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Earth Elements (earth + element)
Kinds of Earth Elements Selected AbstractsRare Earth Element and Trace Element Features of Gold-bearing Pyrite in the Jinshan Gold Deposit, Jiangxi ProvinceACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 3 2010Guangzhou MAO Abstract: Jinshan gold deposit is located in northeastern Jiangxi, South China, which is related to the ductile shear zone. It has a gold reserve of more than 200 tons, with 80% of gold occurring in pyrite. The ,REE of gold-bearing pyrite is as higher as 171.664 ppm on average, with relatively higher light rare earth elements (LREE; 159.556 ppm) and lower HREE (12.108 ppm). The ,LREE/,HREE ratio is 12.612 and (La/Yb)N is 11.765. These indicate that pyrite is rich in LREE. The (La/Sm)N ratio is 3.758 and that of (Gd/Yb)N is 1.695. These are obvious LREE fractionations. The rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns show obvious Eu anomaly with average ,Eu values of 0.664, and ,Ce anomalies of 1.044. REE characteristics are similar to those of wall rocks (regional metamorphic rocks), but different from those of the Dexing granodiorite porphyry and Damaoshan biotite granite. These features indicate that the ore-forming materials in the Jinshan gold deposit derived from the wall rocks, and the ore-forming fluids derived from metamorphic water. The Co/Ni ratio (average value 0.38) of pyrite suggests that the Jinshan gold deposit formed under a medium,low temperature. It is inferred from the values of high-field strength elements, LREE, Hf/Sm, Nb/La, and Th/La of the pyrite that the ore-forming fluids of the Jinshan gold deposit derived from metamorphic water with Cl>F. [source] The Direct Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Basaltic and Related Rocks using ICP-MS: Testing the Efficiency of Microwave Oven Sample Decomposition ProceduresGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Margareth S. Navarro éléments Terres Rares; attaque acide dans un four à micro onde; bombes Parr; ICP-MS; techniques de décomposition Tests are described showing the results obtained for the determination of REE and the trace elements Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th and U with ICP-MS methodology for nine basaltic reference materials, and thirteen basalts and amphibolites from the mafic-ultramafic Niquelândia Complex, central Brazil. Sample decomposition for the reference materials was performed by microwave oven digestion (HF and HNO3, 100 mg of sample), and that for the Niquelândia samples also by Parr bomb treatment (5 days at 200°C, 40 mg of sample). Results for the reference materials were similar to published values, thus showing that the microwave technique can be used with confidence for basaltic rocks. No fluoride precipitates were observed in the microwave-digested solutions. Total recovery of elements, including Zr and Hf, was obtained for the Niquelândia samples, with the exception of an amphibolite. For this latter sample, the Parr method achieved a total digestion, but not so the microwave decomposition; losses, however, were observed only for Zr and Hf, indicating difficulty in dissolving Zr-bearing minerals by microwave acid attack. Les Terres Rares et les éléments en trace suivants: Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th et U, ont été analysés par ICP-MS dans neuf matériaux de référence de composition basaltique et treize basaltes et amphibolites du Complexe basique -ultrabasique Niquelândia (centre du Brésil). Les matériaux de référence ont été mis en solution par attaque acide dans un four à micro ondes (HF et HNO3, 100 mg d'échantillon) et ceux de Niquelândia l'ont été aussi par attaque dans des bombes Parr (5 jours à 200°C, 40 mg d'échantillon). Les résultats obtenus sur les matériaux de référence sont identiques aux valeurs publiées, montrant que la technique d'attaque par micro onde peut être appliquée en toute confiance aux roches basaltiques. Aucun précipité de fluorure n'a été observé dans les solutions résultantes de l'attaque par micro onde. L'extraction des éléments a été totale, même pour Zr et Hf, pour les échantillons de Niquelândia, sauf pour une amphibole où seule la méthode d'attaque avec la bombe Parr a permis une extraction totale. Néanmoins, les pertes ne concernaient que Zr et Hf, révélant donc une certaine difficulté de la technique d'attaque par micro onde à détruire les minéraux contenant Zr. [source] Geochemistry of Platinum Group and Rare Earth Elements of the Polymetallic Layer in the Lower Cambrian, Weng'an, Guizhou ProvinceACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 3 2009Yong FU Abstract: The black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Weng'an, on the Yangtze platform of south China, contain voluminous polymetallic sulfide deposits. A comprehensive geochemical investigation of trace, rare earth, and platinum group elements (PGE) has been undertaken in order to discuss its ore genesis and correlation with the tectono-depositional setting. The ore-bearing layers enrich molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), uranium (U), arsenic (As), and rare earth elements (REE) in abundance. High uranium/thorium (U/Th) ratios (U/Th>1) indicated that mineralization was mainly influenced by the hydrothermal process. The ,U value was above 1.9, showing a reducing sedimentary condition. The REE patterns showed high enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) (heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (LREE/HREE=5,17), slightly negative europium (Eu) and cerium (Ce) anomalies (,Eu=0.81,0.93), and positive Ce anomalies (,Ce=0.76,1.12). PGE abundance was characterized by the PGE-type distribution patterns, enriching platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os). The Pt/Pd ratio was 0.8, which is close to the ratios of seawater and ultramafic rocks. All of these geochemical features suggest that the mineralization was triggered by hydrothermal activity in an extensional setting in the context of break-up of the Rodinian supercontinent. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Polymorphism in the Germanides REPdGe with the Heavy Rare Earth Elements.CHEMINFORM, Issue 37 2009Ute Ch. Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Platinum-Germanium Ordering in the Germanides REPtGe with the Heavy Rare Earth Elements.CHEMINFORM, Issue 28 2009Ute Ch. Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Thermal and Electrical Properties of Ba2In2O5 Substituted for In-Site by Rare Earth Elements.CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2006Tuan Q. Ta Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Structures and Electromagnetic Properties of the A-Site Disordered Ba-Based Manganites; Ln0.5Ba0.5MnO3 (Ln: Y and Rare Earth Elements).CHEMINFORM, Issue 6 2005Tomohiko Nakajima Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl Derivatives of Calcium, Strontium and Barium: Potentially Useful Dialkyls of the Heavy Alkaline Earth ElementsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 36 2008Getting a complex! Dialkyls of the heavier Group,2 elements Ca, Sr and Ba (see figure) are simple to synthesise with careful selection of the correct alkyl ligand and reaction conditions. The crystal structures of three bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl complexes are reported, and contain the first unsupported Sr- and Ba-to-alkyl carbon bonds. [source] Rare Earth Benzotriazolates: Coordination Polymers Incorporating Decomposition Products from Ammonia to 1,2-Diaminobenzene in,1[Ln(Btz)3(BtzH)] (Ln = Ce, Pr), ,1[Ln(Btz)3{Ph(NH2)2}] (Ln = Nd, Tb, Yb), and ,1[Ho2(Btz)6(BtzH)(NH3)],EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2006Klaus Müller-Buschbaum Abstract The solvent-free melt reactions of benzotriazole (BtzH, C6H4N2NH) with rare earth metals result in three different types of benzotriazolate coordination polymers. Early 4f metals yield ,1[Ln(Btz)3(BtzH)] [Ln = Ce (1), Pr (2)], from neodymium to ytterbium the type ,1[Ln(Btz)3{Ph(NH2)2}] is observed [Ln = Nd (3), Tb (4), Yb (5)], whereas the late 4f metal Ho gives ,1[Ho2(Btz)6(BtzH)(NH3)] (6). Depending on the reaction conditions and the respective rare earth element, ligand fragments originating from decomposition products are incorporated in the coordination polymers. Compounds 1,3 and 6 were obtained as single crystals and their crystal structures determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis, whilst 4 and 5 were obtained as powders. X-ray powder diffraction shows the isotypic character of polymers 3, 4, and 5. The benzotriazolates contain trivalent lanthanide ions with complete nitrogen coordination. Decomposition of the ligand accompanies the formation of the coordination polymers. X-ray analysis was combined with thermal analysis and mass spectrometry to investigate the influence of reaction temperatures on ligand decomposition. Ln-benzotriazolates exhibit aspects of materials science such as luminescence {5D4,7FJ, J = 4,6 for ,1[Tb(Btz)3{Ph(NH2)2}] (4)} without quenching by concentration. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] The genesis of the carbonatized and silicified ultramafics known as listvenites: a case study from the Mihal,çç,k region (Eski,ehir), NW TurkeyGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006Mehmet Akbulut Abstract The Mihal,çç,k region (Eski,ehir) in NW Turkey includes an ophiolitic assemblage with a serpentinite-matrix mélange. The serpentinites of this mélange host silica-carbonate metasomatites which were previously named as listvenites. Our mineralogical and geochemical studies revealed that these alteration assemblages represent members of the listvenitic series, mainly the carbonate rocks, silica-carbonate rocks and birbirites, rather than true listvenites (sensu stricto). Tectonic activity and lithology are principal factors that control the formation of these assemblages. Carbonatization and silicification of the serpentinite host-rock is generated by CO2, SiO2 -rich H2O hydrothermal fluid which includes As, Ba, Sb and Sr. Low precious metal (Au, Ag) contents of the alteration assemblages indicate lack of these metals in the fluid. Primary assemblages of the alteration are carbonate rocks that are followed by silica-carbonate rocks and birbirites, respectively. Petrographic studies and chemical analyses suggested an alkaline and moderate to high temperature (350,400°C) fluid with low oxygen and sulphur fugacity for the carbonatization of the serpentinites. The low temperature phases observed in the subsequent silicification indicated that the fluid cooled during progressive alteration. The increasing Fe-oxide content and sulphur phases also suggested increasing oxygen and sulphur fugacity during this secondary process and silica-carbonate rock formation. The occurrence of birbirites is considered as a result of reactivation of tectonic features. These rocks are classified in two sub-groups; the Group 1 birbirites show analogous rare earth element (REE) trends with the serpentinite host-rock, and the Group 2 birbirites simulate the REE trends of the nearby tectonic granitoid slices. The unorthodox REE trend of Group 2 birbirites is interpreted to have resulted from a mobilization process triggered by the weathering solutions rather than being products of enrichment by the higher temperature hydrothermal activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Cretaceous volcanic succession around the Songliao Basin, NE China: relationship between volcanism and sedimentationGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Pujun Wang Abstract With volume ratio of 8:1:1.5 amongst acidic, intermediate and basaltic rocks, the Cretaceous volcanics around the Songliao Basin are a series of high-K or medium-K, peraluminous or metaluminous, calc-alkaline rocks, lacking typical basalts and peralkaline members of typical rift-related types. Their eruption ages range between 133 and 127,Ma, 124 and 122,Ma and 117 and 113,Ma respectively. They are high in total (Rare earth element) REE contents (96.1,326,ppm), enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE (LREE/HREE,=,4.6,13.8), with negative Eu and Ce anomalies (Eu/Eu*,=,0.04,0.88; Ce/Ce*,=,0.60,0.97). They have enriched large-ion lithophile elements (e.g. K, Ba, Th) and depleted high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ti and Y), suggesting a subduction-related tectonic setting. The volcanic activities migrated from south to north, forming a successively northward-stepping volcanic series and showing a feature significantly different from the overlying sedimentary sequence striking northeast. Thus, an overlap basin model was proposed. Accompanied by opening of the basin, the volcanogenic succession was formed at the block-faulting stage (131,113,Ma) owing to the closure of the Mongolia,Okhotsk ocean in the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, while the overlying sedimentary sequence was unconformably deposited at the spreading stage (Albian,Maastrichtian) owing to the oblique subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate. The volcanic succession constitutes the lower unit of basin filling and is the forerunner of further basin spreading. