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Distribution
Kinds of Distribution Terms modified by Distribution Selected AbstractsINCOME DISTRIBUTION, SOVEREIGN DEBT, AND PUBLIC INVESTMENTECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2005Cem Karayalçin We develop a political economy model of sovereign debt that shows that income inequality leads to popular pressures on the government to use foreign debt to finance a redistribution of income at the expense of productive public investment. Recognizing this fact, international lenders impose credit ceilings with the consequence that developing country borrowers invest less and grow slower. [source] LIKELIHOOD-BASED INFERENCE IN ISOLATION-BY-DISTANCE MODELS USING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LOW-FREQUENCY ALLELESEVOLUTION, Issue 11 2009John Novembre Estimating dispersal distances from population genetic data provides an important alternative to logistically taxing methods for directly observing dispersal. Although methods for estimating dispersal rates between a modest number of discrete demes are well developed, methods of inference applicable to "isolation-by-distance" models are much less established. Here, we present a method for estimating ,,2, the product of population density (,) and the variance of the dispersal displacement distribution (,2). The method is based on the assumption that low-frequency alleles are identical by descent. Hence, the extent of geographic clustering of such alleles, relative to their frequency in the population, provides information about ,,2. We show that a novel likelihood-based method can infer this composite parameter with a modest bias in a lattice model of isolation-by-distance. For calculating the likelihood, we use an importance sampling approach to average over the unobserved intraallelic genealogies, where the intraallelic genealogies are modeled as a pure birth process. The approach also leads to a likelihood-ratio test of isotropy of dispersal, that is, whether dispersal distances on two axes are different. We test the performance of our methods using simulations of new mutations in a lattice model and illustrate its use with a dataset from Arabidopsis thaliana. [source] INEQUALITY, INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS, AND THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESS FIRMS,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Thomas Gall This article analyzes the effects of intrafirm bargaining on the formation of firms in an economy with imperfect capital markets and contracting constraints. In equilibrium, wealth inequality induces a heterogeneous distribution of firm sizes, allowing for firms both too small and too large in terms of technical efficiency. The findings connect well to empirical facts such as the missing middle of firm-size distributions in developing countries. The model can encompass a nonmonotonic relationship between aggregate output and inequality. It turns out that an inflow of capital may indeed decrease output in absolute terms. [source] GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES IN BALTIMORE, MARYLANDJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2009Theresa Cruthird-Rudd BS No abstract is available for this article. [source] DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF POLYPHENOLS IN RIPE AND UNRIPE TREE PEPPER (CAPSICUM PUBESCENS)JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2007G. OBOH ABSTRACT Capsicum pubescens, commonly known as tree pepper with its distinctive thick-fleshed pungent fruit (ripe and unripe), is used as a vegetable condiment or made into a sauce. The present study sought to determine the distribution of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in its thick flesh and seeds. Free, bound and total phenol content of each extract was subsequently determined, while reducing power, Fe (II)-chelating ability, OH radical-scavenging ability and ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid peroxidation in basal and Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation in brain was used for antioxidant capacity. Unripe pepper had higher total phenol content than ripe pepper; however, there was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) in the total phenol content of flesh for both peppers (unripe [110 mg/100g], ripe [95 mg/100 g]) and the seed (unripe [110.0 mg/100 g ], ripe [90 mg/100 g]). Nevertheless, the free polyphenols in flesh and seed of the peppers were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than the bound polyphenols. All the extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner, although free polyphenols from the flesh of ripe pepper caused the highest inhibition in malondialdehyde production in rat's brain. Free and bound polyphenols from the flesh of unripe pepper had the highest Fe (II)-chelating and OH radical-scavenging ability. While the free polyphenols from the flesh of ripe pepper had the highest reducing power, this may have accounted for its ability to reduce Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation. Therefore, by removing the seed from pepper, a 50% loss in the total phenol content would result, which will substantially reduce antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Because many degenerative human diseases have been recognized as being a consequence of free radical