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Drill

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	70%
Humanities and Social Sciences	10%
Earth and Environmental Science	5%
Life Sciences	4%
Education	4%
Engineering	2%
2 Other Domains	5%

Kinds of Drill

disaster drill

Terms modified by Drill

drill core

drill hole

Selected Abstracts

Obstetric Hemorrhage: Thinking Outside the Drill

JOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 2010
Childbearing
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

A New Drill for Frontal Sinus Surgery

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 1 2000
Andris Blokmanis MB, BS (Melb), FRACS, FRCSC
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Simulation in a Disaster Drill: Comparison of High-fidelity Simulators versus Trained Actors

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2008
Brian Gillett MD
Abstract Objectives:, High-fidelity patient simulation provides lifelike medical scenarios with real-time stressors. Mass casualty drills must construct a realistic incident in which providers care for multiple injured patients while simultaneously coping with numerous stressors designed to tax an institution's resources. This study compared the value of high-fidelity simulated patients with live actor-patients. Methods:, A prospective cohort study was conducted during two mass casualty drills in December 2006 and March 2007. The providers' completion of critical actions was tested in live actor-patients and simulators. A posttest survey compared the participants' perception of "reality" between the simulators and live actor victims. Results:, The victims (n = 130) of the mass casualty drill all had burn-, blast-, or inhalation-related injuries. The participants consisted of physicians, residents, medical students, clerks, and paramedics. The authors compared the team's execution of the 136 critical actions (17 critical actions × 8 scenarios) between the simulators and the live actor-patients. Only one critical action was missed in the simulator group and one in the live actor group, resulting in a miss rate of 0.74% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01% to 4.5%). All questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The vast majority of participants disagreed or strongly disagreed that the simulators were a distraction from the disaster drill. More than 96% agreed or strongly agreed that they would recommend the simulator as a training tool. The mean survey scores for all participants demonstrated agreement that the simulators closely mimicked real-life scenarios, accurately represented disease states, and heightened the realism of patient assessment and treatment options during the drill with the exception of nurse participants, who agreed slightly less strongly. Conclusions:, This study demonstrated that simulators compared to live actor-patients have equivalent results in prompting critical actions in mass casualty drills and increase the perceived reality of such exercises. [source]

Alternatives to Mechanical Drills for the Early Stages of Language Practice in Foreign Language Textbooks

FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS, Issue 3 2005
Article first published online: 31 DEC 200, Janice M. Aski
Abstract: There is a growing body of research indicating that mechanical drills do not facilitate the development of explicit or implicit knowledge. This study identifies the inadequate aspects of mechanical drills and offers alternative activities for the early stages of language practice, whose formats and features comply with recent research in the learning and acquisition of foreign languages. Wong and VanPatten's (2003) referential structured input activities are suggested as substitutes to practice grammatical features that contribute meaningfully to the utterance. However, for allophonic or allomorphic alternations that are governed by the phonetic, stress, or grammatical context and that do not convey meaning, a new type of activity (form-form activities) is introduced, which promotes noticing by directing learners to actively operationalize their understanding of grammatical rules. Production activities for the later stages of practice are briefly discussed, and this study concludes with advice for instructors regarding their expectations of students' performance. [source]

Impact of Disaster Drills on Patient Flow in a Pediatric Emergency Department

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 6 2008
Nathan Timm MD
Abstract Objectives:, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)-accredited hospitals must conduct disaster drills twice a year, with one incorporating a mass casualty incident to the emergency department (ED). The authors found no studies describing the potential negative impact on the quality of care real patients in the ED receive during these drills. The objective was to determine the impact that mass casualty drills have on the timeliness of care for nondisaster patients in a pediatric ED. Methods:, Since 2001, nine disaster drills involving mass casualties to the ED were conducted at the authors' institution. The authors studied 5-, 10-, and 24-hour blocks of time surrounding these events and defined quality measures as the timeliness of care in terms of length of stay (LOS) in ED, time-to-triage, and time-to-physician. Drill dates were compared with control dates (the same weekday on the following week). Paired t-tests were used to compare outcomes of interest between drill and control days. Results:, Nine drill days and nine control days were studied. There was no statistically significant difference between drill dates and control dates in average time-to-triage and time-to-emergency physician and average ED LOS. Admitted patients spent less time in the ED during drill dates. Conclusions:, Disaster drills at this institution do not appear to significantly affect the timeliness of care to nondisaster drill ED patients. Attention should be paid to the quality of care "real" patients receive to ensure that their care is not jeopardized during an artificial stress to the system during a disaster drill. [source]

PHYSICAL TRAINING, ETHICAL DISCIPLINE, AND CREATIVE VIOLENCE: Zones of Self-Mastery in the Hindu Nationalist Movement

