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Advanced Degree (advanced + degree)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	57%
Life Sciences	28%

Selected Abstracts

Inaccuracies on Applications for Emergency Medicine Residency Training

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 9 2004
Martha S. Roellig MD
Abstract Objectives: Studies have shown erroneous claims of authorship by medical students applying for residency. Authors have hypothesized that investigation of advanced degrees, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, and peer-reviewed publications all show important rates of inaccuracy. Methods:A retrospective review of all applicants offered an interview for the authors' emergency medicine (EM) residency (entering class of 2002), excluding foreign medical graduates and current residents, was conducted. After verifying peer-reviewed publications by MEDLINE search and journal review, errors were tabulated as follows: reference not found, not referenced as an abstract, incorrect author list, or clerical error. AOA status was verified by the AOA organization. Advanced degrees were verified by the awarding institutions. Results: Of 194 applications screened (58.3% of applications), 21 (10.8%) were excluded (9 foreign medical graduates, 12 current residents). Multiple inaccuracies on a single application were counted separately. Of the 173 remaining applications, 23 (13.3%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 8.8% to 19.5%) had at least one misrepresentation and seven of 173 (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.8% to 8.5%) had two or more. Authorship of at least one peer-reviewed article was claimed by 47 of 173 (27.2%), with ten of 47 (21.3%; 95% CI = 11.2% to 36.1%) having one inaccuracy and six of 47 (12.8%, 95% CI = 5.3% to 26.4%) having two or more. AOA membership was claimed by 14 applicants (8.1%), but five claims (35.7%, 95% CI = 14.0% to 64.4%) were inaccurate. Advanced degrees were claimed by 15 (8.7%); four (26.7%, 95% CI = 8.9% to 55.2%) were in error. Conclusions: Applications for EM residency contain frequent inaccuracies in publications listed, AOA status, and advanced degrees. Careful review of applications is necessary to ensure appropriate credit is given for claims of these types. [source]

Prevalence of diabetes and/or ischaemic heart disease in classes of increasing carotid artery atherosclerosis: an ultrasonographic study

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 8 2003
S. Inchiostro
Abstract Aims To evaluate the prevalence of non-diabetic subjects and diabetic patients, with or without ischaemic heart disease (IHD), in different classes of increasing carotid atherosclerotic damage. Methods Using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, we studied 598 subjects without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes, 74 diabetic patients without CVD, 74 non-diabetic subjects with IHD and 36 patients with both diabetes and IHD. Carotid atherosclerosis was classified as: normal; thickened intima-media; non-stenotic plaque; stenotic plaque. Results Compared with subjects without diabetes or CVD, the frequency of patients with diabetes without known CVD increased significantly from ,normal' to ,stenotic plaque' (4.1%, 6.4%, 13%, 14.8% for normal, thickened intima-media, non-stenotic plaque and stenotic plaque, respectively; P = 0.0057). The same figures were 6%, 7.6%, 10.2%, 23.3% (P = 0.0007) for non-diabetic subjects with IHD, and 0%, 2%, 5.6%, 15.9% (P < 0.0001) for diabetic patients with IHD. No difference was found comparing subjects with diabetes without CVD with non-diabetic patients with IHD (P = 0.56). Using polychotomous logistic regression analysis, diabetic patients without CVD and non-diabetic subjects with IHD showed a similar association with the increasing degree of carotid atherosclerosis (P = 0.59), but significantly stronger compared with subjects without diabetes or CVD (P < 0.03 for both). Conclusions Diabetic patients without known CVD show an advanced degree of carotid atherosclerotic damage similar to non-diabetic subjects with IHD and significantly higher compared with non-diabetic subjects without CVD. Our data support the need for an aggressive early prevention of CVD in diabetic subjects. [source]

Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität von 1906 bis 1945, eine Fallstudie

FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2003
Barbara A. R. Mohr
Abstract In dieser Untersuchung werden beispielhaft die Lebenswege und Karrieren von Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen im Zeitraum von 1906 bis 1945 nachgezeichnet und analysiert. Ähnlich wie an anderen deutschen bzw. westlichen Universitäten, aber im Gegensatz zu Russland, begann die Tätigkeit von Frauen in den Geowissenschaften spät, und das Fach wurde auch relativ selten gewählt, hauptsächlich wegen der zu geringen Berufschancen. Aber die besondere Situation in Berlin mit mehreren sich ergänzenden Institutionen und dem daraus resultierenden breiten Spektrum an geowissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, sowie ausgezeichneten Professoren, ließ dennoch Raum für eine Ausbildung in diesem Bereich und erlaubte, wenn auch in bescheidenem Maße, eine gewisse Karrieremöglichkeit. Während der hier untersuchten 40 Jahre haben weniger als 20 Frauen in den Geowissenschaften und benachbarten Gebieten promoviert. Mehrere dieser Frauen blieben in dem von ihnen gewählten Fach weiterhin aktiv und wurden erfolgreich. Zwei Frauen gelang eine akademische Karriere , eine als Universitätsprofessorin, die auch Schülerinnen hatte. Andere arbeiteten an staatlichen Institutionen, wie z. B. dem Geologischen Landesamt. Wenige Frauen blieben nach ihrer Verheiratung beruflich aktiv, wenn auch nicht offiziell angestellt, sondern als Ehefrauen. Andere arbeiteten als "Ersatz" für die im Kriege stehenden Männer. Einige waren aus persönlichen und politischen Gründen, insbesondere während der NS-Zeit, gezwungen, die Geowissenschaften zu verlassen, konnten aber teilweise auf anderen Gebieten erfolgreich arbeiten. This paper documents the lives and careers of women geoscientists at the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-University from 1906 through 1945. Traditionally, in Germany, women had difficulties to be accepted in geosciences (except for geography/geology teachers), because of strong links between geology and mining, a field dominated clearly by men. In western European countries, as well as in the U.S.A. and Australia, the situation was similar in that women started late and in small numbers to study geology. This was, however, in contrast to Russia and later the Soviet Union where women were relatively early accepted even as university teachers. The data for this paper were gathered from Berlin University institutions, such as the historical archive and the library of the Palaeontological Institute, and in addition personal contacts were used. Women who had studied either geography, geology/palaeontology, geophysics, mineralogy or botany/palaeobotany are subject of this study. Only those are considered who had strong affiliations to geosciences proper, in all 17 women. During the first half of the 20th century the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, founded in 1810, was one of the most important institutions concerning higher education in Germany, especially for women. The official opening of this university for women students was in 1908, somewhat later than at other German universities. Once admitted, however, the number of dissertations completed by women was relatively high, and, 30% of all habilitations (advanced degree which allows teaching at universities) in Germany and 50% of all habilitations in the natural sciences were accomplished at Berlin between 1918/19 to 1932. The geosciences were, together with medicine, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology, very strong scientifical and in teaching. Geoscientists of international reputation worked at large institutions, affiliated or being part of the University, such as the Prussian (later German) Geological Survey, the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology at the Museum of Natural History or the Institute and Museum of Oceanography, and were the advisers and reviewers of women Diploma and PhD students. [source]