damage, there have been many studies undertaken on how to delay or prevent the onset of these diseases. The most likely and practical way to fight against degenerative diseases is to improve body antioxidant status, which could be achieved by higher consumption of vegetables and fruits. Foods from plant origin usually contain natural antioxidants that can scavenge free radical. The inclusion of either ripe or unripe pepper in a diet is a common practice in Africa and some other parts of the world; our recent findings on the antioxidant properties of Capsicum pubescens clearly indicate that its inclusion in the diet will contribute greatly in the prevention of neuro-degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress, by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Moreover, removing the seeds of this pepper during food processing will reduce the total phenol content by 50%, and consequently reduce the antioxidant activity. [source] IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF CHINESE TARTARY BUCKWHEAT PROTEIN FRACTIONS: THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR HYDROLYSATESJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2006XIAONA GUO ABSTRACT Our previous study showed that in vitro pepsin digestibility of Chinese tartary buckwheat protein was relatively low compared to those of other edible seeds. In vitro pepsin digestibilities of four protein fractions of tartary buckwheat, microstructure and molecular weight (MW) distributions of hydrolysates were investigated. In vitro pepsin digestion assay showed that the digestibilities of tartary buckwheat protein fractions were albumin (81.20%), globulin (79.56%), prolamin (66.99%) and glutelin (58.09%). Scanning electron microscopy showed that albumin and globulin fractions were digested by pitting from the outer surface to the inner part and were more digestible, while prolamin and glutelin fractions resisted digestion because only the outer surfaces of their protein bodies were digested and the interior was protected. MW distribution of the hydrolysates from the four protein fractions was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The hydrolysates of albumin mainly consisted of polypeptides with lower MW. The hydrolysates of glutelin had larger polypeptides together with small and medium-sized peptide fractions. [source] ACTIVITY DISTRIBUTION OF DIGESTIVE PROTEASES FROM NEMIPTERUS VIRGATUS AND THEIR RESPONSES TO pH VALUE AND TEMPERATUREJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2008HONG TAO ABSTRACT In the present study, three groups (I,III) of Nemipterus virgatus, with average body weights of 154.36, 250.72 and 329.09 g, respectively, were used to investigate the changes in the activity and distribution of digestive proteases in different organs and sections of the digestive tract. Another group of N. virgatus (average body weight of 188.41 g) was used to analyze the changes in the activity of digestive proteases in response to various pH values and temperatures. The activity of digestive proteases in all analyzed organs increased with the increase of body weight at the range of 154.36,329.09 g. The activities of digestive proteases in the different sections of the digestive tract were compared, and a similar change was found among groups I,III. The activities of digestive proteases from various organs were in a descending order: pylorus ceca > stomach > foregut > midgut > hindgut > hepatopancreas. Through observing the zymograms of substrate,sodium dodecil sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, many kinds of digestive proteases could be found in different organs and the varieties were changed with the change of body weight. Two peaks in the diagram between protease activity and pH value were found at pH 3.0 and 10.0, respectively. The activity under alkaline condition was 60% higher than that under acidic condition. The optimal temperature for protease activity was 50C, while the protease activity at 10C was only 30% of that at 50C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Nemipterus virgatus is one of the most important commercial fishes in the East China Sea and South China Sea. The digestive tract of N. virgatus is rich in digestive proteases and they can be employed as important biotechnological tools. The activities of digestive proteases from various organs and the effects of pH value and temperature on them were investigated in this study. The effect of body weight of N. virgatus was also evaluated. All these information would be helpful to extensively utilize this resource for the fish process industry. [source] A MODEL FOR TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION DURING CONTINUOUS MICROWAVE DRYING,JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2005D. BOLDOR ABSTRACT A heat and mass transfer model of continuous drying of farmer stock (in-shell, uncured) peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a planar microwave applicator was developed and investigated. Transport phenomena equations previously developed for batch-type microwave drying were successfully adapted to account for the spatial variation of the electric field inside the applicator. The theoretical equations developed, together with experimental methods, were used to determine the effect of microwave power level and dielectric properties on the temperature profiles