Abstract Aim Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) supposedly demonstrates 50,60% improvement in OAB symptoms with no sham-controlled trials reported. This study determined the efficacy of a sham for PTNS. Methods Thirty healthy volunteers (15 women; 15 men) in this blinded pilot study were randomized into two equal groups: one group had PTNS on the right and sham on the left; the other group had PTNS on the left and sham on the right. A drape obscured their lower extremities. The sham utilized a placebo needle placed at the PTNS site along with a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) pad on the ipsilateral foot. The unit was activated until stimulation was felt. PTNS was performed on the opposite leg, with the grounding pad mimicking the sham pad placement. PTNS stimulation was given until the subject felt stimulation in the foot. Subjects had 1 simultaneous 15 min testing of the PTNS vs. sham. Subjects then completed a questionnaire stating which leg they thought had the sham and PTNS (or "unknown"). The primary endpoint of the study was the ability to accurately identify the sham. Results In total, 10/30 (33%) of the shams were identified correctly. We would expect 50% to be identified by guessing, but only 33% were correctly identified. Females identified the sham correctly more often than males (40% vs. 27%). This procedure was validated as a feasible sham for PTNS. Conclusions This is the first validation of a sham for PTNS that may be used in future placebo-controlled research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:58,61, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultrasound control for presumed difficult epidural punctureACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 6 2001T. Grau Background: The efficacy of epidural anaesthesia depends on the accurate identification of the epidural space (ES). Abnormal anatomical conditions may make the procedure difficult or impossible. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-puncture ultrasound examination of the spinal anatomy might be beneficial in expected cases of difficult epidural anaesthesia. Methods: We used digital ultrasound equipment with a 5-MHz transducer to assess the anatomy of the ES and the posterior parts of the spinal column. We examined 72 parturients with abnormal anatomical conditions who were scheduled for epidural anaesthesia. The women were randomised into two equal groups. In all patients, the standard loss of resistance technique was used. In the ultrasound group, an ultrasound examination of the appropriate spinal region was conducted prior to epidural puncture. ES depth seen on the ultrasound images was compared to the ES depth measured by the needle. We compared the number of puncture attempts with the standard method (control group) to the number of attempts under ultrasound guidance. Results: Ultrasonography significantly improved operating conditions for epidural anaesthesia. The maximum VAS scores and patient acceptance were significantly better. Conclusions: With ultrasound measurement of the ES depth, the quality of epidural anaesthesia was enhanced. [source] Intracavernous Growth Differentiation Factor-5 Therapy Enhances the Recovery of Erectile Function in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve InjuryTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 8 2008Thomas M. Fandel ABSTRACT Introduction., Neurogenic erectile dysfunction remains a serious complication in the postprostatectomy population. Effective protective and regenerative neuromodulatory strategies are needed. Aim., To determine the effect of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) on erectile function and its mechanism in a rat model of cavernous nerve (CN) injury. Main Outcome Measures., Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 4 weeks. Penile tissues were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. Methods., Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: one group underwent sham operation (uninjured controls), while five groups underwent bilateral CN crush. Crush-injury groups were treated at the time of injury with intracavernous injection of a slow-release suspension of liquid microparticles containing no GDF-5 (vehicle), 0.4 µg (low concentration), 2 µg (intermediate concentration), or 10 µg GDF-5 (high concentration). One untreated group served as injured controls. Results., GDF-5 enhanced erectile recovery and significantly increased intracavernous pressure in the low and intermediate-concentration groups vs. injured controls. Low-concentration GDF-5 demonstrated the best functional preservation, as the intracavernous pressure increase in this group did not differ significantly from uninjured controls. A dose-response relationship was confirmed for the effects of GDF-5 in penile tissue. Low-concentration GDF-5 showed better preservation of the penile dorsal nerves and antiapoptotic effects in the corpus cavernosum (P < 0.05 vs. injured controls). Although high concentration GDF-5 did not confer meaningful erectile recovery, this dose was more effective at decreasing transforming growth factor-, than low-concentration GDF-5. Conclusions., Intracavernous injection of low (0.4 µg) or intermediate-concentration GDF-5 (2 µg) was effective in preserving erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic erectile dysfunction. The underlying mechanism appears to involve neuron preservation and antiapoptosis. Fandel TM, Bella AJ, Lin G, Tantiwongse K, Lin C-S, Pohl J, and Lue TF. Intracavernous growth differentiation factor-5 therapy enhances the recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. J Sex Med 2008;5:1866,1875. [source] Tracheal intubation following training with the GlideScope® compared to direct laryngoscopyANAESTHESIA, Issue 7 2010C. M. Ayoub Summary Tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy has a high failure rate when performed by