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The geochemical characteristics of the Paraná River suspended sediment load: an initial assessmentHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 7 2003Pedro J. Depetris Abstract Most water in the Paraná River drainage basin is supplied by the tropical Upper Paraná (over 60% of the total annual water discharge, 550 km3). The total suspended solids (TSS) load (c. 80 × 106 t year,1), however, is essentially furnished (50,70%) by the mountainous, arid and mostly sediment-mantled upper Bermejo River drainage basin. This characteristic suggests that the Paraná River solid load (TSS, 600 km upstream from the mouth) is largely recycled sedimentary material, whose discharge-weighted mean chemical index of alteration is c. 71. The extended UCC-normalized multi-elemental diagrams are similar to those of other world rivers. Nevertheless, the detailed inspection of UCC-normalized rare earth element (REE) ,spidergrams' reveals a lithological source for the Paraná River TSS that might be compatible with either tholeiitic flood basalts (widespread in the upper drainage) or with young Andean intermediate volcanic rocks. In view of the Bermejo River's dominant role as a sediment contributor, we feel that the signature preserved in the Paraná's TSS is the latter. Conversely, the Uruguay River TSS REE signature is certainly determined by the extensive weathering products of Jurassic,Cretaceous tholeiitic basalts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of bimodal volcanism in the Sakoli Mobile Belt, Central Indian shieldISLAND ARC, Issue 1 2009Talat Ahmad Abstract The Sakoli Mobile Belt comprises bimodal volcanic rocks that include metabasalt, rhyolite, tuffs, and epiclastic rocks with metapelites, quartzite, arkose, conglomerate, and banded iron formation (BIF). Mafic volcanic rocks are tholeiitic to quartz-tholeiitic with normative quartz and hypersthene. SiO2 shows a large compositional gap between the basic and acidic volcanics, depicting their bimodal nature. Both the volcanics have distinct geochemical trends but display some similarity in terms of enriched light rare earth element,large ion lithophile element characteristics with positive anomalies for U, Pb, and Th and distinct negative anomalies for Nb, P, and Ti. These characteristics are typical of continental rift volcanism. Both the volcanic rocks show strong negative Sr and Eu anomalies indicating fractionation of plagioclases and K-feldspars, respectively. The high Fe/Mg ratios for the basic rocks indicate their evolved nature. Whole rock Sm,Nd isochrons for the acidic volcanic rocks indicate an age of crystallization for these volcanic rocks at about 1675 ± 180 Ma (initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51017 ± 0.00017, mean square weighted deviate [MSWD] = 1.6). The ,Ndt (t = 2000 Ma) varies between ,0.19 and +2.22 for the basic volcanic rock and between ,2.85 and ,4.29 for the acidic volcanic rocks. Depleted mantle model ages vary from 2000 to 2275 Ma for the basic and from 2426 to 2777 Ma for the acidic volcanic rocks, respectively. These model ages indicate that protoliths for the acidic volcanic rocks probably had a much longer crustal residence time. Predominantly basaltic magma erupted during the deposition of the Dhabetekri Formation and part of it pooled at crustal or shallower subcrustal levels that probably triggered partial melting to generate the acidic magma. The influence of basic magma on the genesis of acidic magma is indicated by the higher Ni and Cr abundance at the observed silica levels of the acidic magma. A subsequent pulse of basic magma, which became crustally contaminated, erupted as minor component along with the dominantly acidic volcanics during the deposition of the Bhiwapur Formation. [source] Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts from Jeju Island, KoreaISLAND ARC, Issue 4 2002SEONG HEE CHOI Abstract Ultramafic xenoliths in alkali basalts from Jeju Island, Korea, are mostly spinel lherzolites with subordinate amounts of spinel harzburgites and pyroxenites. The compositions of major oxides and compatible to moderately incompatible elements of the Jeju peridotite xenoliths suggest that they are residues after various extents of melting. The estimated degrees of partial melting from compositionally homogeneous and unfractionated mantle to form the residual xenoliths reach 30%. However, their complex patterns of chondrite-normalized rare earth element, from light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted through spoon-shaped to LREE-enriched, reflect an additional process. Metasomatism by a small amount of melt/fluid enriched in LREE followed the former melt removal, which resulted in the enrichment of the incompatible trace elements. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the Jeju xenoliths display a wide scatter from depleted mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB)-like to near bulk-earth estimates along the MORB,oceanic island basalt (OIB) mantle array. The varieties in modal proportions of minerals, (La/Yb)N ratio and Sr-Nd isotopes for the xenoliths demonstrate that the lithospheric mantle beneath Jeju Island is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity is a probable result of its long-term growth and enrichment history. [source] Geochemical constraints of the eclogite and granulite facies metamorphism as recognized in the Raobazhai complex from North Dabie Shan, ChinaJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Y. L. Xiao Abstract A combined study of major and trace elements, fluid inclusions and oxygen isotopes has been carried out on garnet pyroxenite from the Raobazhai complex in the North Dabie Terrane (NDT). Well-preserved compositional zoning with Na