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
ARAFAAT A. VALIANI
ABSTRACT This essay advances understanding of how projects of self-mastery within neighborhood physical training programs associated with the Hindu Nationalist Movement produce subjects that are simultaneously ethically oriented and creatively violent. Such an analysis is contrasted with the conventional view that Hindu Nationalist volunteers are mere objects who blindly conform to a nationalist ideology or religious norms. Drawing on the author's participant observation of physical conditioning within the movement, the essay illustrates how combat training depends on an analytical sensibility by which techniques of drill are simultaneously learned and innovated by volunteers in a disciplinary zone of self-experimentation. Within such a zone, volunteers modify drill routines, enriching and refining them on an everyday basis. Thus, the evolution of physical techniques transforms training into an unfolding enterprise that is continually oriented toward attaining physical and moral self-mastery through the probing of bodily exercises. The essay underscores the social significance of such forms of physical self-exploration, in which movement volunteers understand the iterative probing of physical practice as driven by a resolve that deepens the volunteer's moral fortitude. The essay illuminates how a set of physical and moral processes are intertwined, processes through which militant subjects are culturally formed and routines of violence are sustained as a social and ethical practice. Physical training is connected to anti-Muslim pogroms in postcolonial Gujarat demonstrating how the evolving nature of physical training shapes, prolongs, and enables the improvisation of tactics of ethnic cleansing. [source]

Dry film microchips for miniaturised separations

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 24 2009
Rosanne M. Guijt
Abstract In this work microfluidic devices were made from the dry film photoresist Ordyl SY330, characterised by optical and electron microscopy and used for electrophoretic separations. A simple and fast microfabrication process was developed for the fabrication of channels that are 50,,m wide and 30,,m in height, requiring only the use of an office laminator, a hot plate, an exposure source and mask and an electric drill to make four microdevices in less than 1,h. The optical properties of the photoresist were studied and the resist showed significant absorbance below 370,nm and 570,630,nm, and had an optical transmission of 80% between 400 and 550,nm. Fluorescence emission over the region of maximum transmission was low allowing these devices to be used for fluorescence detection at 488/512,nm. Electrophoretic separation of APTS and three derivatised sugars was performed in 20,mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5 with efficiencies of the three sugars of 40,000 plates (2,100,000,plates/m) within 30,s at a field strength of 500,V/cm. The simple fabrication process also allowed microchannels to be easily filled with chromatography particles before sealing, avoiding the challenging task of slurry packing, and the potential of these devices for liquid chromatography was demonstrated by the extraction of fluorescein onto anion exchange particles. [source]

Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009
R. Lal
Summary Soil organic matter (SOM) can be a source or sink for atmospheric CO2 depending on land use, and management of soil, vegetation and water resources. SOM is a source of atmospheric CO2, with the use of extractive farming practices that lead to a negative nutrient balance and exacerbate soil degradation. The historic loss of C from the SOM pool between the 1850s and 2000 is estimated at 78 ± 12 Gt compared with the emission of 270 ± 30 Gt from fossil fuel combustion. Despite its numerous direct and ancillary benefits, enhancing the SOM pool is a major challenge, especially in impoverished and depleted soils in harsh tropical climates. In addition to biophysical factors, there are also numerous social, economic and political constraints that limit increase in SOM pools. Conversion of plough-tillage to no-till farming, an important practice to enhance the SOM pool, is constrained by the limited access to herbicides and seed drill, and the competing uses of crop residues. Yet, enhancing the SOM pool is essential to restoring degraded soils, advancing food security and improving the environment. Important subjects among researchable topics include: assessing the rate of SOM accretion for a wide range of land use and management practices with reference to a baseline; evaluating the importance of biochar; measuring and predicting SOM at landscape and extrapolation to regional scale; establishing relationships between SOM and soil quality and agronomic productivity; determining on- and off-site effects of crop residues removal for ethanol/biofuel production; determining the fate of C in SOM translocated by erosional processes; evaluating nutrient requirements for increasing SOM in croplands; validating predictive models in tropical environments; and developing methodology for trading C credits. [source]

Building a Compact, Low-Cost, and Portable Peristaltic Sampling Pump

GROUND WATER, Issue 6 2007
William W. Woessner
Hydrogeologic research often involves obtaining water quality samples in field settings without vehicle access. Such conditions often require the use of a sampling pump. Researchers at The University of Montana have been using a handheld peristaltic pump powered by a rechargeable variable-speed drill. This Montana Drill Pump (MDP) is highly portable and can be inexpensively built for about $225 to $295 (US). Over the last two decades, the pump has been used to sample and filter (as appropriate) surface water and ground water for analyses of general inorganic and organic chemistry, stable and radioactive isotopes, pathogens, and trace pharmaceuticals and to develop small-diameter wells and sample suction lysimeters. The MDP provides researchers and educators with an economical tool to pump water in classrooms, laboratories, and field settings. [source]

