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Dominant Group (dominant + group)
Selected AbstractsEffect of fermentation on free and bound volatile compounds of orange juiceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Gang Fan Abstract Aroma is one of the most important attributes of orange wine quality. The volatile compounds in orange wine mainly derive from oranges, yeast fermentation and compounds released from odourless glycosidic precursors present in the orange. In this study, free volatile compounds in orange juice and wine made from Citrus sinensis (L). Osbeck cv. Washington Sanguine were analysed by SPME-GC,MS. Bound fractions were isolated and extracted with methanol and Amberlite XAD-2 resin and then hydrolysed by almond , -glucosidase. Totals of 31 and 19 free volatiles were identified in orange juice and wines, respectively. Terpenes were the most abundant compounds in orange juice, while esters were quantitatively the dominant group in orange wine and most of them were compounds newly formed during fermentation, such as isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl benzoate, diethyl succinate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl laurate. In total, 11 and three released bound volatiles were found in orange juice and wine, respectively, and most of them were not found in free form. Only ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate and cis -carveol were found present in both the free and bound forms of orange juice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Haloarchaeal diversity in 23, 121 and 419 MYA saltsGEOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009J. S. PARK DNA was extracted from surface-sterilized salt of different geological ages (23, 121, 419 million years of age, MYA) to investigate haloarchaeal diversity. Only Haloarcula and Halorubrum DNA was found in 23 MYA salt. Older crystals contained unclassified groups and Halobacterium. The older crystals yielded a unique 55-bp insert within the 16S rRNA V2 region. The secondary structure of the V2 region completely differed from that in haloarchaea of modern environments. The DNA demonstrates that unknown haloarchaea and the Halobacterium were key components in ancient hypersaline environments. Halorubrum and Haloarcula appear to be a dominant group in relatively modern hypersaline habitats. [source] Towards Culturally Appropriate Assessment?HIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010A Contribution to the Debates Culturally appropriate assessment in higher educational is premised on factors that do not benefit minority groups, because they have no control over the processes governing such factors. Significantly, practices to account for students from different ethnic/minority/indigenous backgrounds are the inclusion of elements like their language, knowledge and culture into the curriculum. However, assessment procedures are often seen to be ,a-cultural', but are political activities that benefit the interests of some groups over others, as ,a-cultural' approaches tend to be bound within the cultural capital of the dominant group. This article examines the international discussions relating to culturally appropriate assessment through generic themes, assessment practices, cultural inclusions and cultural appropriateness. It argues that there are two distinct approaches to addressing inclusion: ,centric' and ,friendly', respectively, that result in different priorities and outcomes. Assessment however, is a political struggle between dominant and minority interests, which this article also recognises and explores. [source] Race, Gender, and Class in the Persistence of the Mariel Stigma Twenty Years after the Exodus from CubaINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Gastón A. Fernández The study examines the mediating effects of gender, race, and class in the Mariel Cuban immigrant adaptation process. It explores the significance of the Mariel identity by comparing the experiences of pre-1980 arrivals with those of the Mariel cohort (1980,1981) and post-Mariel arrivals (1982,1990, 1990,2000). The central question of the study is the extent to which the Marielitos' experience as a group with stigmatization and being labeled as "different" and pathological has persisted in having a different effect on their adaptation to the U.S. from that of other Cuban arrivals before and after Mariel. This study bases its definition of stigma on sociologically grounded theoretical orientation of the construction of a social identity in which a dominant group(s) attribute an undesired difference from what was anticipated to an out-group such that it leads to varieties of discrimination that reduce one's life chances. [source] Post-Impoundment Biomass and Composition of Phytoplankton in the Yangtze RiverINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Hui Zeng Abstract Damming, and thus alteration of stream flow, promotes higher phytoplankton populations and encourages algal blooms (density >106 cells L,1) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Phytoplankton composition and biomass were studied in the Yangtze River from March 2004 to May 2005. 107 taxa were identified. Diatoms were the dominant group, followed by Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. In the Yangtze River, algal abundance varied from 3.13 × 103 to 3.83 × 106 cells L,1, and algal biomass was in the range of 0.06 to 659 mg C m,3. Levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and silica did not show consistent longitudinal changes along the river and were not correlated with phytoplankton parameters. Phytoplankton abundance was negatively correlated with main channel discharge (Spearman r = ,1.000, P < 0.01). Phytoplankton abundance and biomass in the Yangtze River are mainly determined by the hydrological conditions rather than by nutrient concentrations. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Discourses for decolonization: affirming Maori authority in New Zealand workplacesJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Ingrid Huygens Abstract When dominant group members participate in the work of decolonization, their tasks are different from those of indigenous peoples. This study identifies key features of alternative discourses used by members of the dominant group in New Zealand workplaces. Sixteen accounts of organizational changes to implement te Tiriti o Waitangi, 1840, which guaranteed indigenous Maori authority, were analysed using the methods of critical discourse analysis. Two new resources were critically important to narrators of such change: (i) affirmation of self-determined Maori authority (tino rangatiratanga) and (ii) pursuit of a ,right relationship' between Maori and Pakeha in a new constitutional framework of dual authorities. These discursive resources are discussed in the context of an ongoing critical dialogue between Maori and Pakeha about decolonization work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Problematising the discourses of the dominant: whiteness and reconciliationJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Meredith J. Green Abstract This article investigates how unacknowledged power can affect the political actions of those in the dominant group, in this case white Australians. To do this we identify connections between the discourses used by white Australians involved in Reconciliation, the power and privilege of whiteness in Australia, and participants' understandings and actions towards Reconciliation. Using discourse analysis four discourses were identified from interviews and focus groups with white Australians involved in Reconciliation. These were labelled ,indigenous project', ,institutional change', ,challenging racism', and ,bringing them together'. We argue that understanding the power relations that underlie the political actions of those in dominant positions is critical to ensuring the goals of anti-racism are achieved. Discourse analysis may allow us to gain a deeper understanding of the power and the potential impacts that may flow from particular positions and how power may be made more visible to the dominant group. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Biodiversity characteristics of small high-altitude tropical man-made reservoirs in the Eastern Rift Valley, KenyaLAKES & RESERVOIRS: RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2002Francis Mwaura Abstract The biodiversity characteristics in eight small (0.065,0.249 km2) public man-made reservoirs in the central part of the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya, were studied between 1995 and 1998. A total of 71 phytoplankton species belonging to approximately 50 taxa were identified. Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria dominated the crop. The dominant taxa included Botryococcus, Syunura, Microsystis, Anabaena, and Cosmarium. A total of over 40 zooplankton species were identified. The community was composed mainly of crustacea, rotifers and protozoa. The most dominant group was Keratella but Brachionus and Nauplius were equally abundant. The diversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates was not high, and only 18 species were identified throughout the study period with the range of species number being 1,7 per reservoir. The benthic fauna was mainly composed of Lumbriculidae and Chironomid worms. A total of six monthly bird counts found an average of 60 birds per reservoir, and a total of 49 species was identified. Ducks, geese and coots dominated the waterfowl, especially during the dry season. Large-scale breeding by Black-headed Heron (Ardea melanocephala) and Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) was observed in one of the sites, and other species were also breeding in the reservoirs. The population of waterbirds in reservoirs was closely related to the biomass of benthic invertebrates, and the findings of the study indicate that the structure and dynamics of life forms within small man-made reservoirs can serve as excellent sensors and indicators of the state of watershed health. [source] Coral Recruitment and Regeneration on a Maldivian Reef 21 Months after the Coral Bleaching Event of 1998MARINE ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Karen Loch Abstract. This paper describes the quantitative inventory of stony corals on a Maldivian reef after the bleaching event of 1998. The detailed data, collected in March 1999 and March 2000, comprise survival, new recruitment and regenerates. They were obtained in 6 transects laid out randomly on the reef flat, on 22 Acropora tables on 6 sites at the reef edge and on 39 Porites lobata blocks and 1 Diploastrea heliopora colony. The present cover of living zooxanthellate corals is reduced to ca. 2,,,5 % of its previous state. Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae were practically wiped out, while Poritidae survived partly and Agariciidae (esp. Pavona) are now the dominant group. New settlements on dead Acropora tables were mainly Agariciidae, followed by Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae. Regenerates on Porites were pronounced and the apparent yearly increase in mass was about threefold that of Diploastrea, which is 3 , 4,mm per year. The influence on reef ecology in terms of coral substrate and species, possible sources of larvae, change of guilds in reef builders, other species and the prospect for further development of the reef, with respect to growth versus erosion, is discussed. [source] Discriminative justice: Can discrimination be just?NEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT & CONTINUING EDUCATION, Issue 101 2004Tonette S. Rocco Educators of urban adults should attempt to deconstruct the dynamics in the classroom that replicate the social, political, and economic discourse of the dominant group. We must work to surface the complexity of diverse experiences represented by multiple oppressed groups. [source] Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Kyo Tanoue Abstract Ceratopsian dinosaurs were a dominant group of herbivores in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. We hypothesize that an understanding of the feeding system will provide important insight into the evolutionary success of these animals. The mandibular mechanics of eight genera of basal ceratopsians was examined to understand the variability in shape of the jaws and the early evolution