decreasing and Ca and Mg increasing from the core to rim of pyroxene in the garnet pyroxenite indicates eclogite facies metamorphism at the peak metamorphic stage and subsequent granulite facies metamorphism during uplift. A P,T path with substantial heating (from c. 750 to 900 °C) after the maximum pressure reveals a different uplift history compared with most other eclogites in the South Dabie Terrane (SDT). Fluid inclusion data can be correlated with the metamorphic grade: the fluid regime during the peak metamorphism (eclogite facies) was dominated by N2 -bearing NaCl-rich solutions, whereas it changed into CO2 -dominated fluids during the granulite facies retrograde metamorphism. At a late retrograde metamorphic stage, probably after amphibolite facies metamorphism, some external low-salinity fluids were involved. In situ UV-laser oxygen isotope analysis was undertaken on a 7 mm garnet, and impure pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase. The nearly homogeneous oxygen isotopic composition (,18OVSMOW = c. 6.7,) in the garnet porphyroblast indicates closed fluid system conditions during garnet growth. However, isotopic fractionations between retrograde phases (amphibole and plagioclase) and garnet show an oxygen isotopic disequilibrium, indicating retrograde fluid,rock interactions. Unusual MORB-like rare earth element (REE) patterns for whole rock of the garnet pyroxenite contrast with most ultra-high-pressure (UHP) eclogites in the Dabie-Sulu area. However, the age-corrected initial ,Nd(t) is ,,2.9, which indicates that the protolith of the garnet pyroxenite was derived from an enriched mantle rather than from a MORB source. Combined with the present data of oxygen isotopic compositions and the characteristic N2 content in the fluid inclusions, we suggest that the protolith of the garnet pyroxenite from Raobazhai formed in an enriched mantle fragment, which has been exposed to the surface prior to the Triassic metamorphism. [source] Raman phonons and Raman Jahn,Teller bands in perovskite-like manganitesJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 10 2001Milko N. Iliev The perovskite-like manganites R1,xAxMnO3, where R is a trivalent rare earth or Y and A is a divalent alkaline earth element, are characterized by a strong interplay of magnetism, electric transport and crystallographic distortion. At doping levels 0.15 < x < 0.45 the materials exhibit colossal magnetoresistance near the concomitant ferromagnetic and insulator,metal transitions. At a fractional doping level, such as x = 0.5, the crystallographic and magnetic environment is strongly modified and charge ordering between Mn3+ and Mn4+ or phase separation takes place. In this work, the polarized Raman spectra of the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases of parent RMnO3 compound were analyzed in close comparison with results of lattice dynamic calculations. We argue that the strong high-wavenumber bands between 400 and 700 cm,1, which dominate the Raman spectra of rhombohedral RMnO3 and magnetoresistive La1,xAxMnO3 are not proper Raman modes for the R3c or Pnma structures. Rather, the bands are of phonon density-of-states origin and correspond to oxygen phonon branches activated by the non-coherent Jahn,Teller distortions of the Mn3+O6 octahedra. The reduction of these bands upon doping of La1,xAxMnO3 and their disappearance in the ferromagnetic metallic phase support the model. The variation with temperature of the Raman spectra of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 is also discussed. The results give a strong indication for charge and orbital ordering and formation of superstructure at low temperatures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] High oxidation state during formation of Martian nakhlitesMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Anja SZYMANSKI Oxygen fugacities obtained cluster closely around the FMQ (Fayalite,Magnetite,Quartz) buffer (NWA998 = FMQ , 0.8; Y-000593 = FMQ , 0.7; Nakhla = FMQ; Lafayette = FMQ + 0.1). The corresponding equilibration temperatures are 810 °C for Nakhla and Y-000593, 780 °C for Lafayette and 710 °C for NWA998. All nakhlites record oxygen fugacities significantly higher and with a tighter range than those determined for Martian basalts, i.e., shergottites whose oxygen fugacities vary from FMQ , 1 to FMQ , 4. It has been known for some time that nakhlites are different from other Martian meteorites in chemistry, mineralogy, and crystallization age. The present study adds oxygen fugacity to this list of differences. The comparatively large variation in fO2 recorded by shergottites was interpreted by Herd et al. (2002) as reflecting variable degrees of contamination with crustal fluids that would also carry a light rare earth element (REE)-enriched component. The high oxygen fugacities and the large light REE enrichment of nakhlites fit qualitatively in this model. In detail, however, it is found that the inferred contaminating phase in nakhlites must have been different from those in shergottites. This is supported by unique 182W/184W and 142Nd/144Nd ratios in nakhlites, which are distinct from other Martian meteorites. It is likely that the differences in fO2 between nakhlites and other Martian meteorites were established very early in the history of Mars. Parental trace element rich and trace element poor regions (reservoirs) of Mars mantle (Brandon et al. 2000) must have been kept isolated throughout Martian history. Our results further show significant differences in closure temperature among the different nakhlites. The observed range in equilibration temperatures together with similar fO2 values is attributable to crystallization of nakhlites in the same cumulate pile or lava layer at different burial depths from 0.5 to 30 m below the Martian surface in agreement with Mikouchi et al. (2003) and is further confirmed by similar crystallization ages of about 1.3 Ga ago (e.g., Misawa et al. 2003). [source] Evolution of the winonaite parent body: Clues from silicate mineral trace element distributionsMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Christine FLOSS Textural evidence in these meteorites, including the presence of a plagioclase/clinopyroxene-rich lithology and coarse-grained olivine lithologies, suggests that they may have experienced some silicate partial