and reduction in peanuts' moisture content (mc). The temperature profiles from the solution of these equations matched the experimental ones determined using fiber optic temperature probes inserted into drying peanut pods. An exact theoretical determination of mc reduction during microwave drying was not possible due to the dependence of dielectric properties on mc. The surface temperature distribution of the peanut bed measured using infrared pyrometry was well correlated with internal temperature profiles. [source] QUALITY AND CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF AKARA (FRIED COWPEA PASTE) PROCESSED FROM WET- AND DRY-MILLED COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) MEAL WITH SPECIFIED PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 3 2007MELISSA A. VANCHINA ABSTRACT Direct quality indicators of cowpea paste and akara produced from traditionally wet-milled peas, and hammer-milled (dry-milled) and freeze-dried (wet-milled) meals were examined in this study. Both meal samples studied were formulated to consist of 65% medium-sized particles and 35% large particles by weight. Particle volume mean diameters (µm) of the three paste samples were not significantly different from one another at the various stages during akara production. Scanning electron micrographs of akara crumb were converted to threshold images and analyzed. There was no significant difference in the amount of air found in the akara samples. Akara produced from both meals was found acceptable by sensory panelists with no significant difference in any of the attributes or overall liking among the three samples. [source] DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCE ROCKS AND MATURITY MODELLING IN THE NORTHERN CENOZOIC SONG HONG BASIN (GULF OF TONKIN), VIETNAMJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2005C. Andersen The northern offshore part of the Cenozoic Song Hong Basin in the Gulf of Tonkin (East Vietnam Sea) is at an early stage of exploration with only a few wells drilled. Oil to source rock correlation indicates that coals are responsible for the sub-commercial oil and gas accumulations in sandstones in two of the four wells which have been drilled on faulted anticlines and flower structures. The wells are located in a narrow, structurally inverted zone with a thick predominantly deltaic Miocene succession between the Song Chay and Vinh Ninh/Song Lo fault zones. These faults are splays belonging to the offshore extension of the Red River Fault Zone. Access to a database of 3,500 km of 2D seismic data has allowed a detailed and consistent break-down of the geological record of the northern part of the basin into chronostratigraphic events which were used as inputs to model the hydrocarbon generation history. In addition, seismic facies mapping, using the internal reflection characteristics of selected seismic sequences, has been applied to predict the lateral distribution of source rock intervals. The results based on Yükler ID basin modelling are presented as profiles and maturity maps. The robustness of the results are analysed by testing different heat flow scenarios and by transfer of the model concept to IES Petromod software to obtain a more acceptable temperature history reconstruction using the Easy%R0 algorithm. Miocene coals in the wells located in the inverted zone between the fault splays are present in separate intervals. Seismic facies analysis suggests that the upper interval is of limited areal extent. The lower interval, of more widespread occurrence, is presently in the oil and condensate generating zones in deep synclines between inversion ridges. The Yükler modelling indicates, however, that the coaly source rock interval entered the main window prior to formation of traps as a result of Late Miocene inversion. Lacustrine mudstones, similar to the highly oil-prone Oligocene mudstones and coals which are exposed in the Dong Ho area at the northern margin of the Song Hong Basin and on Bach Long Vi Island in Gulf of Tonkin, are interpreted to be preserved in a system of undrilled NW,SE Paleogene half-grabens NE of the Song Lo Fault Zone. This is based on the presence of intervals with distinct, continuous, high reflection seismic amplitudes. Considerable overlap exists between the shale-prone seismic facies and the modelled extent of the present-day oil and condensate generating zones, suggesting that active source kitchens also exist in this part of the basin. Recently reported oil in a well located onshore (BIO-STB-IX) at the margin of the basin, which is sourced mainly from "Dong Ho type" lacustrine mudstones supports the presence of an additional Paleogene sourced petroleum system. [source] USING QUANTITATIVE PCR TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF A SEMICRYPTIC BENTHIC DIATOM, NAVICULA PHYLLEPTA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Véronique Créach Evidence has accumulated during the last decade showing that many established diatom morpho-species actually consist of several semicryptic or truly cryptic species. As these species are difficult or even impossible to differentiate by microscopic analysis, there is virtually no information on how they behave in natural environments. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay using TaqMan probes® targeted to the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to assess the spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of an important component of the microphytobenthos of intertidal sediments. Navicula phyllepta Kützing is a brackish-marine morpho-species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Axenic clones of this species were isolated from natural assemblages of benthic diatoms at different intertidal stations in the Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands). At least two distinct semicryptic species of N. phyllepta were present, as shown by differences in the quantity of DNA per cell, the ITS1 sequences and the copy number of ITS per cell. DNA and chl a concentrations extracted from sediment surface samples were closely correlated, showing that the DNA used for subsequent analysis mostly belonged to the microalgal community. The results of real-time qPCR from sites throughout the estuary and over several seasons agreed well with microscopic counts. Additionally, the seasonal pattern of the two forms of N. phyllepta showed an overlapping, but unique distribution along the estuary. [source] STEROLS AS BIOMARKERS IN GYMNODINIUM BREVE: DISTRIBUTION IN DINOFLAGELLATESJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000J.D. Leblond The sterol composition of marine microalgae has been shown to be a chemotaxonomic property potentially of value in distinguishing members of different algal classes. For example, members of the class Dinophyceae display sterol compositions ranging from as few as two (cholesterol and dinosterol in Alexandrium tamarense) to as many as twelve in certain Heterocapsa species. Certain of these are 4-methyl sterols rarely found in other classes of algae. The ability to use sterol biomarkers to distinguish certain dinoflagellates such as the toxic species Gymnodinium breve, responsible for red tide events in the Gulf of Mexico, from other species within the same class would be of considerable scientific and economic value. Gymnodinium breve has been shown by others to possess two principal novel sterols, (24S)-4a-methylergosta-8(14), 22-dien-3b-ol (ED) and its 27-nor derivative (NED), not previously known to be present in other dinoflagellates. Characterization of free and esterified sterols from laboratory cultures of G. breve and of samples from a recent bloom in the Gulf of Mexico has confirmed the predominance of these two sterols. This has prompted a study of the sterol signatures of more than 30 dinoflagellates. ED and NED were shown also to be the primary sterols of the closely related dinoflagellates G. mikimotoi and G. galatheanum. They are also found as minor components of the more complex sterol profiles of other members of the Gymnodinium-Peridinium-Prorocentrum (GPP) taxonomic group. The more widespread distribution of this sterol pattern is consistent with the known close relationship between G. breve and G. mikimotoi. [source] PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION AND CHANNEL MANAGEMENT: A KNOWLEDGE AND CAPABILITIES PERSPECTIVE,JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2009GARY L. FRAZIERArticle first published online: 25 MAR 200 This paper examines the interrelationship between physical distribution and channel management. A conceptual framework is developed, based on industry and firm conditions, to explain the relative importance of physical distribution functions in the field of channel management. The need for knowledge transfer and integration among channel members to enable organizational capabilities lies at the heart of the research approach. [source] DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS POOLS AND FLUXES IN RELATION TO ALUM TREATMENT,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 3 2000William F James ABSTRACT: The distribution of sediment physical characteristics, sediment phosphorus (P) pools, and laboratory-based rates of P release from the sediments were used to identify regions and dosage for alum treatment in Wind Lake, Wisconsin. Using variations in sediment moisture content, we identified an erosional zone at depths < 1.4 m and an accumulation zone at depths > 2.6 m. Mean concentrations of porewater P, loosely-bound P, iron- and aluminum-bound P, and mean rates of P release from sediments under anoxic conditions were high in the accumulation zone compared to sediment P characteristics in the erosional zone, indicating focusing of readily mobilized sediment P pools from shallow regions and accumulation to deep regions. We determined that a future alum treatment for control of internal P loading would be most effective at depths > 2.6 in the accumulation zone. The mean rate of anoxic P release from sediments encountered in the accumulation zone (8.3 mg m -2 d -1) was used in conjunction with a summer anoxic period of 122 d, and a treatment area of 1.6 km2 to estimate an internal P load of 1,600 kg to be controlled. Our results suggest that an understanding of the distribution of sediment P pools and P fluxes in lakes provides a strategy for estimating alum dosage and application areas. [source] NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES CALVING GROUNDSMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006Chérie A. Keller Abstract Standardized aerial surveys were used to document the winter (December,March) distribution of North Atlantic right whales in their calving area off the coasts of Georgia and northeastern