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Disposal Problems (disposal + problem)
Selected AbstractsChemical characterization of tomato pomaceJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 8 2006Marcos Del Valle Abstract Tomato-processing by-product, also known as tomato pomace, consists of peel and seeds and represents around 4% of the fruit weight. If these wastes remain unused, they not only add to the disposal problem but also aggravate environmental pollution. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the chemical composition of tomato pomace collected at different steps during industrial processing in order to assess the quality of this by-product. Twenty-one tomato pomace samples were considered for analysis. Samples corresponded to different steps during tomato processing for paste: seven after pulper, five after finisher, six before turbopress and three after turbopress. Samples were analyzed for moisture content, total and soluble sugars, protein, fat, soluble and total fiber, as well as mineral content. From the results obtained we can conclude that tomato pomace composition (in dry weight basis) is as follows: 59.03% fiber, 25.73% total sugars, 19.27% protein, 7.55% pectins, 5.85% total fat and 3.92% minerals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Chemical composition and physical properties of extruded snacks containing crab-processing by-productJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2003Michael G Murphy Abstract The crab-processing industries generate millions of pounds of by-product annually, which results in a loss of edible product and presents a considerable waste disposal problem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the use of crab-processing by-product (CB) in the development of a calcium-rich expanded snack. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of type of CB (wet or dry), feed composition and screw speed (150 or 250 rpm) on selected properties of extruded snacks. Product formulations consisting of 0,400 g kg,1 CB combined with corn meal and potato flakes were processed in a twin-screw extruder. The resulting extrudates were analysed for proximate and mineral (calcium, sodium) composition, pH, water activity (aw), total plate count, bulk density, expansion ratio and colour. Both CB type and level of incorporation had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the calcium content, expansion ratio, bulk density and pH of the extrudates. Increasing the CB level resulted in increased calcium content (from 5.1 to 52.4 mg g,1) and pH (from 6.1 to 8.8). Screw speed had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on expansion ratio and bulk density. A high processing temperature (157 °C) and low aw resulted in undetectable microbial growth on the extrudates. This research demonstrates that ground crab-processing by-product can be successfully incorporated into an expanded snack product. Further research will evaluate consumer response to this novel value-added product. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] How can domestic households become part of the solution to England's recycling problems?BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2005Teresa Smallbone Abstract A waste disposal problem of looming proportions, coupled with a lack of sufficient public engagement in the preferred alternative to disposal, which is recycling, continues to perplex English policy-makers. Based on both a literature review across a wide range of disciplines and a national survey of consumer attitudes towards their own participation in recycling, this paper finds that past efforts at increasing recycling have been based on an implied model of consumer recycling behaviour that is not supported by what happens in practice. By disentangling thinking about recycling behaviour from academic thinking about green consumerism, the paper considers the waste and recycling problem from a different angle. It suggests that research on the personal values of people who recycle could be utilized in marketing communications that show these values being fulfilled by recycling. Focusing greater marketing attention on people who already claim to recycle, and helping them through better communication and improved practical help, could achieve much higher levels of reclaimed materials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Investigation of the derived fuel rod formation from auto shredder residue using an extrusion apparatusENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2006Hua-Shan Tai Abstract The objective of this study was to form auto shredder residue,derived fuel (ASRDF) by using an extrusion apparatus, to solve the disposal problems of auto shredder residue (ASR) and to recover the heat value in its combustible content. ASR is the waste material produced by shredding vehicles. In general, these materials contain 20,30% of each vehicle by weight. ASR should be preprocessed into extruded rods before being used for fuel to remove about 20,30% inorganic, incombustible materials and to accommodate easy transportation and storage. The analytical results of ASR indicated the moisture content to be <2%, ash was <20%, and combustibles were nearly 80% by weight. Concentrations of N and S in the ASR were very low, although the chlorine content of ASR was in the range of 1.32,2.79%, which is the main burden of the ASR utilization. The heat content of ASR was about 5000,6000 kcal kg,1 (9000,10,800 BTU lb,1). Particle size had no significant effect on the analytical chemical composition. All the data indicated that ASR had a significant potential use as RDF. Through observations of the appearance and density of the ASRDF rod, we found that better appearance and higher densities could be achieved at higher extrusion temperature and pressure. The heat content of ASRDF was much lower than that of ASR, and it decreased with increasing extrusion temperature and pressure. The reasons for the better appearance, higher densities, and heat loss on the conditions of higher extrusion temperature and pressure may be explained by the proposed die swell ratio and skin,core effect. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006 [source] CMP wastewater management using the concepts of design for environmentENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 1 2002Gordon C. C. YangArticle first published online: 20 APR 200 Application of design for environment (DfE) concepts to management of wastewater from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes are presented in this paper. Today, DfE is a prevailing concept and is widely adopted by advanced nations in lieu of the traditional "command and control" approach to control waste and toxic emissions. Designing environmentally-benign processes and products is a new and challenging frontier for engineering professionals, including those in the semiconductor industry. An insatiable need for water and subsequent wastewater treatment has imposed a chilling effect on semiconductor industry growth. It was estimated that semiconductor producers consumed more than 5.523 × 108 m3 of water in 2000. Of this amount, CMP processes accounted for 40% of the total. The CMP tool market and CMP slurry market are estimated to have 36% and 29% annual growth rates, respectively between 2000 and 2005. Inevitably, a tremendous amount of waste slurry and post-CMP rinse water will be generated and have to be managed properly. CMP wastewater is characterized by its high content of suspended solids having sub-micron particle sizes, high turbidity, and high conductivity. Traditional wastewater treatment technologies, such as chemical coagulation/precipitation, do not work well for CMP wastewater, because it would generate a large volume of sludge, which might cause disposal problems in many countries, such as Taiwan. Therefore, utilizing pollution prevention principles in the design of CMP tools, development of new CMP slurries, and improved plant operations are necessary to minimize environmental damage. Reclamation of process water is also a common requirement in the semiconductor industry. To this end, several alternatives for source reduction of CMP wastewater and water reclamation are presented in this paper. [source] POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE REPLACEMENT FOR LYE (SODIUM HYDROXIDE) IN TOMATO PEELINGJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 1 2006D.J. DAS ABSTRACT Lye (sodium hydroxide [NaOH]) peeling is the most common method for peeling tomatoes in the Midwest U.S. With the rise in the cost of NaOH and the associated disposal problems, alternative methods for peeling need to be examined. Solutions of NaOH, potassium hydoxide (KOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) at different concentrations were compared to determine their efficacy as peeling agents. Ca(OH)2 was ineffective as a peeling agent because of its low solubility. KOH produced peeling equivalent to NaOH, but at half the normality. A lower normality is needed because of the increased reactivity of KOH compared to NaOH. This is further demonstrated by the addition of salts to the solution. The use of KOH instead of NaOH may result in cost savings and decreased waste disposal problems. [source] Enhance Cyanide Recovery by UsingAir-Sparged HydrocycloneCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 4 2003J.R. Parga Torres Abstract Human health and environmental concerns dictate that industrial processes be improved or replaced. Recovery or recycling is an important activity that allows cyanide residue from the industrial processes to be re-used, reducing its production cost and disposal problems. In this regard, the air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) has been used as a reactor for the treatment of cyanide solutions for cyanide recycling by acidification/volatilization using the Mexican modification of the Mills-Crowe process. Aqueous cyanide-ion concentration can be reduced from 250 ppm to below 20 ppm in the ASH with recoveries greater than 80 % in a single stage. [source] | ||||||||||