untrained medical personnel. This study compares tracheal intubation following direct laryngoscopy by inexperienced medical students when initially trained by using either the GlideScope®, a video assisted laryngoscope, or a rigid (Macintosh) laryngoscope. Forty-two medical students with no previous experience in tracheal intubation were randomly divided into two equal groups to receive training with the GlideScope or with direct laryngoscopy. Subsequently, each medical student performed three consecutive intubations on patients with normal airways that were observed by a anaesthetist who was blinded to the training method. The rates of successful intubation were significantly higher in the Glidescope group after the first (48%), second (62%), and third (81%) intubations compared with the Macintosh group (14%, 14% and 33%; p = 0.043, 0.004 and 0.004, respectively). The mean (SD) times for the first, second, and third successful tracheal intubations were significantly shorter in the Glidescope group (59.3 (4.4) s, 56.6 (7.1) s and 50.1 (4.0) s) than the Macintosh group (70.7 (7.5) s, 73.7 (7.3) s and 67.6 (2.0) s; p = 0.006, 0.003 and 0.0001, respectively). Training with a video-assisted device such as the GlideScope improves the success rate and time for tracheal intubation in patients with normal airways when this is performed by inexperienced individuals following a short training programme. [source] Evaluation of a diclofenac transdermal patch for the attenuation of venous cannulation pain: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyANAESTHESIA, Issue 4 2006A. Agarwal Summary Venous cannulation, although a minor procedure, is often painful. The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of a diclofenac transdermal patch placed over the venepuncture site in decreasing the pain of cannulation. Seventy-two adults undergoing elective surgery were included in this randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were divided into three equal groups. The Control group had a placebo adhesive patch placed on the both the dorsum of hand and the buttock; the Diclofenac-Buttock group had a placebo patch placed on the dorsum of the hand and a diclofenac transdermal patch on the buttock; the Diclofenac-Hand group had a diclofenac transdermal patch placed on the dorsum of hand and a placebo patch on the buttock. The patches were applied 1 h before cannulation. An 18G cannula was used for all venous cannulations. Pain during cannulation was assessed on a non-graduated 10-cm visual analogue scale. Median [interquartile range] pain scores were 3.0 [2.0,4.0] in the Diclofenac-Hand group, 5.0 [4.3,7.8] in the Diclofenac-Buttock group and 6.5 [4.5,7.0] in the Control group, p < 0.05. The numbers needed to treat were six and two in the Diclofenac-Buttock and Diclofenac-Hand groups, respectively. The application of a diclofenac transdermal patch at the cannulation site appears to be effective in decreasing cannulation pain. [source] Relationship of Birth Weight with the Size, Number and Proportion of Fibres in the Pig Semitendinosus MuscleANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2009F. Tristán Summary The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between body weight and the size, number and proportion of muscle fibre types in the pig semitendinosus muscle at birth. Based on weight at birth, 68 specimens selected from 21 different litters from the same farm were allotted in two equal groups (G1 and G2). G1 included 34 piglets ,1.1 kg and G2 34 pigs ,2 kg. Fifteen piglets per group were killed at birth and the remaining 19 piglets in each group were reared until weaning (21 days) and post-weaning (67 days). The weight and total cross-sectional area of the semitendinosus muscle were recorded at birth. Then, type I and type II fibres from the superficial portion of the muscle were identified according to histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques and percentages, average size of each fibre type, and the total number of muscle fibres were estimated by morphometry. Birth weight in G1 was 54.74% lower than that in G2. Correspondingly, the total cross-sectional area of the semitendinosus, as well as the size and number of muscle fibres, was significantly lower in G1 (P < 0.001). Weight at birth still influenced weights at weaning and post-weaning, hence it was 43.17% and 28.38% lower respectively in G1. It is concluded that pig weight at birth is associated with muscle cellularity of the semitendinosus muscle of pig, which may influence the postnatal muscle growth and final size of muscle fibres and meat quality. [source] Effects of feeding fermented fish on egg cholesterol content in hensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Teck-Chwen LOH ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding fermented fish (FF) to layers on laying performance, and polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol levels in eggs and plasma. A total of 96, 13-week-old Babcock B380 pullets were used in this study. They were randomly assigned to four numerically equal groups with eight replicates per treatment, three birds per replicate. All the birds were housed in individual cages. The dietary treatments were: Control diet, without FF; FF3 diet containing 3% (w/w) FF, FF6 diet containing 6% (w/w) FF and FF9 diet containing 9% (w/w) FF. The study was carried out for 16 weeks inclusive of two weeks of adjustment. Weekly feed intake and egg production were recorded. Blood plasma cholesterol and fatty acid profiles were assayed at the end of the experiment. FF did not enhance (P > 0.05) egg mass but (P < 0.05) decreased egg weight slightly. However, egg yolk cholesterol and plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) by FF. The n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio in the egg yolk (Control = 7.9, FF9 = 6.2) and plasma (Control = 10.6, FF9 = 6.2) were decreased by feeding FF. Moreover, FF was able to increase (P < 0.05) the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in egg yolk and plasma. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FF increased DHA and reduced egg yolk cholesterol in poultry eggs. [source] Effects of pneumoperitoneum with or without colostomy on rat colonic anastomotic healingANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 3 2004Hedef Özgün Background: Elevated intra-abdominal pressure and colostomy have adverse effects on colonic anastomoses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of laparoscopic colon surgery with and without diverting colostomy on healing of colonic anastomoses in an experimental model. Methods: Thirty-six male rats were divided into three equal groups: group 1, control (colonic anastomosis and anaesthesia for 180 min only); group 2, 180 min pneumoperitoneum and colonic anastomosis; and group 3, similar to group 2 with a proximal colostomy. On day 7, bursting pressures, tissue hydroxyproline and nitric oxide concentrations and histopathological inflammation scores were determined and compared. Results: Mean bursting pressures were higher in the control group than the two pneumoperitoneum groups (P = 0.0003). Mean tissue hydroxyproline concentrations showed no difference (P > 0.05). Mean tissue nitric oxide concentrations were significantly increased in the control group (P = 0.0013). Histopathological scores demonstrated increased inflammatory response in group 3 compared to the controls (P = 0.0009). Conclusion: Pneumoperitoneum delays collagen maturation and impairs anastomotic strength in the colon. Following pneumoperitoneum, performance of a diverting loop colostomy to protect the anastomosis will not have additional detrimental effects on anastomotic healing. [source] A comparison of tramadol and pethidine analgesia on the duration of labour: A randomised clinical trialAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Maryam KHOOSHIDEH Background: The ideal obstetric analgesia should provide analgesic efficacy without attenuation of uterine contractions. Aims: To compare the outcome of intramuscular administration of pethidine and tramadol in labour analgesia. Methods: One hundred and sixty full-term parturients were randomly assigned to two equal groups in active labour. Group P received 50 mg pethidine; and group T, 100 mg tramadol intramuscularly. Primary outcome measure was the duration of the labour. The analgesic efficacy, maternal side-effects, mode of delivery, maternal satisfaction and Apgar score as the secondary outcome were assessed. Results: The duration of labour was shorter in group T, for first stage (190 vs 140 min; P < 0.0001) and for second stage (33 vs 25 min; P = 0.001). There were no differences in Groups P and T with respect to median (7 vs 8) and maximum (7.5 vs 8) visual analog scores (VAS) for pain at 10 min and one hour after drug administration. Women in group P had lower VAS pain scores than those in group T in the second stage of labour (8 vs 9; P = 0/009). There was a significantly higher incidence of nausea and vomiting (35% vs 15%; P = 0.003) and drowsiness (80% vs 29%; P < 0.0001) in group P. Conclusion: Both 100 mg tramadol and 50 mg pethidine provide moderate analgesia in first stage of labour. Tramadol seems to cause a shorter duration of labour and lower incidence of maternal side-effects. However, its analgesic efficacy was not found to be as effective as pethidine, especially in the second stage of labour. [source] In vivo effects of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite on enamel demineralization around orthodontic bracketsAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010T Uysal Abstract Background:, The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of an amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets, and to compare it with the control. Methods:, Fourteen orthodontic patients were divided into two equal groups. They received brackets fitted to all first premolars, bonded with either Aegis Ortho® (The Bosworth Co.), an ACP-containing orthodontic composite (experimental group), or Concise® (3M Dental Products), a resin-based orthodontic composite (control group). After 30 days, the teeth were extracted and longitudinally sectioned, and evaluated by superficial-microhardness analysis. The determinations were made at the bracket edge cementing limits and at occlusal and cervical points 100 and 200 ,m away from the edge. In all of these positions, indentations were made at depths of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, and 90 ,m from the enamel surface. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test was used. The statistical significance level was set at p <0.05. Results:, The ANOVA showed statistically significant differences for position, material, depth, and their interactions (p <0.001). The multiple comparison test showed that the ACP-containing orthodontic composite was significantly more efficient than the control composite, reducing enamel demineralization in almost all evaluations (p <0.001). Conclusions:, Present results indicated that ACP-containing orthodontic composite for bonding orthodontic brackets successfully inhibited demineralization in vivo. This effect was localized to the area around the brackets and was statistically significant after 30 days. [source] Folinic acid protects against suppression of growth by Methotrexate in miceBIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 4 2001M. Perwaiz Iqbal Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate whether folinic acid supplementation would protect young mice against suppression of growth by methotrexate (MTX). Four equal groups of Balb/c young male mice (5 animals in each group; mean±SD body weight 9.64±0.85 g, in their rapid growth phase) were subjected to the following drug treatment: One group was given MTX (3.5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally on every 2nd day, another received folinic acid (7.0 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally every 2nd day. The third group was given both of these drugs (MTX on every 2nd day and folinic acid 8 h post-MTX injection). The fourth group was injected with physiological saline every other day to serve as a control group. Total body weight, food and water consumption by animals in each group were monitored every second day for a period of 3 weeks. After this period mice were sacrificed and liver, spleen and kidneys were excised, weighed and analyzed for MTX and dihydrofolate reductase activity. A small segment of the proximal part of small intestine and small pieces of liver and kidney were also removed to study morphological changes. Compared to the groups, which received folinic acid alone, folinic acid plus MTX or physiological saline, mean increase in body weight (6.8±0.8 g) of mice over a period of 3 weeks was minimal in the group receiving MTX alone (one-way ANOVA p=0.0001). The mean weights of liver and kidney in this group receiving MTX alone were also found to be significantly less than the mean weights of these organs in the 3 groups (p<0.001). The negative effect on growth of animals appears not only due to malabsorption but inhibition of pathway of de novo DNA synthesis may also be involved. This is supported by loss of villous pattern in small intestine of mice treated with MTX alone and increased accumulation of free MTX and decreased dihydrofolate reductase in the liver of the group receiving MTX alone as compared with the group receiving MTX plus folinic acid. The data indicate that the administration of folinic acid protects mice against suppression of growth by MTX. On the basis of these observations it can be deduced that patients suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving MTX over a long period of time might be at a risk of experiencing short-term suppression of growth, however they could benefit from supplementation with folinic acid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of chronic treatment with vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on female rat bladder in a partial bladder outlet obstruction modelBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2009Seiji Matsumoto OBJECTIVES To investigate whether vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, would protect the bladder from decompensatory changes in a 4-week rat bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) model, as evidence has been accumulating that PDE-5 inhibitors improve lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 50 12-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five equal groups; group 1, sham operated vehicle control rats; group 2, BOO vehicle rats; group 3,5, BOO rats given oral vardenafil at 5, 20, 80 mg/L, respectively. Vardenafil was given in drinking water from the day of surgery. At 4-weeks after the introduction of BOO, vardenafil was washed-out by giving water for 24,48 h, and then the bladder was excised and dissected into four longitudinal strips for isometric organ-bath assay. Contractile responses of bladder strips to electrical field stimulation (EFS), carbachol and KCl was determined for each group. RESULTS BOO induced a significant increase in bladder weight in group 2 compared with group 1. Bladder weights of groups 3,5 were not significantly different from that of group 2. The contractile forces in response to EFS, carbachol and KCl in group 2 were 30.7,51.7% of those in group 1. Vardenafil treatment in groups 3,5 generally did not block the BOO-induced reduction of contractile force in the bladder strips. However, treatment with a high dose of vardenafil resulted in a significant increase in the contractile response to carbachol (78.4% group 5 vs 51.7% group 2). CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with a high dose of vardenafil protected the rat bladder from BOO-induced contractile dysfunction to carbachol. [source] Effect of letrozole on urinary bladder function in the female rabbitBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2007Wei-Yu Lin OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of letrozole (a potent aromatase inhibitor that effectively inhibit the synthesis of oestrogen) on bladder contraction with changes in morphology and biochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen female New Zealand white rabbits were separated into four equal groups; groups 1,3 were given oral letrozole for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and group 4 was given saline and served as the control group. At the end of the medication period each rabbit was anaesthetized and the bladder muscle strips were used for contractile, histological and biochemical studies. RESULTS The concentration of serum oestrogen was significantly lower and testosterone was significantly higher in letrozole-treated rabbits than in the control group. The rabbits treated for 1 week with letrozole showed significant decreases in the contractile responses to electrical field stimulation, ATP and carbachol, but not to KCl. Contractility returned to normal in the rabbits treated for 2 and 3 weeks. Letrozole resulted in an increased volume percentage of collagens and decreased bladder compliance. The volume percentage of the smooth muscle component also changed, with a significant decrease at 1 week and then a gradual increase at 2 and 3 weeks. Contractile dysfunction was absent at 2 and 3 weeks, which was consistent with no change in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase content or mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS The bladder contractility decline in the first week and was restored at 2 and 3 weeks. The present study unexpectedly showed the possibility that testosterone might be as important as oestrogen in the contractile function of the female bladder. [source] | ||||||||||||||||