Florida (1991,1998). Survey data were collected within four survey zones in and adjacent to federally designated critical habitat. These data, including whale-sighting locations and sampling effort, were used to describe right whale distribution in relation to sea-surface temperature (SST) from satellite-derived images. Locations where whales were sighted (n= 609) had an overall mean SST of 14.3°C ± 2.1° (range 8°,22°C). Data from two survey zones having sufficient data (including the "early warning system" (EWS) zone and the Florida nearshore) were pooled by season and stratified by month to investigate changes in monthly ambient SST and fine-scale distribution patterns of right whales in relation to SST within spatially explicit search areas. Using Monte Carlo techniques, SSTs and latitudes (means and standard deviations) of locations where whales were sighted were compared to a sampling distribution of each variable derived from daily-search areas. Overall, results support a nonrandom distribution of right whales in relation to SST: during resident months (January and February), whales exhibited low variability in observed SST and a suggested southward shift in whale distribution toward warmer SSTs in the EWS zone; while in the relatively warmer and southernmost survey zone (Florida nearshore), right whales were concentrated in the northern, cooler portion. Our results support that warm Gulf Stream waters, generally found south and east of delineated critical habitat, represent a thermal limit for right whales and play an important role in their distribution within the calving grounds. These results affirm the inclusion of SST in a multivariate predictive model for right whale distribution in their southeastern habitat. [source] EFFECTS OF AN OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENT ON LOCAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RINGED SEALS (PHOCA HISPIDA) OF THE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA,MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Valerie D. Moulton Abstract This study investigates how densities of ringed seals were affected by construction and oil production activities at Northstar, an artificial island built in the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Intensive and replicated aerial surveys of seals on landfast ice were conducted during six spring seasons: for three seasons before island construction began (1997,1999); after a winter of intensive island construction (2000); and after more limited construction plus drilling (2001) and drilling plus oil production (2002). A Poisson regression model was used to examine seal densities relative to distance from Northstar after allowance for environmental covariates. Post hoc power analysis indicated that the study design and Poisson regression approach had high power to detect small-scale changes in seal densities near Northstar if such changes had occurred. However, seal densities during spring were not significantly affected by proximity to Northstar in 2000,2002. Habitat, temporal, and weather factors did have significant effects on seal densities. This study shows that effects of the Northstar oil development on local distribution of basking ringed seals are no more than slight, and are small relative to the effects of natural environmental factors. An understanding of environmental effects is essential when assessing potential impacts of industrial activity on ringed seals. [source] ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS) ON THE SOUTH COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA I: BROAD SCALE PATTERNSMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004Simon H. Elwen Abstract Aerial surveys over the last 32 yr have shown that the distribution of southern right whales Eubalaena australis along the south coast of South Africa is markedly discontinuous, but highly predictable. A GIS was used at a variety of scales to investigate whether this pattern was related to environmental characteristics. Whale distribution was analyzed as density per 20-min bin of longitude over two temporal and spatial scales, namely 15 bins for 32 yr, and a wider scale but shorter time period, 23 bins for 19 yr, as well as using three years of GPS accuracy data (15 bins) for finer scale analysis. Environmental factors tested were depth, distance from shore, sea floor slope, protection from swell, protection from wind, and shore type. The majority of whales were concentrated in areas that provided reasonable protection from open ocean swell and seasonal winds, and had sedimentary floors with gentle slopes. They generally avoided exposed rocky shorelines. Cow-calf pairs were found significantly closer to shore and in shallower water than unaccompanied whales, particularly off sandy beaches. Habitat choice at this time of year may be related both to energy conservation for calves and lactating females (calm sea conditions) and to protection of the new-born. [source] ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS) ON THE SOUTH COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA II: WITHIN BAY DISTRIBUTIONMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004Simon H. Elwen Abstract Environmental factors are thought to strongly influence the distribution and predictability of the coastal distribution of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) off