melting. However, trace element distributions in these lithologies do not show any clear signatures for such an event. Pyroxene trace element compositions do exhibit systematic trends, with abundances generally lowest in Pontlyfni and highest in Winona. The fact that the same trends are present for both incompatible and compatible trace elements suggests, however, that the systematics are more likely the result of equilibration of minerals with initially heterogeneous and distinct compositions, rather than partial melting of a compositionally homogeneous precursor. The winonaites have experienced brecciation and mixing of lithologies, followed by varying degrees of thermal metamorphism on their parent body. These factors probably account for the variable bulk rare earth element (REE) patterns noted for these meteorites and may have led to re-equilibration of trace elements in different lithologies. [source] Authenticating the recovery location of meteorites: The case of CastenasoMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Luigi Folco Using the hypothesis that Castenaso was instead a hot-desert meteorite, we conducted a comparative mineralogical and geochemical study of major weathering effects on European and Saharan ordinary chondrites as potential markers of the environment where Castenaso resided during its terrestrial lifetime. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) data reveals that Castenaso is significantly enriched in Sr, Ba, Tl, and U, and suggests geochemical alteration in a hot-desert environment. The alteration is minor: Castenaso is not coated by desert varnish and does not show significant light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment or loss of Ni and Co. The apparent contrast in size, morphology, and composition between the soil particles filling the external fractures of Castenaso and those from the bank of the Idice Stream observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that Castenaso did not reside at the reported find location. Abraded quartz grains (up to 1 mm in size) in Castenaso are undoubtedly from a hot-desert eolian environment: they are well-rounded and show external surfaces characterized by the presence of dish-shaped concavities and upturned silica plates that have been subject to solution-precipitation and subsequent smoothing. We therefore conclude that Castenaso is one of the many hot-desert ordinary chondrite finds, probably from the Sahara, that is currently available on the market. This forensic work provides the scientific grounds for changing the name of this meteorite. [source] A petrologic and trace element study of Dar al Gani 476 and Dar al Gani 489: Twin meteorites with affinities to basaltic and lherzolitic shergottitesMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001M. WADHWA Having resided in a hot desert environment for an extended time, DaG 476 and DaG 489 were subjected to terrestrial weathering that significantly altered their chemical composition. In particular, analyses of some of the silicates show light rare earth element (LREE)-enrichment resulting from terrestrial alteration. In situ measurement of trace element abundances in minerals allows us to identify areas unaffected by this contamination and, thereby, to infer the petrogenesis of these meteorites. No significant compositional differences between DaG 476 and DaG 489 were found, supporting the hypothesis that they belong to the same fall. These meteorites have characteristics in common with both basaltic and lherzolitic shergottites, possibly suggesting spatial and petrogenetic associations of these two types of lithologies on Mars. However, the compositions of Fe-Ti oxides and the size of Eu anomalies in the earliest-formed pyroxenes indicate that the two Saharan meteorites probably experienced more reducing crystallization conditions than other shergottites (with the exception of Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94201). As is the case for other shergottites, trace element microdistributions in minerals of the DaG martian meteorites indicate that closed-system crystal fractionation from a LREE-depleted parent magma dominated their crystallization history. Furthermore, rare earth element abundances in the orthopyroxene megacrysts are consistent with their origin as xenocrysts rather than phenocrysts. [source] The pyroxene pallasites, Vermillion and Yamato 8451: Not quite a coupleMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000Joseph S. BOESENBERG Both meteorites contain low-Ca and high-Ca pyroxenes (<2% by volume) and have been dubbed "pyroxene pallasites." Pyroxene occurs as large individual grains, as inclusions in olivine and in other pyroxene, and as grains along the edges of olivine. Symplectic overgrowths, sometimes found in Main Group and Eagle Station pallasites, are not seen in the pyroxene pallasites. Olivine compositions are Fa10,12, similar to those of Main Group pallasites. Siderophile trace element data show that metal in the two meteorites have significantly differing compositions that are, for many elements, outside the range of the Main Group and Eagle Station pallasites. These compositions also differ from those of IAB and IIIAB iron meteorites. Rare earth element (REE) patterns in merrillite are similar to those seen in other pallasites, indicating formation by subsolidus reaction between metal and silicate, with the merrillite inheriting its pattern from the surrounding silicates. The O-isotopic compositions of Vermillion and Y-8451 are similar but differ from Main Group or Eagle Station pallasites, as well as other achondrite and primitive achondrite groups. Although Vermillion and Y-8451 have similar mineralogy, pyroxene compositions, REE patterns, and O-isotopic compositions, there is sufficient evidence to resist formally grouping these two meteorites. This evidence includes the texture of Vermillion, siderophile trace element data, and the presence of cohenite in Vermillion. [source] A novel calixarene-containing hyperbranched aliphatic polyester incorporated with pendant europium complexesPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 6 2009Jichang Feng Abstract A novel calixarene-containing hyperbranched aliphatic polyester incorporated with pendant europium complexes (H20-Cal-Eu) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, UV, and