Apical surgery of a maxillary molar creating a maxillary sinus window using ultrasonics: a clinical case

INTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 11 2010
B. García
García B, Peñarrocha M, Peñarrocha MA, von Arx T. Apical surgery of a maxillary molar creating a maxillary sinus window using ultrasonics: a clinical case. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1054,1061, 2010. Abstract Aim, To describe a method of carrying out apical surgery of a maxillary molar using ultrasonics to create a lateral sinus window into the maxillary sinus and an endoscope to enhance visibility during surgery. Summary, A 37-year-old female patient presented with tenderness to percussion of the maxillary second right molar. Root canal treatment had been undertaken, and the tooth restored with a metal-ceramic crown. Radiological examination revealed an apical radiolucency in close proximity to the maxillary sinus. Apical surgery of the molar was performed through the maxillary sinus, using ultrasonics for the osteotomy, creating a window in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. During surgery, the lining of the sinus was exposed and elevated without perforation. The root-end was resected using a round tungsten carbide drill, and the root-end cavity was prepared with ultrasonic retrotips. Root-end filling was accomplished with MTA®. An endoscope was used to examine the cut root face, the prepared cavity and the root-end filling. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. At the 12-month follow-up, the tooth had no clinical signs or symptoms, and the radiograph demonstrated progressing resolution of the radiolucency. Key learning points ,,When conventional root canal retreatment cannot be performed or has failed, apical surgery may be considered, even in maxillary molars with roots in close proximity to the maxillary sinus. ,,Ultrasonic sinus window preparation allows more control and can minimize perforation of the sinus membrane when compared with conventional rotary drilling techniques. ,,The endoscope enhances visibility during endodontic surgery, thus improving the quality of the case. [source]

Comparison of bone-anchored male sling and collagen implant for the treatment of male incontinence

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 9 2006
RAHMI ONUR
Aim: To compare the effectiveness of transurethral collagen injection and perineal bone-anchored male sling for the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: Seventy-one men with SUI underwent either transurethral collagen injections (n = 34) or perineal bone-anchored male sling (n = 37) between June 1999 and October 2003. Most of the patients in each group had radical retropubic prostatectomy and/or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in relation to the cause of incontinence. There was one patient in both groups who only had EBRT for the cause. The mean duration of incontinence were 4.2 and 4.4 years, respectively. Collagen injections were carried out transurethrally either under regional or general anesthesia until co-aptation of mucosa was observed. The male sling was placed under spinal anesthesia with a bone drill using either absorbable or synthetic materials. Retrospectively, all patients were assessed for continence status and procedure-related morbidity, if present. The outcome of both procedures was also compared with the degree of incontinence. Results: Ten (30%) patients in the collagen group showed either significant improvement or were cured following injections. Preoperatively, the mean pad use in collagen group was 4.5 (SD 2.8) per day, whereas it was 2.2 (SD 1.1) after the injection(s). Collagen injection failed in 24 (70%) of the patients. Patients who received the male sling had a mean preoperative pad use of 3.7 (SD 1.5) and postoperatively, the number decreased to 1.6 (SD 1.2). Most of the patients in this group were either totally dry or significantly improved (n: 28, 76%). There was a statistically significant difference between two groups in respect to success rate (P < 0.05). Analysis of treatment outcome with the degree of incontinence revealed that the male sling is most effective in patients with minimal-to-moderate incontinence. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the male sling, a minimally invasive procedure, is more effective than collagen implant in the treatment of mild-to-moderate SUI in men. [source]