Natural history of hepatic fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection in India

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Syed S Hissar
Abstract Background and Aim:, The rate of fibrosis progression per year can predict the time for the development of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We assessed the rate of fibrosis progression and the predictors of disease severity in Indian CHC patients. Methods:, Of the 355 treatment-naïve, histologically-proven CHC patients, the precise duration of infection (from the time of exposure to HCV until liver biopsy) could be determined in 213 patients (age = 41.6 ± 14.7 years, male : female = 139 : 74, genotype 3 = 75%). The rate of fibrosis progression per year was calculated. The correlation of the advanced degree of fibrosis and age, duration of infection, age at the onset of infection, sex, mode of infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype, histological activity index (HAI), and the presence of diabetes mellitus were studied. Results:, The median rate of fibrosis progression per year was 0.25 (0.0,1.5) fibrosis units. The fibrosis progression rate was higher in patients who acquired infection at > 30 years of age, those < 30 years (0.33 vs 0.15; P < 0.001), and those who acquired HCV infection with a history of blood transfusion than with other modes of transmission (0.25 vs 0.19; P = 0.04). The median time to progress to cirrhosis was 16 years. The multivariate analysis found that the HAI score (odds ratio [OR]= 14.03; P < 0.001) and the duration of infection > 10 years (OR = 4.83; P < 0.001) correlated with severe liver disease (fibrosis , 3). Conclusion:, The median rate of fibrosis progression per year in Indian CHC patients is 0.25 fibrosis units. A higher HAI and longer duration of infection are associated with a significant risk of advanced liver disease, and merit early therapeutic interventions. [source]

Human neural stem cell grafts in the spinal cord of SOD1 transgenic rats: Differentiation and structural integration into the segmental motor circuitry

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Leyan Xu
Abstract Cell replacement strategies for degenerative and traumatic diseases of the nervous system depend on the functional integration of grafted cells into host neural circuitry, a condition necessary for the propagation of physiological signals and, perhaps, targeting of trophic support to injured neurons. We have recently shown that human neural stem cell (NSC) grafts ameliorate motor neuron disease in SOD1 transgenic rodents. Here we study structural aspects of integration of neuronally differentiated human NSCs in the motor circuitry of SOD1 G93A rats. Human NSCs were grafted into the lumbar protuberance of 8-week-old SOD1 G93A rats; the results were compared to those on control Sprague-Dawley rats. Using pre-embedding immuno-electron microscopy, we found human synaptophysin (+) terminals contacting the perikarya and proximal dendrites of host , motor neurons. Synaptophysin (+) terminals had well-formed synaptic vesicles and were associated with membrane specializations primarily in the form of symmetrical synapses. To analyze the anatomy of motor circuits engaging differentiated NSCs, we injected the retrograde transneuronal tracer Bartha-pseudorabies virus (PRV) or the retrograde marker cholera toxin B (CTB) into the gastrocnemius muscle/sciatic nerve of SOD1 rats before disease onset and also into control rats. With this tracing, NSC-derived neurons were labeled with PRV but not CTB, a pattern suggesting that PRV entered NSC-derived neurons via transneuronal transfer from host motor neurons but not via direct transport from the host musculature. Our results indicate an advanced degree of structural integration, via functional synapses, of differentiated human NSCs into the segmental motor circuitry of SOD1-G93A rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:297,309, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Inaccuracies on Applications for Emergency Medicine Residency Training

Starting salaries for agribusiness graduates from an AASCARR institution: The case of Southern Illinois University

AGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005
Kim Harris
Starting salaries for agribusiness economics graduates from a non-land grant (AASCARR) institution, Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC), are examined and compared to those documented for land grant agriculture programs. Factors such as advanced degrees, grade point average, gender, rural backgrounds, and community college transfers are found to significantly influence earnings. SIUC graduates' starting salary and its determining factors are found to be comparable to those of land grant universities. The results suggest that non-land grant agribusiness graduates are competitive in the national labor market. Furthermore, the results are consistent with previous findings that show increasing students' grade point averages can increase marketability and starting salary. This is important information for students, their advisors, and agribusiness hiring mangers bidding for their services. [EconLit citations: J310, J430.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 65,80, 2005. [source]