element analysis. The polymer H20-Cal-Eu shows a glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 127°C, and a deposition temperature in the range of 280,600°C, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The investigation on its photoluminescence (PL) properties revealed that the polymer emitted a remarkably strong red luminescence. Furthermore, its half spectral bandwidth of the polymer film is only about 10,nm as determined from luminescence spectra, suggesting that the light is nearly monochromatic. It is proposed that the hyperbranched polymer (HBP) containing rare earth element exhibits great potential as a red light emitting material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Magmatic evolution of the Mantos Blancos copper deposit, Coastal Range of northern Chile: insight from Sr,Nd isotope, geochemical data and silicate melt inclusionsRESOURCE GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Luis E. Ramírez Abstract The Mantos Blancos copper deposit (500 Mt at 1.0% Cu) was affected by two superimposed hydrothermal events: (i) phyllic alteration related to a rhyolitic dome emplacement and brecciation at ca 155 Ma; and (ii) potassic, sodic and propylitic alteration at ca 142 Ma, coeval with stocks and sills emplacement of dioritic and granodioritic porphyries, that locally grade upwards into polymictic magmatic hydrothermal breccias. Major hypogene copper sulfide mineralization is related to the second event. A late-ore mafic dike swarm cross-cuts all rocks in the deposit. Two types of granodioritic porphyries can be distinguished from petrographic observations and geochemical data: granodiorite porphyry I (GP I) and granodiorite porphyry II (GP II), which resulted from two different trends of magmatic evolution. The concave shape of the rare earth element (REE) distribution pattern together with the weak or absence of negative Eu anomalies in mafic dikes, dioritic and GP I porphyries, suggest hornblende-dominated fractionation for this magmatic suite. In contrast, distinct negative Eu anomalies and the flat REE patterns suggest plagioclase-dominated fractionation, at low oxygen fugacity, for the GP II porphyry suite. But shallow mixing and mingling between silicic and dioritic melts are also likely for the formation of the GP II and polymictic breccias, respectively. Sr-Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the rhyolitic dome rocks were generated from a dominantly crustal source, while the GP I has mantle affinity. The composition of melt inclusions (MI) in quartz crystals from the rhyolitic dome is similar to the bulk composition of their host rock. The MI analyzed in quartz from GP II and in the polymictic magmatic hydrothermal breccia of the deposit are compositionally more evolved than their host rocks. Field, geochemical and petrographic data provided here point to dioritic and siliceous melt interaction as an inducing mechanism for the release of hydrothermal fluids to form the Cu mineralization. [source] REE and C-O Isotopic Geochemistry of Calcites from the World-class Huize Pb-Zn Deposits, Yunnan, China: Implications for the Ore GenesisACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 3 2010Zhilong HUANG Abstract: The world-class Huize Pb-Zn deposits of Yunnan province, in southwestern China, located in the center of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic province, has Pb+Zn reserves of more than 5 million tons at Pb+Zn grade of higher than 25% and contains abundant associated metals, such as Ag, Ge, Cd, and Ga. The deposits are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous carbonate strata and the Permian Emeishan basalts which distributed in the northern and southwestern parts of the orefield. Calcite is the only gangue mineral in the primary ores of the deposits and can be classified into three types, namely lumpy, patch and vein calcites in accordance with their occurrence. There is not intercalated contact between calcite and ore minerals and among the three types of calcite, indicating that they are the same ore-forming age with different stages and its forming sequence is from lumpy to patch to vein calcites. This paper presents the rare earth element (REE) and C-O isotopic compositions of calcites in the Huize Pb-Zn deposits. From lumpy to patch to vein calcites, REE contents decrease as LREE/HREE ratios increase. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the three types of calcites are characterized by LREE-rich shaped, in which the lumpy calcite shows (La)N < (Ce)N < (Pr)N, (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* < 1, the patch calcite has (La)N < (Ce)N < (Pr)N, (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* > 1, and the vein calcite displays (La)N > (Ce)N > (Pr)N > (Nd)N with Eu/Eu* > 1. The REE geochemistry of the three types of calcite is different from those of the strata of various age and Permian Emeishan basalt exposed in the orefield. The ,13CPDB and ,18OSMOW values of the three types of calcites vary from ,3.5, to ,2.1, and 16.7, to 18.6,, respectively, falling within a small field between primary mantle and marine carbonate in the ,13CPDB vs ,18OSMOW diagram. Various lines of evidence demonstrate that the three types of calcites in the deposits are produced from the same source with different stages. The ore-forming fluids of the deposits resulted from crustal-mantle mixing processes, in which the mantle-derived fluid components might be formed from degassing of mantle or/and magmatism of the Permian Emeishan basalts, and the crustal fluid was mainly provided by carbonate strata in the orefield. The ore-forming fluids in the deposits were homogenized before mineralization, and the ore-forming environment varied from relatively reducing to oxidizing. [source] Geochemistry and Genesis of the Late Jurassic Granitoids at Northern Great Hinggan Range: Implications for ExplorationACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 2 2010Guang WU Abstract: The Longgouhe and Ershiyizhan intrusions of the Late Jurassic, located in the Upper Heilongjiang Basin of the northern Great Hinggan Range, are closely related to porphyry Cu-Au mineralizations. In lithology the intrusions are quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of high-K calc-alkaline series, with minor aspects of shoshonite series. Their