EVOLUTION, Issue 6 2002
Hanna Kokko
Abstract ., Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been shown to increase the costs of multiple mating and therefore favor relatively monogamous mating strategies. We examine another way in which STDs can influence mating systems in species in which female choice is important. Because more popular males are more likely to become infected, STDs can counteract any selective pressure that generates strong mating skews. We build two models to investigate female mate choice when the sexual behavior of females determines the prevalence of infection in the population. The first model has no explicit social structure. The second model considers the spatial distribution of matings under social monogamy, when females mated to unattractive males seek extrapair fertilizations from attractive males. In both cases, the STD has the potential to drastically reduce the mating skew. However, this reduction does not always happen. If the per contact transmission probability is low, the disease dies out and is of no consequence. In contrast, if the transmission probability is very high, males are likely to be infected regardless of their attractiveness, and mating with the most attractive males imposes again no extra cost for the female. We also show that optimal female responses to the risk of STDs can buffer the prevalence of infection to remain constant, or even decrease, with increasing per contact transmission probabilities. In all cases considered, the feedback between mate choice strategies and STD prevalence creates frequency-dependent fitness benefits for the two alternative female phenotypes considered (choosy vs. randomly mating females or faithful vs. unfaithful females). This maintains mixed evolutionarily stable strategies or polymorphisms in female behavior. In this way, a sexually transmitted disease can stabilize the populationwide proportion of females that mate with the most attractive males or that seek extrapair copulations. [source]

DIAGNOSING FROUDE'S DISEASE: BOUNDARY WORK AND THE DISCIPLINE OF HISTORY IN LATE-VICTORIAN BRITAIN

HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2008
IAN HESKETH
ABSTRACT Historians looking to make history a professional discipline of study in Victorian Britain believed they had to establish firm boundaries demarcating history from other literary disciplines. James Anthony Froude ignored such boundaries. The popularity of his historical narratives was a constant reminder of the continued existence of a supposedly overturned phase of historiography in which the historian was also a man of letters, transcending the boundary separating fact from fiction and literature from history. Just as professionalizing historians were constructing a methodology that called on historians to be inductive empirical workers, Froude refused to accept the new science of history, and suggested instead that history was an individual enterprise, one more concerned with drama and art than with science. E. A. Freeman warned the historical community that they "cannot welcome [Froude] as a partner in their labors, as a fellow-worker in the cause of historic truth." This article examines the boundary work of a professionalizing history by considering the attempt to exclude Froude from the historian's discourse, an attempt that involved a communal campaign that sought to represent Froude as "constitutionally inaccurate." Froude suffered from "an inborn and incurable twist," argued Freeman, thereby diagnosing "Froude's disease" as the inability to "make an accurate statement about any matter." By unpacking the construction of "Froude's disease," the article exposes the disciplinary techniques at work in the professionalization of history, techniques that sought to exclude non-scientific modes of thought such as that offered by Froude. [source]

BLUEPRINT FOR TACKLING HEART DISEASE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 5 2000
David R Thompson Professor
[source]

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE LIVING AT HOME

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2010
FNP-C, Janquilyn D. Merida MS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

THE ROLE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN COGNITIVE IMPROVEMENT AFTER PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATOR RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST PIOGLITAZONE TREATMENT IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2010
Haruo Hanyu MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

UNDERDIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE NURSING HOME POPULATION

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2009
Jeffrey T. Cohen MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

THE APOLIPOPROTEIN 2 ALLELE IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: SUGGESTIONS FOR A JUDICIOUS USE OF ANTIPLATELET AND ANTICOAGULANT MEDICATIONS

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2009
Santosh B. Murthy MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

QUETIAPINE-INDUCED DYSTONIA AND AGITATION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE WITH DEMENTIA: A CASE REPORT

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2009
Julio Leey MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

ADHERENCE TO CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS IN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2 2009
Lucie Blais PhD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN THE TREATMENT OF SIALORRHEA IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009
Ailton Melo MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

COGNITIVE SYNDROME OF THE THALAMUS: A MISLEADING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 10 2008
Emilie Beaufils MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

A RETROSPECTIVE CHART REVIEW OF THE TOLERABILITY AND EFFICACY OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 4 2008
Gayatri Devi MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

DIET, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM, AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: APOLIPOPROTEIN E AS A POSSIBLE LINK?