The effect of a fibrin glue on the integration of Bio-Oss® with bone tissue

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2002
An experimental study in labrador dogs
Abstract Background: Bio-Oss® is a deproteinized bovine mineral used in bone augmentation procedures. The particles are often mixed with a protein product (Tisseel®) to form a mouldable graft material. Aim: The aim of the present experiment was to study the healing of self-contained bone defects after the placement of Bio-Oss® particles alone or mixed with Tisseel® in cylindrical defects in the edentulous mandibular ridge of dogs. Material and methods: In 4 labrador dogs, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th mandibular premolars were extracted bilaterally. 3 months later, 3 cylindrical bone defects, 4 mm in diameter and 8 mm in depth, were produced in the right side of the mandible. Following a crestal incision, full thickness flaps were raised and the bone defects were prepared with a trephine drill. The defects were filled with Bio-Oss® (Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhuser, Switzerland) particles alone or mixed with Tisseel® (Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria), or left "untreated". A collagen membrane (Bio-Gide®, Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhuser, Switzerland) was placed to cover all defects and the flaps were sutured. 2 months later, the defect preparation and grafting procedures were repeated in the left side of the mandible. After another month, the animals were sacrificed and biopsies obtained from the defect sites. Results: Bio-Oss® -treated defects revealed a higher percentage of contact between graft particles and bone tissue than defects treated with Bio-Oss®+ Tisseel® (15% and 30% at 1 and 3 months versus 0.4% and 8%, respectively). Further, the volume of connective tissue in the Bio-Oss® treated defects decreased from the 1 to the 3 month interval (from 44% to 30%). This soft tissue was replaced with newly formed bone. In the Bio-Oss®+ Tisseel® treated defects, however, the proportion of connective tissue remained unchanged between 1 and 3 months. Conclusion: The adjunct of Tisseel® may jeopardize the integration of Bio-Oss® particles with bone tissue. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Bio-Oss® ist ein entproteiniertes Mineral vom Schwein, was bei knöchernen Augmentationen verwendet wird. Die Partikel werden oft mit einem Proteinprodukt gemischt, um ein formbares Implantationsmaterial zu erhalten. Ziel: Das Ziel des vorliegenden Experimentes war das Studium der Heilung von selbst-erhaltenden Knochendefekten nach der Anwendung von Bio-Oss® Partikeln allein oder vermischt mit Tisseel® in zylindrischen Defekten im zahnlosen unteren Kieferkamm von Hunden. Materal und Methoden: Bei 4 Labradorhunden wurden die 2., 3. und 4. unteren Prämolaren beidseitig extrahiert. 3 Monate später wurden 3 zylindrische Knochendefekte, 4 mm im Durchmesser und 8 mm tief, auf der rechten Seite des Unterkiefers hergestellt. Nach einer krestalen Incision wurde ein voller Mukoperiostlappen mobilisiert und die knöchernen Defekte mit einem Trepanfräser präpariert. Die Defekte wurden mit Bio-Oss® Partikeln (Geistlich Biomaterial, Wolhuser, Schweiz) allen oder gemischt mit Tisseel® (Immuno AG, Wien, Österreich) gefüllt oder blieben "unbehandelt". Eine Kollagenmembran (Bio-Gide®, Geistlich Biomaterial, Wolhuser, Schweiz) wurde zur Abdeckung über alle Defekte gelegt und die Lappen reponiert und vernäht. 2 Monate später wurden die Defektpräparationen und die Implantationsmaßnahmen auf der linken Seite des Unterkiefers widerholt. Nach einem weiteren Monat wurden die Tiere getötet und Biopsien von den Defektseiten gewonnen. Ergebnisse: Mit Bio-Oss® behandelte Defekte zeigten einen höheren Prozentsatz von Kontakt zwischen Implantationsmaterial und Knochengewebe als die Defekte, die mit Bio-Oss® und Tisseel® behandelt worden waren (15% und 30% zum 1. Monat und 3. Monat versus 0.4% und 8%). Weiterhin verringerte sich das Volumen des Bindegewebes in den mit Bio-Oss® behandelten Defekten vom 1. zum 3. Monat (von 44% zu 30%). Dieses Weichgewebe wurde mit neu gebildetem Knochen ersetzt. In dem mit Bio-Oss® und Tisseel® behandelten Defekten blieb die Verteilung des Bindegewebes zwischen dem 1. und 3. Monat unverändert. Zusammenfassung: Die Zugabe von Tisseel® kann die Integration von Bio-Oss® Partikeln mit Knochengewebe behindern. Résumé Origine: Le Bio-Oss® est un minéral bovin déprotéine utilisé pour les épaississements osseux. Les particules sont souvent mélangées avec un produit protéiné (Tisseel®) pour former un matérial de greffe malléable. But. Le but de l'étude présente a été d'étudier la guérison des lésions osseuses après le placement de particules de Bio-Oss® seules ou mélangées au Tisseel® dans des lésions cylindriques au niveau de la mandibule édentée de labradors. Matériaux et méthodes: Chez 4 labradors les 2ièmes, 3ièmes et 4ièmes prémolaires inférieures ont été avulsées bilatéralement. 3 mois après, 3 lésions osseuses et cylindriques de 4 mm de diamètre et de 8 mm de profondeur ont été produites du côté droit de la mandibule. A la suite d'une incision crestale, des lambeaux d'épaisseur complète ont été relevés et les lésions osseuses préparées avec un trépan. Les lésions ont été comblées par des particules de Bio-Oss® seul (Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhuser, Suisse) ou mélangées au Tisseel® (Immuno AG, Vienne) ou laissées non-traitées. Une membrane collagène (Bio-Gide®, Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhuser, Suisse) a été placée pour recouvrir toutes les lésions et les lambeaux ont ensuite été suturés. 2 mois après, les processus précités ont été répétés au niveau gauche de la mandibule. 1 mois plus tard, les animaux ont été tués et les biopsies prélevées. Résultats: Les lésions traitées par le Bio-Oss® ont révélé un % plus important de contact entre les particules du greffon et le tissu osseux que les lésions traitées avec le Bio-Oss®+Tisseel® (respectivement 15% à 30% à 1 et 3 mois versus 0.4% et 8%). De plus le volume de tissu conjonctif dans les lésions traitées par Bio-Oss® diminuait du mois 1 au mois 3, de 44 à 30%. Ce tissu mou a été remplacé par un os néoformé. Dans les lésions traitées par Bio-Oss®+Tisseel®, la proportion de tissu conjonctif demeurait inchangée entre les mois 1 et 3. Conclusions: L'addition de Tisseel® peut mettre en péril l'intégration des particules de Bio-Oss® au tissu osseux. [source]