SiO2 and Al2O3 contents range from 61.37% to 66.59% and 15.35% to 17.06%, respectively. The MgO content ranges from 2.02% to 3.47%, with Mg# indices of 44,59. The (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* values range from 16.85 to 81.73 and 0.68 to 0.93, respectively, showing strong differentiation rare earth element (REE) patterns similar to those of adakites. The rocks are enriched in Ba, Sr and light REE (LREE), obviously depleted in Nb and Ta, slightly depleted in Rb and Ti, and poor in Yb and Y, with Yb and Y contents of 0.31,1.32 ppm and 4.32,12.07 ppm, respectively. As indicated by Sr/Y ratios of 67.74,220.60, the rocks are characterized by low-Y and high-Sr contents, which characterize the adakites in the world. Holistically, geochemical tracers suggest that the interested intrusions are adakitic rocks. Given that the Paleo-Asian Ocean and Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean were closed in the Late Paleozoic and Permian-Middle Jurassic, respectively, the interested intrusions should be formed by partial melting of delaminated crust, which had been thickened during collisional orogeny between the Siberian and Mongolian-Sinokorean continents. [source] Multi-year tracking of sediment sources in a small agricultural watershed using rare earth elementsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 14 2006A. Kimoto Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) have been successfully used as a sediment tracer, but the REE technique has never been used for studying sediment sources for a multi-year period. A nearly four-year field experiment was conducted on a small agricultural watershed near Coshocton, OH, USA, to assess the applicability of the REE technique for a multi-year period and to evaluate the relative contributions of sediment sources in the watershed. Tracer depletion and tracer enrichment ratio (ratio of the tracer concentrations in sediment to the concentrations in the soil in the areas of application) were evaluated to examine the applicability and accuracy of the technique. A minimum of 91 per cent of the mass of the applied elements was still available on any individual morphological element at the end of the experimental period. The tracer enrichment ratio varied from 0·4 to 2·3, and it was not significantly related to time. The relative contributions of six morphological elements within the watershed were evaluated as proportions to total sediment yield. The relative contribution of the lower channel was significantly increased as a function of the amount of sediment yield, while that of the lower backslope was significantly decreased. The relative contribution of the lower channel significantly decreased as a function of cumulative sediment yield, while the contributions of the shoulder and the upper backslope significantly increased. Our results showed that the REE technique can be used to track sediment sources for a relatively long period with two limitations or potential sources of error associated with a selective depletion of tracers and a contamination of downslope areas with tagged sediments from upslope areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Frameworks by Solvent-Free Synthesis of Rare Earth Chlorides with Molten 1,3-Benzodinitrile and Tailoring of the Particle Size: ,3[LnCl3{1,3-C6H4(CN)2}], Ln = Y, Dy, Ho, Er, YbEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010Christoph J. Höller Abstract The solvent-free melt reactions of anhydrous rare earth trichlorides with molten 1,3-benzodinitrile [1,3-C6H4(CN)2, C8H4N2] result in isophthalonitrile frameworks of the rare earth elements. The particle size of the products can bevaried from the millimeter to the nanometer scale (down to 50,400 nm) depending on the synthesis conditions. Thus, these network structures are among the very few coordination polymers that can be synthesized as nanoparticles. A constitution of 1:1 concerning LnCl3/1,3-C6H4(CN)2 is found for Y (1), Dy (2), Ho (3), Er (4), and Yb (5) in isotypic,3[LnCl3{1,3-C6H4(CN)2}]. The ligand 1,3-C6H4(CN)2 functions both as chemical scissors and replaces chloride linkages by degrading the rare earth chloride structures, and subsequently forms new 3D-framework structures. They consist of strands of chlorido-coordinated lanthanide atoms, which are linked in two dimensions by 1,3-C6H4(CN)2 molecules. Compounds 1,5 were obtained as single crystals from the melt reaction, and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. They can also be obtained as nanocrystalline materials from a ball mill treatment, identified by electron microscopy (REM) and EDX analysis. [source] Influence of Potsdam sandstone on the trace element signatures of some 19th-century American and Canadian glass: Redwood, Redford, Mallorytown, and Como,HudsonGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008J. Victor Owen Potsdam sandstone from quarries and outcrops near 19th-century glassworks sites in Redwood, NY, and Saranac, NY, Mallorytown, ON, and Como and Hudson, QC, commonly contains _97% silica, so in terms of its purity can compete with other historical producers of silica sand (e.g., Cheshire quartzite, MA; southern New Jersey sand). Exploratory analysis of trace element data using multidimensional scaling (MDS) shows that geographically distinct sources of Potsdam sandstone can be distinguished from one another and from competing sources of silica sand, particularly in terms of high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Y, Ti, Zr), the rare earth elements, and radioactive elements (U, Th), and this geochemical signature is carried through to the glass it was used to manufacture. Other trace elements (e.g., Ba, Sr, Rb) are concentrated in various batch ingredients (e.g., limestone, alkali fluxes). The Hf/Nb, La/Ce, Nb/Th, and La/Zr ratios for each type of glass and nearby Potsdam sandstone sources cluster together in distinct fields on MDS plots. These data confirm the use of Potsdam sandstone in these important historical glassworks, and show that except for material sampled from neighboring communities (Mallorytown and Redwood), trace elements can be used to identify specific sources of silica historically used by the glassmaking industry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Accurate U-Pb Age and Trace Element Determinations of Zircon