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Different Theories (different + theory)
Selected AbstractsThe Illusory Theory of Colours: An Anti-Realist TheoryDIALECTICA, Issue 3 2006Barry Maund Despite the fact about colour, that it is one of the most obvious and conspicuous features of the world, there is a vast number of different theories about colour, theories which seem to be proliferating rather than decreasing. How is it possible that there can be so much disagreement about what colours are? Is it possible that these different theorists are not talking about the same thing? Could it be that more than one of them is right? Indeed some theorists, e.g. Leo M. Hurvich, D. L. McAdam and K. Nassau, say that the term ,colour' is used to identify a range of different properties, e.g. pigments, properties of light, and sensations. Such a view has its attractions, but it raises the question of what it is that unites these various concepts , what is it that would make them all concepts of colour? What is it that justifies using the same terms, ,yellow', ,blue', ,pink', mauve', and so on? This paper aims to address this question, arguing that its answer supports the conclusion that the best theory of colour is a form of anti-realism: the Illusory theory of colours. There are two parts to this thesis, one negative, the other positive. The negative part is that there are no colours, as they are ordinarily conceived. The positive part is that, nevertheless, the world is such that ,it is as if there are such colours'. Such a theory has important implications. One is that it doesn't fall neatly into the usual taxonomy of philosophical theories. In particular, it does not deserve the label ,eliminativist'. Another is that it allows some space for the views expressed by Hurvich, McAdam and Nassau, but not quite in the sense that they intend. [source] Personality and marital satisfaction: a behavioural genetic analysisEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2005Erica L. Spotts Previous research has found that genetic and nonshared environmental factors influence marital quality (Spotts et al., 2004). The current study explored personality as a source for these genetic and environmental individual differences. A sample of 752 Swedish twin women and their spouses were used. Genetic and environmental influences were found for self-report measures of marital quality, but only environmental factors contributed to the variance of observational measures of marital quality. Wives' personality characteristics accounted for genetic and nonshared environmental variance in the wives' own marital satisfaction, their husbands' marital satisfaction, and the agreement between the spouses on the quality of their marriage. Genetic influences on the correlation between wives' genetically influenced personality characteristics and their husbands' marital satisfaction indicate a gene,environment correlation. Contrary to expectations, husbands' personality did not explain large portions of wives' marital satisfaction beyond that explained by wives' personality. This study emphasizes the importance of spousal personality to the well-being of marriages, and results are discussed within the context of three different theories regarding associations between personality and marital quality. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effective-medium theories for fluid-saturated materials with aligned cracksGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 5 2001J.A. Hudson There is general agreement between different theories giving expressions for the overall properties of materials with dry, aligned cracks if the number density of cracks is small. There is also very fair agreement for fluid-filled isolated cracks. However, there are considerable differences between two separate theories for fluid-filled cracks with equant porosity. Comparison with recently published experimental data on synthetic sandstones gives a good fit with theory for dry samples. However, although the crack number density in the laboratory sample is such that first-order theory is unlikely to apply, expressions correct to second order (in the number density) provide a worse fit. It also appears that the ratio of wavelength to crack size is not sufficiently great for any detailed comparison with effective-medium theories, which are valid only when this ratio is large. The data show dispersion effects for dry cracks and scattering, neither of which will occur at sufficiently long wavelengths. Data from the water-saturated samples indicate that the effect of equant porosity is significant, although the two theories differ strongly as to just how significant. Once again, and in spite of the reservations mentioned above, a reasonable fit between theory and observation can be shown. [source] A 2-year-old child's memory of hospitalization during early infancyINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2008Aletha Solter Abstract A child who had had surgery at 5 months of age, and who had been treated at the time for post-traumatic symptoms (reported in a previous paper by the author), was interviewed 2 years later and almost 3 years later to test for possible verbal recall of his hospitalization. He appeared to have some memories of the experience at 29 months of age, and he was able to superimpose verbal labels onto the preverbal memories. At 40 months of age, however, the memories were no longer verbally accessible. The results are discussed in the context of different theories of encoding, storage, retrieval, and loss of early memories. The findings from this study support other findings indicating that there appears to be some form of long-term memory in place early in life, at least for highly salient, traumatic events. There may be one memory system for traumatic memories, fully functional at birth, and a later developing, different system for neutral memories. It is further hypothesized that there may be a sensitive period around 2,3 years of age for the recall of early traumatic memories, and that verbal recall is more likely to be present in verbally precocious children during that period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Electroconvulsive Therapy and the Fear of DevianceJOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 1 2002James Giles After reaching the verge of obsolescence, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is once again on the increase. There remains, however, no sound theoretical basis for its use. By 1948 at least 50 different theories had been proposed to account for the workings of ECT. Today there are numerous more. Further, there is no good evidence for