Principles and practical grouping for the use of drill and practice programs

JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING, Issue 2 2001
A. Jackson
Abstract A previous paper showed that young children performed better when working as individuals rather than in pairs on a drill and practice program. This paper reports an analysis of behaviour and talk for individuals and single sex pairs using a computer-based drill and practice activity to explain differences in performance. Results indicated that individuals were more likely to be task-focused and to complete tasks successfully than children working in pairs. Differences were found in off-task activity, behaviours and type of talk. Grouping and verbal interaction are discussed in relation to the type of task/program that children are asked to undertake, and how both task and peer presence may constrain the child's task focus and performance when reinforcing pre-existing knowledge. [source]

Disaster Exercise Outcomes for Professional Emergency Personnel and Citizen Volunteers

JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2004
Ronald W. Perry
It has long been argued in the research literature that conducting disaster exercises produces a variety of benefits that promote effective emergency management. In spite of nearly universal acceptance of the claim, there are few empirical studies that have explored the effects of exercises on participants. This paper reviews the role of exercises in the creation of community disaster preparedness, while making explicit the links among planning, training and exercising. Using a quasi-experimental design, the effects of disaster exercise participation on perceptions of response knowledge and teamwork are studied for police officers, fire-fighters and civilian volunteers. The exercise studied involved an annual airport disaster drill required for continuing certification. It was found that participation enhanced the perceptions of response knowledge and teamwork for all three types of participants. [source]

A Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Trial Comparing Two Screening Devices for Radiation Contamination

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 9 2010
Philip Salen MD
Abstract Objectives:, This exploratory study compared the screening ability of a newly introduced radiation detection portal with a traditional Geiger counter for detection of radiation contamination in the setting of a mass casualty training exercise. Methods:, Following a pretrial evaluation of interobserver reliability for Geiger counter use, 30 volunteers were randomly assigned to don gowns containing three disks, each of which was either a sham resembling the radioactive samples or an actual cesium-137 sample; each subject participated a minimum of four times with different gowns each time. Each subject underwent standard radioactivity screening with the Geiger counter and the portal. Results:, Interobserver reliability was excellent between the two Geiger counter screeners in the pretrial exercise, correctly identifying 101 of 102 sham and radioactive samples (, = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94 to 1.00). For radioactively labeled subjects across all bodily locations, the portal (43/61, or 70.5%; 95% CI = 58.1% to 80.5%) was less sensitive than the Geiger counter screening (61/61, or 100%; 95% CI = 92.9% to 100%), which resulted in a portal false-negative rate of 29.5%. For radiation detection in the posterior thorax, the portal radiation screening (4/19, or 21.1%; 95% CI = 8% to 43.9%) was less accurate than the Geiger counter (19/19, or 100%; 95% CI 80.2% to 100%). In contrast, there were no major differences between the portal and the Geiger counter for radiation detection at the left shoulder, right shoulder, or sham (nonradiation) detection. There were no false-positive detections of the sham-labeled subjects for either device, yielding a specificity of 100% for both screening modalities. Conclusions:, Geiger counter screening was more sensitive than, and equally specific to, radiation detection portal screening in detecting radioactively labeled subjects during a radiation mass casualty drill. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1020,1023 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source]