by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometryGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004Honglin Yuan LA-ICP-MS; laser excimer; zircon; géochronologie; éléments en trace Various zircons of Proterozoic to Oligocene ages (1060-31 Ma) were analysed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Calibration was performed using Harvard reference zircon 91500 or Australian National University reference zircon TEMORA 1 as external calibrant. The results agree with those obtained by SIMS within 2s error. Twenty-four trace and rare earth elements (P, Ti, Cr, Y, Nb, fourteen REE, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th and U) were analysed on four fragments of zircon 91500. NIST SRM 610 was used as the reference material and 29Si was used as internal calibrant. Based on determinations of four fragments, this zircon shows significant intra-and inter-fragment variations in the range from 10% to 85% on a scale of 120 ,m, with the variation of REE concentrations up to 38.7%, although the chondrite-normalised REE distributions are very similar. In contrast, the determined age values for zircon 91500 agree with TIMS data and are homogeneous within 8.7 Ma (2s). A two-stage ablation strategy was developed for optimising U-Pb age determinations with satisfactory trace element and REE results. The first cycle of ablation was used to collect data for age determination only, which was followed by continuous ablation on the same spot to determine REE and trace element concentrations. Based on this procedure, it was possible to measure zircon ages as low as 30.37 0.39 Ma (MSWD = 1.4; 2s). Other examples for older zircons are also given. Différents zircons d'âges variant du Protérozoïque à l'Oligocène (1060-31 Ma) ont été analysés par spectrométrie avec source à plasma induit et ablation laser. La calibration a été faite en utilisant le zircon 91500 de référence de Harvard ou le zircon TEMORA 1 de référence de l'Université Nationale Australienne comme calibrant externe. Les résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus par SIMS aux erreurs analytiques près (2s). Vingt-quatre éléments en trace et Terres Rares (P, Ti, Cr, Y, Nb, quatorze ETR, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th et U) ont été analysés sur quatre fragments du zircon 91500. Le standard SRM 610 de NIST a été utilisé comme matériau de référence et 29Si comme calibrant interne. À partir des déterminations faites sur ces quatre fragments, ce zircon montre des variations intra et inter fragments de l'ordre de 10%à 85%à une échelle de 120 ,m, avec des variations des concentrations de Terres Rares allant jusquà 38.7%, bien que le spectre de Terres Rares normalisé aux chondrites reste très constant. Au contraire, les âges déterminés pour le zircon 91500 sont en accord avec les résultats de TIMS et sont homogènes à 8.7 Ma près (2s). Une stratégie d'ablation en deux étapes a été développée pour optimiser les déterminations d'âges U-Pb, et avoir des résultats de Terres Rares et d'éléments en trace satisfaisants. Le premier cycle d'ablation était utilisé pour collecter les données nécessaires à la détermination de l'âge seulement et était suivi d'un cycle d'ablation continue sur le même spot, pour déterminer les concentrations en Terres Rares et en éléments en trace. Grâce à cette procédure, il a été possible de mesurer des âges sur zircons aussi récents que 30.37 0.39 Ma (MSWD = 1.4; 2s). D'autres exemples sur des zircons plus vieux sont aussi donnés. [source] Further Characterisation of the 91500 Zircon CrystalGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Michael Wiedenbeck zircon 91500; matériau de référence; intercomparaison entre techniques; valeurs de travail This paper reports the results from a second characterisation of the 91500 zircon, including data from electron probe microanalysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser fluorination analyses. The focus of this initiative was to establish the suitability of this large single zircon crystal for calibrating in situ analyses of the rare earth elements and oxygen isotopes, as well as to provide working values for key geochemical systems. In addition to extensive testing of the chemical and structural homogeneity of this sample, the occurrence of banding in 91500 in both backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence images is described in detail. Blind intercomparison data reported by both LA-ICP-MS and SIMS laboratories indicate that only small systematic differences exist between the data sets provided by these two techniques. Furthermore, the use of NIST SRM 610 glass as the calibrant for SIMS analyses was found to introduce little or no systematic error into the results for zircon. Based on both laser fluorination and SIMS data, zircon 91500 seems to be very well suited for calibrating in situ oxygen isotopic analyses. Cet article présente les résultats d'une nouvelle caractérisation du zircon 91500, dont des données de microanalyse par sonde électronique, d'analyse par ablation laser en couplage à un ICP-MS, d'analyse par sonde ionique (SIMS) et d'analyse par fluorination laser. Le but de cette étude etait de démontrer que ce large monocristal de zircon pouvait être utilisé pour la calibration d'analyses in situ de Terres Rares et des isotopes de I'Oxygène, et en même temps de fournir des valeurs "de travail" pour un certain nombre de systémes géochimiques cruciaux. En complément des tests systématiques d'homogénéité de I'échantillon, tant chimiquement que structurellement, /'ex/sfence, dans le zircon 91500, de zonages visibles en électrons retro diffusés et en cathodoluminescence, est décrite en détail, line comparaison en aveugle des résultats obtenus par LA-ICP-MS et par SIMS, dans des laboratoires différents, montre que les différences systématiques entre les ensembles de données obtenues par ces deux techniques sont très faibles. De plus, I'utilisation du verre NIST SRM 610 comme calibrant lors de I'analyse par SIMS n'introduit qu'une erreur systématique très faible si ce n'est inexistante sur les résultats du zircon. Sur la base des analyses par fluorination laser et par SIMS, le zircon 91500 semble être parfaitement adapte a son utilisation pour la calibration d'analyses isotopiques in situ d'oxygène. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||