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2006
Francesco Panza MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

CARBOCYSTEINE THERAPY IN OLDER PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 11 2006
Stephen C. Mitchell DSc
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

NATIONWIDE USE OF MEDICINES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE BY COMMUNITY-DWELLING PERSONS IN FINLAND

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 3 2006
Jarmo Ålander MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

WALKING WHILE TALKING: A DOPAMINE-RESPONSIVE TASK IN EARLY PARKINSON'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 4 2005
Paul S. Kwon MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

DONEPEZIL AND ATHETOSIS IN AN ELDERLY PATIENT WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2003
Makoto Tanaka MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION AND CYTOKINES IN CACHECTIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2003
Shing-Shing Yeh PhD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

GRAPE SEED PROANTHOCYANIDIN EXTRACT CHELATES IRON AND ATTENUATES THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010
TZU-HUA WU
ABSTRACT Proanthocyanidins are potent antioxidants associated with protection against diseases. We tested the reducing capacity, iron chelating activity, and anti-auto-oxidation ability of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE). The mechanisms underlying GSPE attenuation of oxidative processes induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin used to induce Parkinson's disease, were investigated in cell-based systems. At high concentrations, GSPE (50 µg/µL) was a mild pro-oxidant in a Fenton-type reaction. GSPE (300 µg/mL) was as potent as 30 µM deferoxamine in its iron-chelating capacity, and as efficient as 5 mM ascorbic acid in delaying 6-OHDA auto-oxidation. In PC-12 cell cultures, 100 and 300 µg/mL GSPE significantly protected (P < 0.05) cells from 6-OHDA-induced (400 µM) toxicity. GSPE-induced cytoprotection is enhanced by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (NOSI), implying that the cytoprotective effect of GSPE does not require NOS activation. In conclusion, the iron-chelating activity of GSPE minimizes its pro-oxidant activity and delays 6-OHDA auto-oxidation to provide cytoprotection. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The recognized pharmacological strategies to prevent or treat Parkinson's disease include the minimization of oxidative stress, iron release and excitotoxicity resulting from excess nitric oxide formation. One of the best ways to delay or prevent the onset of the disease is to improve the biological antioxidant status by providing additional radical scavengers that are not pro-oxidants. The pro-oxidant activity, such as that of the antioxidant ascorbic acid, enhances radical cycling under certain conditions, and therefore may be detrimental. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPEs) are used as a dietary supplement in food products in several countries. Our current report provides evidence that GSPE has limited pro-oxidant activity, presumably because of its iron-chelating abilities, and protects cells from neurotoxic insults. GSPE may be effective as a dietary supplement for prophylactic use against the progressive neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson's disease. [source]

CLINICAL COURSE and RELAPSE RATE IN INTESTINAL BEHCET'S DISEASE

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2001
TI Kim
Behçet's disease is a multisystemic recurrent inflammatory disease. Gastrointestinal tract involvement in Behçet's disease has been identified throughout the alimentary tract and causes diverse symptoms. Various treatment have been utilized to induce or maintain remission. However, little is known about clinical course and prognosis in Behçet's disease with intestinal involvement. The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical course and relapse rate in intestinal Behçet's disease and to investigate factors that may affect relapse. Methods, Clinical course and characteristics, including demographic parameters, gastrointestinal symptoms as well as systemic manifestations, laboratory data, endoscopic findings, and treatment strategies for the induction of remission, of 97 patients (49 male, 48 female) with intestinal Behçet's disease were retrospectively reviewed. Cumulative relapse free rate and factors related with relapse were analysed by Kaplan,Meier method and log,rank test, respectively. Results, The median duration of the relapse free period was 7 months (ranges from 1 to 171 months). One, two, and five year relapse free rates were 41.2, 29.7 and 10.2%, respectively. Sex, clinical subtype of Behçet's disease, symptom and laboratory data at onset, colonoscopic findings, such as distribution of lesions as well as number, size, depth, and shape of ulcer, and initial treatment (medical vs. surgical) did not affect relapse rate. However, large ulcers (> 20 mm) and young age at onset (< 37 years old) were factors significantly related with higher relapse rate (P < 0.05, log,rank test). Conclusion, High relapse rate in intestinal Behçet's disease was identified. Age at onset and size of the ulcer are factors related with long-term prognosis of intestinal Behçet's disease. [source]

PATHOLOGY OF PEDIATRICGASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER DISEASE

JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 4 2005
FRACP, Professor Kevin J Gaskin AM
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

RE: STATUS DYSTONICUS AND HALLERVORDEN-SPATZ DISEASE

JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 12 2004
PJ Flett Dr
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