The Effect of Dowel Space on the Bond Strengths of Fiber Posts

JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 3 2007
Jorge Perdigão DMD
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the degree of mismatch between post space and post diameters on the bond strength of a fiber-reinforced resin post. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two extracted human maxillary central incisors and canines were endodontically treated and assigned to four groups: Group 1 - Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #1 drill (control); Group 2 - Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #2 drill; Group 3 - Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #3 drill; Group 4 - Canal prepared with a Gates Glidden #6 drill. A D.T. Light Post size 1 was then luted into the canal using One-Step Adhesive and Post Cement Hi-X. A push-out test was performed on three sections of each root to measure push-out bond strengths. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni's test at p < 0.05. Two extra teeth for each group were restored in the same fashion and processed for SEM observation. Results: (in MPa): Group 1: 15.7 ± 6.9; Group 2: 14.7 ± 6.5; Group 3: 14.0 ± 5.0; Group 4: 14.0 ± 5.1. The variable "post space" resulted in no statistically significant difference in mean bond strengths (p > 0.05). For the variable "root region," the coronal third (17.5 ± 6.0) resulted in statistically greater mean bond strengths than the apical third (12.3 ± 6.0) at p < 0.008. The middle third (14.0 ± 5.3) resulted in no statistically significant different mean bond strengths from the coronal third at p > 0.119 and from the apical third at p > 0.999. Under the SEM, some areas of the canal system still displayed residual gutta-percha, which resulted in debonding of the interface between the resin cement and dentin. Areas with incomplete dentin hybridization were observed in localized areas of all groups. Conclusions: The diameter of the post space did not affect the push-out bond strengths. Bonding at the coronal level of the root canal is more reliable than bonding at the apical level. The presence of residual gutta-percha and the deficient dentin hybridization may result in deficient seal of the resin,dentin interface. [source]

Use of Stereolithographic Templates for Surgical and Prosthodontic Implant Planning and Placement.

JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 2 2006
Part II.
Eight implants were placed in the posterior part of the mandible using computer-generated stereolithographic templates. Preoperative implant simulation was done on a 3D computer model created by reformatted computerized tomography data. The surgeon and the prosthodontist positioned the simulated implants in the most favorable position addressing all concerns with regard to anatomy, biomechanics, and esthetics. The length and diameter of each implant along with the angulation/collar of abutments required for a screw-retained prosthesis were determined. Stereolithographic templates were then fabricated by incorporating the precise spatial position of the implants within the bone as previously planned during the computer simulation. The templates were fabricated to seat directly on the bone and were stable. The first template was used to complete osteotomies with a 2-mm twist drill followed by the second template for the 3-mm drill. Implants were placed and allowed to integrate for 4 months. After second-stage surgery, the definitive abutments were torqued into place followed by insertion of the definitive screw-retained prostheses. Dimensions of all implants and abutments were the same as planned during the computer simulation. [source]

Semiarid land rehabilitation by direct drilling in the South Island, New Zealand,plant species and establishment technology

LAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2004
B. J. Wills
Abstract Large areas of the east coast and inland basins of the South Island, New Zealand, are affected by periodic drought and/or semiarid climatic conditions, particularly during cyclic El Niño climatic events. The severity of these environmental conditions places great stress on introduced and native pasture species and frequently results in poor establishment of new pastures using standard drilling techniques. The objective of this study was to determine effective, practical means of rehabilitating semiarid land (about 470,mm annual rainfall) on a site in Central Otago. A comparison of two direct drilling methods, a novel strip-seeder drill and a standard hoe-coulter drill, was conducted in a trial initiated during spring 1998. Five drought-tolerant forage species were established: wheatgrass (Thinopyron intermedium), tall oat grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), hairy dorycnium (Dorycnium hirsutum) and bluebush (Kochia prostrata). For the 2000/2001 growing season, species established with the strip-seeder drill had an overall mean herbage biomass of 235,g,m,,2,, three-times that for the hoe-coulter drill (77,g,m,,2,, P,<,0·001). Differences in herbage biomass between species were observed, with hairy dorycnium (mean 328,g,m,,2,) producing significantly (P,<,0·001) more herbage biomass than the other species. After the third spring, the percentage ground cover recorded from transects across the strip-seeder drill plots (cf. the hoe-coulter drill) was: wheatgrass,41,per,cent (10,per,cent); tall oat grass,44,per,cent (25,per,cent); birdsfoot trefoil,25,per,cent (5,per,cent); hairy dorycnium,50,per,cent (19,per,cent); and bluebush,4,per,cent (0,per,cent). The native plant content of the resident vegetation was reduced as a result of the drilling treatments and also when fertilizer was added to undistrubed pasture. The strip-seeder drill is capable of providing superior plant growth on dryland sites even during adverse drought conditions. It produces a furrow approximately 16,cm wider than the hoe-coulter drill, exerts a greater shattering effect on the soil structure and places fertilizer at depth. It is suggested that this assists plant establishment by providing good seedling protection from wind and sun, and subsequent plant growth by allowing easier root penetration to the subsoil where nutrients and moisture are available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Cavity preparation using a superpulsed 9.6-,m CO2 laser,a histological investigation

LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 5 2002
R. Müllejans
Abstract Background and Objectives The superpulsed 9.6-,m CO2 laser is an effective laser for ablating dental tissues and decay. This histological study compares laser class V preparations with conventional treatment to evaluate the resulting formation at the cavity walls. Study Design/Materials and Methods Four class V preparations (one made with a diamond drill and three with the CO2 laser (9.6 ,m, 60 microseconds pulse width, 40 mJ pulse energy, 100 Hz, integrated scanner system, water cooling) were performed on ten extracted teeth. The cavities were filled with a composite resin partly including enamel and dentine conditioning. Results After laser preparation, no cracks or signs of carbonisation were detected. The results were comparable to those attained with conventional treatment. Following cavity filling without prior conditioning, gaps were noted at the cavosurface indicating a lack of adhesion. Dentinal bonding decreased gap formation significantly. Conclusion The 9.6-,m CO2 laser is an effective tool for cavity preparation. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:331,336, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

The promise of technology for college instruction: From drill and practice to avatars

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR TEACHING & LEARNING, Issue 123 2010
Sally Kuhlenschmidt
Technology and its uses have undergone significant change in the past several decades. Technology has many benefits and it has impacted many of the ways that teaching and learning occur. However, the role of thoughtful consideration, selection, implementation, and assessment of the technology remains the ultimate responsibility of the teacher. [source]

An investigation of Detect, Practice, and Repair to remedy math-fact deficits in a group of third-grade students

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 4 2010
Brian C. Poncy
A multiple-probe-across-problem-sets (tasks) design was used to evaluate the effects of the Detect, Practice, and Repair (DPR) on multiplication-fact fluency development in seven third-grade students nominated by their teacher as needing remediation. DPR is a multicomponent intervention and begins with a group-administered, metronome-paced assessment used to identify specific facts in need of repair. Next, Cover, Copy, and Compare (CCC) procedures are used to enhance automaticity with those specific facts. Lastly, students complete a 1-min speed drill and self-graph their fluency performance. Results showed large level and trend increases in fact fluency after DPR was applied across all three sets of multiplication problems. Discussion focuses on the importance of developing effective and efficient basic-skill-remediation procedures and directions for future research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Comparison of efficiency measures for academic interventions based on acquisition and maintenance

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 2 2010
Matthew K. Burns
Previous research has demonstrated the importance of examining the instructional efficiency of academic interventions and has defined efficiency as the number of items learned per instructional minute. Maintenance of the skill is also an important instructional goal, however. Therefore, the current study compared efficiency metrics using initial learning and maintenance with 25 fourth-grade students. Each student was taught the pronunciation and English translation of 12 words from the Esperanto international language with two instructional conditions (six words for each condition). The first condition was traditional drill (TD) rehearsal with all unknown words, and the second was incremental rehearsal (IR) with one unknown and eight known words. Results indicated that, although the IR condition led to significantly more words being retained, TD was significantly more efficient using initial learning. The two conditions were equally efficient, however, when maintenance data were used. Therefore, evaluating the efficiency of instructional interventions should consider maintenance data as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Process monitoring for correlated gamma-distributed data using generalized-linear-model-based control charts

QUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2003
Duangporn Jearkpaporn
Abstract A model-based scheme is proposed for monitoring multiple gamma-distributed variables. The procedure is based on the deviance residual, which is a likelihood ratio statistic for detecting a mean shift when the shape parameter is assumed to be unchanged and the input and output variables are related in a certain manner. We discuss the distribution of this statistic and the proposed monitoring scheme. An example involving the advance rate of a drill is used to illustrate the implementation of the deviance residual monitoring scheme. Finally, a simulation study is performed to compare the average run length (ARL) performance of the proposed method to the standard Shewhart control chart for individuals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Brief communication: Minimally invasive bone sampling method for DNA analysis

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Victoria E. Gibbon
Abstract Obtaining a bone sample for DNA analysis has traditionally been a destructive practice, which has resulted in reluctance on behalf of curators for skeletal collections to allow invasive testing. A novel minimally invasive bone sampling method for DNA analysis is presented here. This method uses a conventional hand drill wherein the bone sample is extracted from the intercondylar fossa of the femur; it does not interfere with any known anthropometric landmarks and only leaves a small hole on the surface of the bone. The temperature of the drill is documented and it was established due to the minor increase in temperature, that this should not affect the molecular integrity of the sample. This method is easily replicated and is suitable for both human and other animal skeletal material and can be applied to rare specimens with little risk. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Mines and Monsters: A Dialogue on Development in Western Province, Papua New Guinea

THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
Alison Dundon
This article analyses an internal debate between Gogodala villagers, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, in which they explore the concept of development through a dialogue that revolves around ela gi or ,way of life'. The analysis focuses on two developmental projects: the Ok Tedi gold and copper mine, which affects eight Gogodala villages on the lower Fly River, and a test oil drill carried out among northern Gogodala villages in 1995. I propose that it is through ela gi, a lifestyle that encompasses an evangelical Christianity as well as the actions of the first ancestors and is based on a bodily experience of the environment, that community development is envisaged and debated. Whilst the oil drill in the north is discussed in terms of approval, villagers on the Fly River to the south are increasingly concerned about changes to their lifestyle and landscape. They explore this ambivalence through a discussion of the movements and moods of ancestrally-derived ,monsters' or ugu lopala, creatures who patrol the waterways of both north and south villages. At the same time, Gogodala from both communities are articulating what the transition from ,living on sago' to a lifestyle based on money might mean. This dialogue foregrounds an ongoing debate about the roles that the environment, village practices, the ancestral past and Christianity play in the constitution of the Gogodala way of life, and how these factors may initiate a certain kind of development. [source]

Automatic identification of otological drilling faults: an intelligent recognition algorithm

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY, Issue 2 2010
Tianyang Cao
Abstract Background This article presents an intelligent recognition algorithm that can recognize milling states of the otological drill by fusing multi-sensor information. Methods An otological drill was modified by the addition of sensors. The algorithm was designed according to features of the milling process and is composed of a characteristic curve, an adaptive filter and a rule base. The characteristic curve can weaken the impact of the unstable normal milling process and reserve the features of drilling faults. The adaptive filter is capable of suppressing interference in the characteristic curve by fusing multi-sensor information. The rule base can identify drilling faults through the filtering result data. Results The experiments were repeated on fresh porcine scapulas, including normal milling and two drilling faults. The algorithm has high rates of identification. Conclusions This study shows that the intelligent recognition algorithm can identify drilling faults under interference conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

ENT challenges at the small scale

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY, Issue 2 2007
C. J. Coulson
Abstract Background In this paper we consider two relatively frequently performed operations in the field of ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery and consider how they could be improved by using robotic applications. We consider currently available robots and propose theoretical robotic solutions. Methods The application of robotic systems for both cochlear implantation and endoscopic sinus surgery was considered. Currently available robotic systems were reviewed and those with potential use in ENT surgery were identified. For aspects of operations where there is no available technology, hypotheses are presented on how robots could help. Results Three robotic systems were identified with potential usage in ENT: the PathfinderÔ neurosurgical robot, the Acrobot® knee replacement system and the autonomous smart drill for drilling a cochleostomy. Conclusions The challenge for the future of ENT is being able to perform tasks beyond the level of human perception and abilities. The examples presented here demonstrate that microtechnologies could be used to reduce complications, decrease operating time and improve clinical results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Intubation training in the real world: a defence of the Northwick Park drill

ANAESTHESIA, Issue 10 2007
R. S. Cormack
First page of article [source]

Virtual Reality Triage Training Provides a Viable Solution for Disaster-preparedness

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2010
Pamela B. Andreatta EdD
ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:870,876 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives:, The objective of this study was to compare the relative impact of two simulation-based methods for training emergency medicine (EM) residents in disaster triage using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) algorithm, full-immersion virtual reality (VR), and standardized patient (SP) drill. Specifically, are there differences between the triage performances and posttest results of the two groups, and do both methods differentiate between learners of variable experience levels? Methods:, Fifteen Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) to PGY4 EM residents were randomly assigned to two groups: VR or SP. In the VR group, the learners were effectively surrounded by a virtual mass disaster environment projected on four walls, ceiling, and floor and performed triage by interacting with virtual patients in avatar form. The second group performed likewise in a live disaster drill using SP victims. Setting and patient presentations were identical between the two modalities. Resident performance of triage during the drills and knowledge of the START triage algorithm pre/post drill completion were assessed. Analyses included descriptive statistics and measures of association (effect size). Results:, The mean pretest scores were similar between the SP and VR groups. There were no significant differences between the triage performances of the VR and SP groups, but the data showed an effect in favor of the SP group performance on the posttest. Conclusions:, Virtual reality can provide a feasible alternative for training EM personnel in mass disaster triage, comparing favorably to SP drills. Virtual reality provides flexible, consistent, on-demand training options, using a stable, repeatable platform essential for the development of assessment protocols and performance standards. [source]