its therapeutic effectiveness. Although some studies show what are claimed to be positive results, others show significant amount of relapse, even with severe depression (the disorder against which ECT is supposed to be most effective), while even other studies show ECT to have little more effect than a placebo. Finally, there is much evidence for ECTs damaging effects, particularly to cognitive functioning like memory, general intelligence level, and perceptual abilities, and quite possibly to brain functioning. Some studies even suggest that the alleged therapeutic effects of ECT are essentially the effects of organic brain damage. The question, then, is why, despite these problems, does ECT continue to be used? ECTs salient features suggest an answer here. These are the features of dehumanization, power, control, punishment, and others, all of which can be traced back to the fear of deviant psychotic behavior. [source] On the hyperbolic system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids: a comparison between single- and multi-temperature modelsMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 7 2007Tommaso Ruggeri Abstract The first rational model of homogeneous mixtures of fluids was proposed by Truesdell in the context of rational thermodynamics. Afterwards, two different theories were developed: one with a single-temperature (ST) field of the mixture and the other one with several temperatures. The two systems are from the mathematical point of view completely different and the relationship between their solutions was not clarified. In this paper, the hyperbolic multi-temperature (MT) system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids will be explained and it will be shown that the corresponding single-temperature differential system is a principal subsystem of the MT one. As a consequence, the subcharacteristic conditions for characteristic speeds hold and this gives an upper-bound esteem for pulse speeds in an ST model. Global behaviour of smooth solutions for large time for both systems will also be discussed through the application of the Shizuta,Kawashima condition. Finally, as an application, the particular case of a binary mixture is considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Search for the Source of Epistemic GoodMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 1-2 2003Linda Zagzebski Knowledge has almost always been treated as good, better than mere true belief, but it is remarkably difficult to explain what it is about knowledge that makes it better. I call this "the value problem." I have previously argued that most forms of reliabilism cannot handle the value problem. In this article I argue that the value problem is more general than a problem for reliabilism, infecting a host of different theories, including some that are internalist. An additional problem is that not all instances of true belief seem to be good on balance, so even if a given instance of knowing p is better than merely truly believing p, not all instances of knowing will be good enough to explain why knowledge has received so much attention in the history of philosophy. The article aims to answer two questions: (1) What makes knowingp better than merely truly believing p? The answer involves an exploration of the connection between believing and the agency of the knower. Knowing is an act in which the knower gets credit for achieving truth. (2) What makes some instances of knowing good enough to make the investigation of knowledge worthy of so much attention? The answer involves the connection between the good of believing truths of certain kinds and a good life. In the best kinds of knowing, the knower not only gets credit for getting the truth but also gets credit for getting a desirable truth. The kind of value that makes knowledge a fitting object of extensive philosophical inquiry is not independent of moral value and the wider values of a good life. [source] REVISITING ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PARADIGMS IN MANUFACTURING STRATEGYPRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000M. Hsafizadeh Testing and cross-validation of theories and paradigms are necessary to advance the field of manufacturing strategy. When the findings of one study are also obtained in other studies, using entirely different databases, we become more confident in the results. Replication alleviates concerns about spurious results and is one motivation for this study. We examine aspects of the tradeoffs concept, production competence paradigm, and a manufacturing strategy taxonomy framework. In regard to the tradeoffs concept, we found evidence of tradeoffs between some, but certainly not all, manufacturing capabilities of quality, cost, delivery, and customization. The relationships get sharper when controlling for process choice. For example, the tradeoff between cost and customization is particularly strong between plants that have different process choices. We find that such tradeoffs can change, or even disappear, however, once the process choice is in place. With respect to the production competence paradigm, our analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between production competence and operations performance in batch shops, but not in plants with other process choices. Finally, using variables similar to those of Miller and Roth, our data produced three similar clusters even though their unit of analysis was much more macro than ours. Controlling for process choice is consistent with the current manufacturing strategy literature that emphasizes dynamic development of capabilities within the context of path dependencies. A major argument of this strand of research is that operations decisions not only affect current capabilities, but also set the framework for development of capabilities in the future. That being the case, controlling for process choice (or other factors such as industry or markets) should contribute to the understanding of capability-development paths adopted by different manufacturing plants. In short, we found at least partial support for each of the theories examined here, even though the theories seem on the surface to be contradictory and mutually exclusive. Controlling for process choice or other measures of dependency goes a long way in uncovering consistency across different theories and empirical studies in operations management. [source] Campaign Learning and Vote DeterminantsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009David A. M. Peterson How campaigns shape voters' decisions is central to the study of political behavior. The basic conclusion is simple: campaigns matter. While we