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Dissecting Microscope (dissecting + microscope)
Selected AbstractsInvestigation of the root canal configuration of mandibular first molars in a Taiwan Chinese populationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 11 2009G. Chen Abstract Aim, To investigate the root form and canal morphology of mandibular first molar teeth in a Taiwan Chinese population. Methodology, A total of 183 mandibular first molars were collected and examined visually through a dissecting microscope after rendering the teeth transparent. The number of roots, number of canals and canal configuration were recorded. The root canal morphology was categorized and compared according to Vertucci (1984). Results, Overall 46% of the mandibular first molars had four canals and 20% had extra-distal roots (distolingual root). In addition, 97% of the specimens had two mesial canals and 46% had two distal canals. In total, 68% of teeth with two mesial canals had two separated apical foramina, and 33% of teeth with two distal canals had two apical foramina. The most common canal configurations (Vertucci, 1984) of mesial roots were type 4 (46%) and type 2 (23%). Type 1 was encountered in 54% of the distal roots. Conclusions, The frequency of the extra-distal root on the mandibular first molar was 20%, and the incidence of three canals (Vertucci's type 8 classification) with separate apical foramina at the apex of the mesial root was 6%. The three-rooted variation of the mandibular first molar appears to be a genetic characteristic of an Asiatic racial background. [source] A comparison between clearing and radiographic techniques in the study of the root-canal anatomy of maxillary first and second molarsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004O. E. Omer Abstract Aim, To compare a clearing technique with conventional radiography in studying certain features of the root-canal system of maxillary right first and second molars. A secondary aim was to assess interexaminer agreement for these features using radiographs. Methodology, Eighty-three recently extracted permanent maxillary right first molars and 40 recently extracted maxillary right second molars from an Irish population were included. Standard periapical radiographs were taken from a buccolingual and mesiodistal direction. The specimens were then decoronated, demineralized in 10% hydrochloric acid for 8 days and then cleared using methyl salicylate. The cleared teeth were examined using a dissecting microscope (×20), and data relating to number of roots, canal type following Vertucci's classification, presence of lateral canals, presence of transverse anastomoses and position/number of apical foramina were collected. The radiographs were examined by two independent trained endodontists using an X-ray viewer and a magnifying lens (×2) in a dark room for the same features studied using the clearing technique. Results, The Kappa values for the agreement between the radiographic examiners A and B and the clearing technique and between the two examiners for the number of roots were 0.60, 0.64 and 0.53; for the root-canal type, 0.37, 0.41 and 0.42; for the number of roots with lateral canals, 0.21, 0.18 and 0.14; and for the transverse anastomoses, 0.29 for radiographic Examiner A. Radiographic Examiner B did not feel capable of accurately recognizing transverse anastomoses from the radiographs. For the position/number of apical foramina, the Kappa values were 0.33 and 0.24, respectively. In general, the Kappa values were low to modest for all comparisons. Conclusions, It is concluded that the agreement between the two radiographic examiners and the agreement between either radiographic examiner and the clearing technique were poor to moderate, indicating the limited value of radiographs alone when studying certain aspects of the root-canal system. [source] Effects of a lactoperoxidase system and lactoferrin, added to a milk replacer diet, on severity of diarrhoea, intestinal morphology and microbiology of digesta and faeces in young calvesJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2000P. Van Leeuwen The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the combination of a lactoperoxidase system (LP-s) and lactoferrin (LF) added to a milk replacer diet on severity of diarrhoea, the morphology of the small intestinal mucosa, and the microbiology of digesta and faeces in young calves, in comparison with a control diet. The experiment was conducted with 30 young calves, 15 per treatment, during the period of 7,21 days of age. During this period, calves are sensitive to gastrointestinal disturbances that can cause diarrhoea. The results showed a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced severity of diarrhoea in the LP-s/LF group compared to the control group as assessed by faecal consistency scores. Numbers of CFU (colony forming units) of Escherichia coli in jejunal and colonic digesta and in faeces were lower in the LP-s/LF group compared with the control group. The differences were significant in both colonic digesta (p < 0.1) and in faeces (p < 0.05). Examination of the small intestinal mucosa, using a dissecting microscope, indicated more finger shaped villi in the distal jejunum of LP-s/LF-treated calves compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Histometrical measurements showed that these villi were significantly (p < 0.05) longer. [source] Further