South Africa. Preferred habitat had generally shallow sloping sedimentary floors and was characteristically protected from open ocean swell and prevalent seasonal winds. This study investigated whether habitat choices at smaller scales (within bays) were similar. Fine scale distribution patterns (GPS) from three years' surveys (1997, 1999, 2000) were analyzed separately within the three main concentration areas St Sebastian Bay, De Hoop, and Walker Bay (containing ,73% of cow-calf pairs and ,49% of unaccompanied adults in the whole survey region). Whale density at this scale of within particular bays did not correlate well with predicted variables, but Chi-squared analysis strongly supported results at broader scales, in all bays. Post-hoc"choice" tests between similar areas differing in only one variable revealed that cow-calves preferred (presumed) sandy substrates and especially protection from swell. The strength and predictability of preferences shown at fine scale (where individual movement and weather variability could have great influence) provide strong support for findings at larger scales and emphasize the importance of environmental factors in the habitat choice of wintering right whales. [source] KILLER WHALE (ORCINUS ORCA) DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA, JULY 1999 AND JUNE 2000MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002Janice M. Waite [source] STATUS, RELATIONSHIPS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF MESOPLODON BOWDOINI ANDREWS, 1908 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2001Alan N. Baker Abstract The specific status of Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews is reviewed and new information on its morphology, reproduction, and distribution is presented. This species of beaked whale, known only from 35 specimens, has a southern, circumpolar distribution north of the Antarctic convergence, between 32° and 54°30,S. It shares with M. bahamondi Reyes, Van Waerebeek, Cárdenas and Yáńez from the south Pacific Ocean including New Zealand (this paper) and M. carlhubbsi Moore from the north Pacific, a number of morphological features such as prominential notches in the maxillary bones in the skull. It is less similar to M. stejnegeri True from the north Pacific and M. ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya from the tropical Indo-Pacific. Mesoplodon bowdoini can be distinguished from all other species of Mesoplodon by the shape of its teeth (male and female), and differences in the morphology of its skull, especially the proportions of the rostrum, separation of the nasals, the shape of the prominential notches, and the nature of the antorbital processes. The species' distinguishing external characteristics are: a robust body up to about 4.50 m long; a low melon and short, thick beak; an elevated jawline posteriorly; and a low, blunt-tipped, triangular dorsal fin. The occurrence of fetuses of M. bowdoini in May and September, and perinatal juveniles in May and June, indicates a summer-autumn breeding season in the New Zealand region; the length at birth is estimated at about 2.20 m. [source] GROWTH, COMMODITY PRICES, INFLATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMEMETROECONOMICA, Issue 1 2007Harry Bloch ABSTRACT A primary commodity price boom is underway. Given the role of internationally traded primary commodities as inputs into the productive process in the industrialized world, an important question arises: namely what effects will this price-boom exert upon wage and price inflation in industrialized countries? In order to address this question, we specify and estimate a system of equations in which the key dependent variables are world commodity prices, the domestic inflation rate for finished goods and the rate of domestic industrial wage inflation. This model is estimated against data for each of three major industrialized countries: Japan, the UK and the USA and the implications of the results thus obtained are explored. [source] INCOME DISTRIBUTION, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONMETROECONOMICA, Issue 1 2007Michael A. Landesmann ABSTRACT This paper explores the features of a dynamic multisectoral model that focuses on the relationship between income distribution, growth and international specialization. The model is explored both for the steady-state properties and the transitory dynamics of integrated economies. Income inequality affects the patterns of growth and international specialization as the model uses non-linear Engel curves and hence different income groups are characterized by different expenditure patterns. At the same time income distribution is also reflected in the relative wage rates of skilled to unskilled workers, i.e. the skill premium, and hence the wage structure affects comparative costs of industries which have different skill intensities. The model is applied to a situation that analyses qualitatively different economic development strategies of catching-up economies (a ,Latin American' scenario and a ,East Asian' scenario). [source] FORMALIZING WIESER's THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION: CONSISTENT IMPUTATION IN ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESMETROECONOMICA, Issue 2 2005Arrigo OpocherArticle first published online: 18 MAY 200 ABSTRACT Wieser's theory of value and distribution has been