know who campaigns influence, there is no clear empirical evidence of why or how campaigns matter. This comes from two things. First, despite different theories about campaigns, the existing studies measure the campaign as a function of time. Second, these studies ignore the individual-level psychological mediators of these effects. We know that there are differences across time during a campaign, but we do not know how or why. In this article I suggest that campaigns work by altering voters' uncertainty about the candidates and combine aggregate and individual-level data using a hierarchical logit estimated via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. I find that voters change how they weigh their attitudes during the campaign because of changes in their uncertainty about the candidates. [source] A guide to knowledge translation theoryTHE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 1 2006Carole A. Estabrooks RN Abstract Despite calls over several decades for theory development, there remains no overarching knowledge-translation theory. However, a range of models and theoretical perspectives focused on narrower and related areas have been available for some time. We provide an overview of selected perspectives that we believe are particularly useful for developing testable and useful knowledge-translation interventions. In addition, we discuss adjuvant theories necessary to complement these perspectives. We draw from organizational innovation, health, and social sciences literature to illustrate the similarities and differences of various theoretical perspectives related to the knowledge-translation field. A variety of theoretical perspectives useful to knowledge translation exist. They are often spread across disciplinary boundaries, making them difficult to locate and use. Poor definitional clarity, discipline-specific terminology, and implicit assumptions often hinder the use of complementary perspectives. Health care environments are complex, and assessing the setting prior to selecting a theory should be the first step in knowledge-translation initiatives. Finding a fit between setting (context) and theory is important for knowledge-translation initiatives to succeed. Because one theory will not fit all contexts, it is helpful to understand and use several different theories. Although there are often barriers associated with combining theories from different disciplines, such obstacles can be overcome, and to do so will increase the likelihood that knowledge-translation initiatives will succeed. [source] The Governance of cooperatives and mutual associations: a paradox perspectiveANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2004Chris Cornforth The theoretical literature on the governance of co-operatives is relatively undeveloped in comparison with that on corporate governance. The paper briefly reviews some of the main theoretical perspectives on corporate governance and discusses how they can be usefully extended to throw light on the governance of co-operatives and mutuals. However, taken individually these different theories are rather one dimensional, only illuminating a particular aspect of the board's role. This has lead to calls for a new conceptual framework that can help integrate the insights of these different theories. The paper argues that a paradox perspective offers a promising way forward. Contrasting the different theoretical perspectives highlights some of the important paradoxes, ambiguities and tensions that boards face. [source] Interferometer observations of molecular gas in radio galaxiesASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 2-3 2009S. García-Burillo Abstract We present the first results of a high-resolution study of the distribution and kinematics of molecular gas in two nearby radio galaxies, 4C 31.04 and 3C 293, representative of two different stages of evolution in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). These observations, conducted with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI), map with unprecedented spatial resolution (,0.5,,1,) and sensitivity the emission and absorption of key molecular species such as CO, HCN and HCO+. We report on the detection of a kinematically disturbed and massive (Mgas , 1010 M,) molecular/dusty disk of ,1.4 kpc-size fueling the central engine of the compact symmetric object (CSO) 4C 31.04. We also report on the detection of a massive (Mgas , 1010 M,) regularly rotating ,7 kpc-size disk in the FR II radio galaxy 3C 293. A complex system of molecular line absorptions is detected against the mm-continuum source of this galaxy (AGN and jet). We compare the properties of the molecular disks in the two sources and discuss them in the light of the different theories describing the evolution of radio galaxies (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] The keloid phenomenon: Progress toward a solutionCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 1 2007Louise Louw Abstract For centuries, keloids have been an enigma and despite considerable research to unravel this phenomenon no universally accepted treatment protocol currently exists. Historically, the etiology of keloids has been hypothesized by multiple different theories; however, a more contemporary view postulates a multifactoral basis for this disorder involving nutritional, biochemical, immunological, and genetic factors that play a role in this abnormal wound healing. Critical to the process of preventing or managing keloids is the need to locally control fibroblasts and their activities at the wound site. In recent years, considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating the importance of fatty acids and bioactive lipids in health and disease, especially those involving inflammatory disorders or immune dysfunction. If hypertrophic scarring and keloid formation can be argued to have significant inflammatory histories, then it is possible to postulate a role for lipids in their etiology and potentially in their treatment. This report briefly visits past views and theories on keloid formation and treatment, and offers a theoretical rationale for considering adjuvant fatty acid therapy for keloid management. Sufficient scientific evidence in support of fatty acid strategies for the prevention and treatment of keloids currently exists, which offer opportunities to bridge the gap between the laboratory and the clinic. The intent of this paper is to serve as a basic guideline for researchers, nutritionists, and clinicians interested in keloids and to propose new directions for keloid management. Clin. Anat. 20:3,14, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||