of the masticatory system in Ceratopsia. Data were collected on lever arms, cranial angles and tooth row lengths. The results indicate that psittacosaurids had higher leverage at the beak and in the rostral part of the tooth row than basal neoceratopsians, but lower leverage in the caudal part of the tooth row. Although the vertebrate mandible is generally considered as a third-class lever, that of basal neoceratopsians acted as a second-class lever at the caudal part of the tooth row, as is also true in ceratopsids. When total input force from the mandibular adductor muscles on both sides of the skull is considered, the largest bite force in basal ceratopsian tooth rows was exerted in the caudal part of the tooth row at the caudal extremity of the zone with near-maximum input force. Medially positioned teeth generate higher leverage than laterally positioned teeth. The largest bite force in all basal ceratopsians is smaller than the maximum input force, a limit imposed by the morphology of the basal ceratopsian masticatory system. In ceratopsids, caudal extension of the tooth row resulted in a much larger bite force, even exceeding the maximum input force. Anat Rec, 292:1352,1369, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Women on the Sidelines: Women's Representation on Committees in Latin American LegislaturesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Roseanna Michelle Heath This article explores how new groups can be marginalized after they gain representation in the legislature. We use data from six Latin American legislatures to examine the effect of institutional and political factors on how traditionally dominant male political leaders distribute scarce political resources,committee assignments,to female newcomers. In general, we find that women tend to be isolated on women's issues and social issues committees and kept off of power and economics/foreign affairs committees as the percentage of legislators who are women increases, when party leaders or chamber presidents control committee assignments, and when the structure of the committee system provides a specific committee to deal with women's issues. Thus, to achieve full incorporation into the legislative arena, newcomers must do more than just win seats. They must change the institutions that allow the traditionally dominant group to hoard scarce political resources. [source] High Numbers of Naked Amoebae in the Planktonic Waters of a Mangrove Stand in Southern Florida, USATHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000ANDREW ROGERSON ABSTRACT. This is the first study to examine the abundance of naked amoebae in the water column of a mangrove stand. A total of 37 different morphotypes was noted and at least 13 of these are probably new species. Over a one-year sampling interval, amoebae averaged 35,400 cells liter,1 (range 2,000,104,000) by an indirect enrichment cultivation method. Densities in the upper end of this range arc the highest ever reported for any planktonic habitat. Variation between samples was related to the quantity of suspended aggregates (floes) in the water column emphasizing that amoebae are usually floc-associated. The study also showed that it is essential to disrupt floc material prior to withdrawing sample aliquots for the indirect counting method since several amoebae can occupy the interstices of aggregates. There is concern that indirect enumeration methods that require organisms to be cultured in the laboratory seriously underestimate the true count. A direct counting method using acridine orange staining and epifluorescence microscopy was attempted to assess the possible magnitude of the error associated with indirect counting. While this direct method had limitations, notably the difficulty of unambiguously differentiating between small amoebae and nanoflagellates, the results suggested that the indirect method gave estimates that were close to the true count (within a factor of two). Mangrove waters are rich in heterotrophic protozoa (,3 × 106 liter1) and while the heterotrophic flagellates are by far the dominant group, naked amoebae outnumber ciliates some 20-foid. The ecological consequences of high numbers of amoebae, particularly the common small forms less than 10 ,m in length, need to be examined for these important coastal sites. [source] The Elephant in the Living Room That No One Wants to Talk About: Why U.S. Anthropologists Are Unable to Acknowledge the End of CultureANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2009Greg Tanaka Findings from a four-year action research project at a highly diverse, West Coast U.S. university reveal that a large percentage of white students cannot trace their identities to a particular nation in Europe and are, as a result, unable to name the shared meanings of a particular ethnic culture. Each time Latino, Asian American, and African American classmates describe their families' ethnic histories, it is the European American student who feels dissociated. Extracted from a polyphonic novelistic ethnography, this essay focuses on an exchange among three students at a town hall meeting and explores the ramifications for social cohesion when members of "the dominant group" appear to be experiencing declining subjectivity. This reflection also raises two larger disciplinary questions: (1) How can 10,000 U.S. anthropologists continue to deploy the concept of culture at field sites outside the United States when so many in their own population cannot claim an ethnic culture of their own? and (2) Given the recent turn in events in the U.S. political scene, shouldn't anthropologists now begin developing new constructs for social analysis after race and culture?,[culture concept, subjectivity, soul] [source] Labour Market Efficiency with Discriminatory UnionsBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001John R. Dobson The paper considers ,efficient bargains', with a union that weighs the utilities of its members unequally and negotiates over group employment levels. Such discrimination may lead to socially inefficient overemployment of the dominant group, and underemployment of the group suffering discrimination. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||