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Dose Limit (dose + limit)
Selected AbstractsPrescribing drug of choice to opiate dependent drug users: a comparison of clients receiving heroin with those receiving injectable methadone at a West London drug clinicDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2001NICKY METREBIAN Abstract Fifty-eight long-term treatment resistant opiate-dependent drug users were offered the choice of receiving injectable heroin or injectable methadone at a West London drug clinic. Drugs were dispensed on-site at the clinic with weekend take-home. There was no routine ongoing supervised injecting. A ceiling dose of 200mg/day of heroin or methadone was set. One-third chose injectable methadone. Compared to those choosing heroin, these drug users were less likely to have used heroin or crack/cocaine before entering treatment, and were more likely to have previously received treatment with injectable methadone. Drug users reported choosing methadone because it was their primary drug of addiction, and compared with heroin has a longer duration of action and increased strength. Problems with each drug were reported: those choosing heroin complained that the upper dose limit was too low to maintain them adequately, and some receiving methadone complained of discomfort while injecting intravenously. While those choosing each drug had different baseline characteristics, both groups were well retained in treatment and at 3 months made significant reductions in drug use and crime, which were sustained over the 12-month follow-up period. There was no significant difference between treatment outcome between each group. There is an urgent need to conduct randomized controlled trials to establish the effectiveness of prescribing injectable methadone and heroin to inform policy and practice. [source] Body Mass Index and Effectiveness of Reperfusion Strategies: Implications for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial InfarctionJOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008M.S., RAJENDRA H. MEHTA M.D. Background:Fibrinolytic therapy has maximum dose limit in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Consequently, obese patients receive lower dose of fibrinolytic per kg body weight compared to lower weight patients. Whether the relatively lower dose results in lower effectiveness of fibrinolytic agents versus primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with higher body mass index (BMI) is not known. Methods:We analyzed 7,630 STEMI patients receiving primary PCI (46%) or fibrinolysis (54%) <24 hours of symptom onset from the MITRA PLUS registry. The relative effectiveness of the 2 reperfusion strategies on in-hospital death (adjusted with propensity scores) and bleeding were studied in 3 BMI groups: I-BMI 20,24.9 kg/m2 (n = 2,277), II-BMI 25,29.9 kg/m2 (n = 3,763), and III-BMI ,30 kg/m2 (n = 1,590). Results:BMI was inversely related to death, shock, stroke, and bleeding in patients treated with either reperfusion strategy. However, compared with primary PCI, fibrinolysis was associated with higher adjusted death with similar relative adjusted difference in all 3 groups (group I OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.19,2.44; group II OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.39,2.56; group III OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.08,3.22). Conclusions:Compared with primary PCI, fibrinolysis was associated with relatively similar higher risk of death in all 3 BMI groups. Whether the differences in death between fibrinolysis and primary PCI in the high-BMI categories can be reduced by higher fibrinolytic doses without increasing bleeding risks needs evaluation in future studies. [source] General pharmaceutics,The new physical pharmacyJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 7 2003E. F. "Gene" Fiese Abstract General Pharmaceutics is proposed as the broad study of the biopharmaceutical and physical chemical properties of each potential drug substance. When the first quality bulk lot is delivered, usually the first GMP bulk lot, an extensive profiling of the potential drug substance should commence. This profile should include solid-state characterization as well as thorough analyses of solubility, stability, and absorption properties of the drug substance that could affect the development of a viable medicine. As a result of these studies, a number of initial specifications could be developed: the preferred polymorphic or crystalline form identified, the preferred particle size to optimize absorption/development, and an initial biopharmaceutics classification with a dose limit to identify those cases in which the formulation can be expected to improve absorption and exposure. The broad topic of General Pharmaceutics is discussed in this Minireview including many advances in technology in this field as well as the rationale behind the proposed initial specifications. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 92:1331,1342, 2003 [source] A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in third molar surgery,ANAESTHESIA, Issue 11 2007C. W. Cheung Summary This randomised, double-blind study compared dexmedetomidine and midazolam for intravenous sedation during third molar surgery under local anaesthesia. Sixty patients received either dexmedetomidine (up to 1 ,g.kg,1) or midazolam (up to 5 mg), which was infused until the Ramsay Sedation Score was four or the maximum dose limit was reached. Intra-operative vital signs, postoperative pain scores and analgesic consumption, amnesia, and satisfaction scores for patients and surgeons, were recorded. Sedation was achieved by median (IQR (range)) doses of 47 ,g (39,52 (25,76)) or 0.88 ,g.kg,1 (0.75,1.0 (0.6,1.0)) dexmedetomidine, and 3.6 mg (3.3,4.4 (1.9,5.0)) or 0.07 mg.kg,1 (0.055,0.085 (0.017,0.12)) midazolam. Heart rate and blood pressure during surgery were lower in dexmedetomidine group. There was no significant difference in satisfaction or pain scores. Midazolam was associated with greater amnesia. Dexmedetomidine produces comparable sedation to midazolam. [source] Know your dose: RADDOSEACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 4 2010Karthik S. Paithankar The program RADDOSE is widely used to compute the dose absorbed by a macromolecular crystal during an X-ray diffraction