SCREENING FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 2010
Rajan Sharma BSc
SUMMARY Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and after renal transplantation. The mechanisms for cardiotoxicity are multiple. Identifying high-risk patients remains a challenge. Given, the poor long-term outcome of dialysis patients who do not receive renal transplantation and the lower supply of donor kidneys relative to demand, optimal selection of renal transplantation candidates is crucial. This requires a clear understanding of the validity of cardiac tests in this patient group. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of currently available diagnostic tools in patients with advanced CKD. Echocardiography is very useful for the detection of cardiomyopathy and prognosis. Stress echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging and coronary angiography are the best tools for the assessment of coronary artery disease. All predict outcome. No single gold standard investigation exists. At present, there is not an optimal technique for predicting sudden cardiac death in this patient group. Ultimately, the choice of cardiac test will always be determined by patient preference, local expertise and availability. [source]

PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF DIET AND LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH DIABETES OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 2010
Fiona Symes BSc (Hons)
SUMMARY Increased collaboration between the vascular specialities is clearly leading to increased understanding of the interrelationships between the different disease states and how each impacts and influences the other. This advantage will be reflected in improved patient care if the practical outputs of this growing knowledge are carefully implemented at service level. This article outlines how the aspects of diet and lifestyle associated with vascular-related disease complement, contrast and in some cases contradict each other. It gives information and guidelines as to how the expertise of dietitians working in the different specialist areas might usefully be shared to be of maximum advantage to all patients. [source]

COMPARISON OF INTRAVENOUS IRON SUCROSE VERSUS LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT IRON DEXTRAN IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 2 2009
Smeeta Sinha
SUMMARY Background: Low-molecular-weight iron dextran (CosmoFer®) is the only form of parenteral iron that can be administered as a total dose infusion (TDI) in the United Kingdom (UK). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TDI CosmoFer in comparison to intravenous iron sucrose infusion (Venofer®) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods and Results: A retrospective study of outpatients with CKD undergoing intravenous TDI CosmoFer or Venofer infusion was conducted at Salford Royal Hospital and Sunderland Royal Hospital. A total of 979 doses of CosmoFer and 504 doses of Venofer were administered. There were three minor adverse events in patients receiving CosmoFer compared with one minor event in a Venofer treated patient. There were no anaphylactoid-type reactions in either group. Serum haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) improved significantly 4,6 months postinfusion in both treatment groups. Conclusion: TDI CosmoFer is an efficacious method of replenishing iron stores in CKD patients in an outpatient setting. Furthermore, TDI CosmoFer is safe and not associated with an increase in adverse events compared to Venofer. [source]

OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 1 2009
Donah Zachariah
SUMMARY Chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure are closely interlinked; an abnormality in one system adversely impacts upon the function of the other. Despite the wealth of evidence available for beneficial treatment strategies in chronic heart failure, the prognosis remains poor and optimum therapy under-utilised. The applicability of proven therapies to patients with co-morbidity remains a particular challenge, especially since marked renal impairment has often been an exclusion criteria in major studies. In this article we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the two conditions and then focus on the aspects of treatment most pertinent to those patients with heart failure patients and concomitant chronic kidney disease. [source]

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE,MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER (CKD-MBD): A NEW TERM FOR A COMPLEX APPROACH

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 2009
Franti, vára MD
SUMMARY The global widespread of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem. Its increasing incidence and prevalence and adverse outcomes (including decreased quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality) represents a huge challenge for all recent health are systems. Reflecting this situation, the new, global initiative (KDIGO) was established to enhance communication and clinical decision-making, promote the use of evidence based medicine and facilitate clinical research. The new definition, evaluation and classification of "renal osteodystrophy"; has been one of the first outcome of this initiative, suggesting the topic of chronic kidney disease,mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) to be a hot problem of recent nephrology. The new terminology is consistent with a recent view on this topic and describes CKD-MBD as a complex syndrome, including abnormal mineral and PTH metabolism, altered bone structure as far as extra-skeletal calcifications. [source]

EARLY INITIATION OF PHOSPHATE LOWERING DIETARY THERAPY IN NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 2009
M.K. Sigrist
SUMMARY Dietary management of hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism have long been important elements in the clinical management of CKD stage 4 and 5 for the prevention of mineral bone disease. The rationale for phosphate lowering has been further justified, given the accumulating data to support the association of phosphate with vascular damage, in this population who are at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) death. Phosphate is a novel CV risk factor in both CKD and in the general population, and a growing body of literature suggests that high normal serum phosphate may be a risk factor for progression of CKD. Few studies have examined hard outcomes after phosphate lowering. Nonetheless, given the balance of data both in cell, animal and human studies, the use of phosphate lowering strategies at earlier stages of CKD, perhaps even prior to serum phosphate level rising, may well be justified. This review will discuss the complications associated with higher serum phosphate, the potential benefits of early phosphate intervention, practical considerations of low phosphate diets and novel strategies for evaluating these strategies in clinical practice. [source]