evidence and characterization of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) populations in ArgentinaJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 11 2004Francisco Amat Abstract Aim, This paper reports the presence of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) in Mar Chiquita (CHI) salt lake and in Las Tunas (TUN) lagoon, as well as at a shallow lake in Salinas Grandes (Province of Córdoba) in Argentina. To date, this species has been considered absent from Argentina. This study also provides further data on the characterization of the A. franciscana populations from this area. Location, Province of Córdoba (Argentina). Methods, The cyst samples collected at the three hypersaline environments were measured to assess its mean diameter with a dissecting microscope. The length of the nauplii hatched from the cysts was also determined with the microscope. The adults raised from these nauplii under strictly controlled conditions were analysed for 12 morphological parameters and compared through multivariate discriminant analysis with other American populations. Fatty acids from the total lipids were analysed by gas chromatography. Reproductive compatibility was evaluated from single-pair intraspecific and interspecific crosses of adult specimens. Results, The results endorse the morphometric assimilation of the Artemia populations of this area to other American populations of the A. franciscana,super-species', together with its morphometric differentiation from the species A. persimilis (Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968). The more conspicuous population from CHI shows cross-fertility with A. franciscana original from San Francisco Bay (California, USA). Both populations from CHI and TUN show cross-fertility between them and reproductive isolation with A. persimilis from Hidalgo (Province of La Pampa), which to date is considered to be endemic or exclusive of hypersaline ecosystems in Argentina. The reproductive characteristics displayed by the population from TUN lagoon suggest the existence of an occasional hybridization between A. franciscana and A. persimilis (Papeschi et al., 2000). Artemia cysts from CHI and TUN show a fatty acid profile rich in eicosapentaenoic acid differing markedly from the fatty acid profiles found in A. persimilis cysts. Main conclusions:,Artemia franciscana is present in Argentina at 36° S and north of this latitude. Artemia persimilis is confined to the south of latitude 37°10, S. There are different pieces of evidence that point to a certain level of hybridization of the two species taking place in the land belt between these parallels. [source] Comparison of the validity of periodontal probing measurements in smokers and non-smokersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2001A. J. Biddle Abstract Aim: To determine whether the reduced inflammation and bleeding and increased fibrosis reported in tobacco smokers affect the validity of clinical probing measurements by altering probe tip penetration. Method: A constant force probe was used to measure probing depths and sound bone levels at six sites on 64 molar teeth (384 sites) in 20 smoking and 20 non-smoking patients from grooves made with a bur at the gingival margin prior to extraction. Connective tissue attachment levels were measured from the grooves with a dissecting microscope following extraction. Data were analysed using robust regression with sites clustered within subjects. Results: Sites in smokers showed more calculus but less bleeding than sites in non-smokers (p<0.05). The mean clinical probing depth was not significantly different (smokers: 5.54 mm, confidence intervals=4.81 to 6.28; non-smokers: 6.05 mm, ci=5.38 to 6.72). The corresponding post-extraction pocket depth measurements (smokers: 4.95 mm, ci=4.30 to 5.61; non-smokers: 5.23 mm, ci=4.49 to 5.96) were less than clinical probing depth in sites from both smokers and non-smokers (p<0.01). However, the proportional difference was less in smokers (p<0.05), particularly in deeper pockets, indicating that clinical probe tip penetration of tissue was greater in non-smokers. Regression analysis indicated that the presence of calculus and bleeding also influenced the difference in clinical probe penetration (p<0.05). Conclusion: Clinical probing depth at molar sites exaggerates pocket depth, but the probe tip may be closer to the actual attachment level in smokers due to less penetration of tissue. This may be partly explained by the reduced inflammation and width of supra-bony connective tissue in smokers. These findings have clinical relevance to the successful management of periodontal patients who smoke. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Bestimmung, ob die reduzierte Entzündung und Blutung und verstärkte Fibrosierung, die bei Rauchern berichtet wird, die Gültigkeit der klinischen Messung der Sondierungstiefen durch Veränderung der Penetration der Sondenspitze beeinflußt. Methoden: Eine konstante Sondierungskraft wurde genutzt, um die Sondierungstiefen und das Knochenniveau (sounding) an 6 Flächen von 64 Molaren (384 Flächen) bei 20 Rauchern und 20 Nichtrauchern von einer Furche, die mit einem Fräser in der Höhe des gingivalen Randes vor der Extraktion angelegt wurde, zu messen. Das Niveau des bindegewebigen Attachments wurde von der Furche mit einem trennenden Mikroskop nach der Extraktion gemessen. Die Daten wurden unter Nutzung einer robusten Regission mit den Flächen in den Personen zusammengefaßt analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Flächen von Rauchern zeigten mehr Zahnstein, aber weniger Blutung als die Flächen von Nichtrauchern (p<0.05). Die mittleren Sondierungstiefen unterschieden sich nicht signifikant (Raucher: 5.54 mm, Konfidenzinterval (ci)=4.81 zu 6.28; Nichtraucher: 6.05 mm, ci=5.38 zu 6.72). Die korrespondierenden Taschenmessungen nach der Extraktion (Raucher: 4.95 mm, ci=4.30 zu 5.61; Nichtraucher: 5.23 mm, ci=4.49 zu 5.96) waren geringer als die klinischen Messungen sowohl bei den Flächen bei Rauchern als auch bei Nichtrauchern (p<0.01). Jedoch war die proportionale Differenz bei Rauchern geringer (p<0.05), besonders bei tiefen Taschen, was zeigt, daß die Penetration der Sonde ins Gewebe bei der klinischen Messung bei Nichtrauchern größer war. Die Regressionsanalyse zeigte, daß das Vorhandensein von Zahnstein und Blutung die Differenz in der klinischen Sondenpenetration beeinflußte (p<0.05). Zusammenfassung: Die klinische Sondierung an Molarenflächen überschätzt die Taschentiefe, aber die Sondenspitze liegt bei Rauchern näher am wirklichen Stützgewebelevel aufgrund der geringeren Gewebepenetration. Dies mag teilweise durch die reduzierte Entzündung und die Breite des supra-alveolären Bindegewebes bei Rauchern erklärt werden. Diese Ergebnisse haben klinische Bedeutung bei der erfolgreichen Behandlung von rauchenden parodontalen Patienten. Résumé But: L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si la diminution de l'inflammation et du saignement, ainsi que l'augmentation de la fibrose rapportées chez les fumerus affecte la validité des mesures de sondage parodontal en modifiant la pénétration de la sonde. Methode: Une sonde a pression constante a été utilisée pour mesurer la profondeur au sondage et pour sonder le niveau osseux sur les 6 sites de 64 molaires (384 sites) chez 20 patients fumeurs et 20 patients non-fumeurs à partir de rainures faites à la fraise au niveau de la gencive marginale avant extraction. Les niveaux d'attache du tissus conjonctif furent mesurés à partir de la rainure sous microscope de dissection après extraction. Les données furent analysées par régression avec les sites groupés par patients. Résultats: Les sites des fumerus montraient plus de tartre mais moins de saignement que les sites des non-fumeurs (p<0.05). La profondeur moyenne de sondage clinique n'était pas significativement différente (fumeurs: 5.54 mm, interval de confiance=4.81 à 6.28; non-fumeurs: 6.05 mm, ci=5.38 à 6.72). Les mesures de profondeur de poche correspondantes aprés extraction (fumeurs: 4.95 mm, interval de confiance=4.30 à 5.61; non-fumeurs: 5.23 mm, ci=4.49 à 5.96) ètaient moindre que les profondeurs de sondage clinique des sites des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs ensemble (p<0.01). Cependant, la différence proportionnelle était moindre chez les fumeurs (p<0.05), particulièrement pour les poches profondes, ce qui indique que la pénétration tissulaire de la pointe de la sonde était plus importante chez les non-fumeurs. L'analyse de régression indique que la présence de tartre et le saignement influencent aussi la différence clinique de pénétration (p<0.05). Conclusion: La profondeur clinique de sondage sur des sites molaires exaggère la profondeur de poche, mais la pointe de la sonde pourrait être plus proche de l'actuel niveau d'attache chez les fumeurs en raison de la moindre pénétration des tissus. Cela peut être partiellement expliqué par l'inflammation réduite et l'épaisseur du tissus conjonctif supra-osseux chez les fumeurs. Ces résultats ont une signification clinique pour la bonne gestion des patients fumeurs atteints de maladies parodontales. [source] Ultraviolet A exposure might increase metastasis of mouse melanoma: a pilot studyPHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE, Issue 4 2005Riikka Pastila Background: The major sources of long-wave ultraviolet A radiation (UVA; 320,400 nm) exposure are extensive sunbathing and tanning in solaria. While the carcinogenic effects of mid-wave ultraviolet B radiation (UVB; 280,320 nm) are well recognized, the potentially hazardous effects of UVA are less understood. Several studies have shown that a variety of physiological processes in the cell are modified by UVA exposure, some of which might be involved in the regulation of tumor metastasis. In this study we suggest that UVA radiation could lead to the increase of metastatic capability of melanoma cells in mice. Method/result: A pilot in vivo study was executed using C57BL/6 mice and syngeneic B16 melanoma cell lines. Mice were intravenously (i.v.) injected with either B16-F1 or B16-F10 melanoma cells into the tail vein and then immediately exposed to UVA. Fourteen days after melanoma injection, lungs were collected and the quantity and quality of metastases were determined under a dissecting microscope. As an outcome of the pilot study we observed that i.v. injected melanoma cells formed more lung metastases in the UVA-exposed mice in comparison with the control mice. Conclusion: This result suggests that the UVA exposure of mice, with melanoma cells present in blood circulation, increases the formation of melanoma metastases in lungs. Further studies should determine whether a similar pro-metastatic effect, as observed in mice, could occur in humans and whether other than melanoma tumors might be susceptible. [source] | ||||||||||