experiment. A number of factors affect the absorbed dose, including the incident X-ray flux density, the photon energy and the composition of the macromolecule and of the buffer in the crystal. An experimental dose limit for macromolecular crystallography (MX) of 30,MGy at 100,K has been reported, beyond which the biological information obtained may be compromised. Thus, for the planning of an optimized diffraction experiment the estimation of dose has become an additional tool. A number of approximations were made in the original version of RADDOSE. Recently, the code has been modified in order to take into account fluorescent X-ray escape from the crystal (version 2) and the inclusion of incoherent (Compton) scattering into the dose calculation is now reported (version 3). The Compton cross-section, although negligible at the energies currently commonly used in MX, should be considered in dose calculations for incident energies above 20,keV. Calculations using version 3 of RADDOSE reinforce previous studies that predict a reduction in the absorbed dose when data are collected at higher energies compared with data collected at 12.4,keV. Hence, a longer irradiation lifetime for the sample can be achieved at these higher energies but this is at the cost of lower diffraction intensities. The parameter `diffraction-dose efficiency', which is the diffracted intensity per absorbed dose, is revisited in an attempt to investigate the benefits and pitfalls of data collection using higher and lower energy radiation, particularly for thin crystals. [source] Anticipation of Radiation Dose to the Conceptus from Occupational Exposure of Pregnant Staff During Fluoroscopically Guided Electrophysiological ProceduresJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2005JOHN DAMILAKIS Ph.D. Introduction: A female employee working in the electrophysiology suite has the right to know potential radiation hazards to the unborn child before she is pregnant or before she decides to formally declare her pregnancy. Moreover, the employer of a declared pregnant worker must evaluate the work situation and ensure that the conceptus dose is kept below the maximum permissible level during the remaining gestation period. The aim of this study was to develop a method for conceptus dose anticipation and determination of maximum workload allowed for the pregnant employee who participates in fluoroscopically guided electrophysiological procedures. Methods and Results: A C-arm fluoroscopy system, an anthropomorphic phantom, and a radiation meter were used to obtain scattered air kerma dose rates separately for each of the three fluoroscopic projections typically used in the electrophysiology suite. Air kerma to conceptus dose conversion factors for all trimesters of gestation were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. A formula is presented for the anticipation of the conceptus dose from occupational exposure of pregnant staff during fluoroscopically guided electrophysiological procedures. Normalized data are provided for conceptus dose estimation from occupational exposure of pregnant staff working in any electrophysiology laboratory. A methodology for estimation of maximum workload allowed for each month of the remaining gestation period of a worker who declared her pregnancy is proposed, which ensures that the regulatory dose limits are not exceeded. Conclusion: Data presented may be used for the implementation of a radiation protection program designed for pregnant staff working in an electrophysiological suite. [source] BIOGENIC AMINE CONTENT OF SOME TURKISH CHEESESJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 4 2002FÜGEN DURLU-ÖZKAYA Biogenic amines in ten samples of Ka,ar (aged), five samples of Ka,ar (fresh), four samples of Mihaliç, nine samples of Van Otlu (herbed), nine samples of Örgü, nine samples of Urfa and six samples of Civil cheeses were obtained from local supermarkets of Ankara. Tryptamine (TRY), phenylethylamine (PHA), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIT), tyramine (TYA), spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD) contents of Turkish cheese samples were screened by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PUT, CAD, HIT, TYA and SPD were the predominant biogenic amines in maturated Ka,ar (aged), vacuum-packed Ka,ar (fresh), Mihaliç, Otlu (herbed) and Örgü cheeses. PHA, CAD, TYA and SPD were the predominant biogenic amines in Urfa cheese samples. Civil cheeses were found to contain the highest HIT and TYA content with an average of 94.76 mg/100 g and 138.16 mg/100 g, respectively, much higher than the toxic dose. HIT level of Mihaliç cheeses were also higher than the accepted limit. The concentration of amines in all other cheeses was much lower than the toxic dose limits. [source] Radiation doses to staff involved in sentinel node operations for breast cancerCLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, Issue 4 2005T. L. Klausen Summary Background:, The use of radioactive compounds for sentinel node biopsy is now a generally accepted part of the surgical treatment of breast cancer and melanoma, with the risk of radiation exposure to the operating team. The aim of this investigation was to study the levels of this exposure in relation to the permissible radiation dose limits. Methods:, The radiation exposure to the hands and bodies of the operating surgeons (the ,risk persons') was measured by thermoluminescent dosemeters in 79 operations and to the pathologists handling the specimens in 17 cases. Radioactivity and dose rate measurement from tumours and breast specimens were also performed. Results:, During an operation the mean skin dose (±SD) to the thermoluminescent dosemeters placed at the hand and the abdominal wall were 0·04 ± 0·04 mSv (79 operations) and 0·01 ± 0·02 mSv (67 operations) respectively. For the pathologist, the mean hand dose per operation was below the detection limit (17 operations). Correlation between the measured dose rate and the radioactive content of the tumours was 0·998. Conclusions:, The radiation exposure to the staff involved in sentinel node (SN) biopsy for breast cancer using radioactive labelled tracers will be considerably below the permissible limits, even with high numbers of SN biopsy procedures. Pregnant staff members should participate in <100 SN operations. [source] | |||||||||||||