formalized and interpreted mainly in the framework of efficient allocation of scarce resources. To this end, the mathematical techniques of linear programming have been used by such authors as Samuelson and Uzawa. This paper presents briefly what may be called the Knight,Samuelson,Uzawa formalization and supplements it with different proposed formalizations of some further aspects consistently developed in Wieser's works. The formalization that we propose concerns Wieser's theory of interest and his theory of value for ,cost goods'. It is argued that in such cases the produced means of production, and not the endowments of scarce resources, are at the centre of Wieser's analysis. It is shown that some appropriately specified models in the Sraffa,von Neumann,Leontief tradition can very usefully be employed in order to strengthen Wieser's intuitive arguments and give them a sound analytical structure. [source] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN SYDNEY, MELBOURNE AND BRISBANENEPHROLOGY, Issue 3 2000Elliott Savdie [source] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN SYDNEY, MELBOURNE AND BRISBANENEPHROLOGY, Issue 3 2000Elliott Savdie [source] NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTIONPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Subrata Guha Abstract., The neoclassical growth model is used to compare an economy with growing per capita income with an economy with stationary per capita income, in terms of equity in distribution of consumption. The economies have the same initial conditions including the same initial wealth distribution. The outcome of the comparison depends on the nature of structural differences between the economies. Even with convergence in wealth distribution in the growing economy, the consumption distribution there may be less equitable and dynasties with least initial levels of wealth may be worse off than dynasties with same initial wealth levels in the stationary economy. [source] STATISTICS ON AGE DISTRIBUTIONPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 10 2000Article first published online: 9 OCT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE LOWER CAMBRIAN EODISCOID TRILOBITE CALODISCUS LOBATUS FROM SWEDEN: MORPHOLOGY, ONTOGENY AND DISTRIBUTIONPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2009PETER CEDERSTRÖM Abstract:, Several thousand disarticulated remains together with a few complete enrolled specimens of the lower Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite Calodiscus lobatus (Hall, 1847) have been collected at two outcrop areas in Sweden. The material reveals new details of morphology and morphogenesis during ontogenetic development. Size-frequency analyses show that the material from the Fĺnĺn rivulet in Jämtland, central Sweden, represents a natural population dominated by juveniles, whereas the material from Gislövshammar in Scania, southern Sweden, has been sorted during postmortem transport. Three stages of protaspid development can be traced and defined as well as all subsequent ontogenetic stages for the cephalon, hypostome and pygidium. The early meraspid pygidium has a pronounced larval notch, which persists, though becoming progressively less distinct in later meraspides. The number of axial rings in the transitory pygidium increases throughout meraspid development until a third and final thoracic segment is liberated. During ontogeny the articulating half-rings are strongly developed, and both meraspides and holaspides were capable of full sphaeroidal enrollment and outstretched postures. The hypostome undergoes some dramatic modifications; in M0 the anterior margin is axe-shaped, by M1 the area of attachment greatly decreases and the hypostome becomes more elongated and pear-shaped, before attaining its adult form, which has an overall resemblance to that of polymerid trilobites. During ontogeny, the hypostome changes from a conterminant attachment to a natant condition, thereby mirroring hypostomal evolution within trilobites generally. The morphology, ontogeny, enrollment, hypostomal development and the presence of calcified protaspides suggest polymerid rather than agnostoid affinities of the eodiscoids. [source] PROBLEMS CONCERNING GRAIN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN CHINA: THE CASE OF HEILONGJIANG PROVINCETHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 1 2000Toshiyuki KAKO First page of article [source] TRUE WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION, 1988 AND 1993: FIRST CALCULATION BASED ON HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ALONETHE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 476 2002Branko Milanovic The paper derives world income or expenditure distribution of individuals for 1988 and 1993. It is the first paper to calculate world distribution for individuals based entirely on household surveys from 91 countries, and adjusted for differences in purchasing power parity between countries. Measured by the Gini index, inequality increased from 63 in 1988 to 66 in 1993. The increase was driven more by differences in mean incomes between countries than by inequalities within countries. The most important contributors were rising urban-rural differences in China, and slow growth of rural incomes in South Asia compared to several large developed economies. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||