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Different Molecules (different + molecule)
Selected AbstractsDifferent Molecules Experience Different Polarities at the Air/Water Interface,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 35 2009Sobhan Sen Dr. Grenzerfahrung: Mit grenzflächenselektiver nichtlinearer Spektroskopie konnte für fünf Cumarinderivate ein signifikanter Unterschied in der solvatochromen Verschiebung an der Luft/Wasser-Grenzfläche nachgewiesen werden. Dies zeigt, dass strukturell verschiedene Moleküle selbst an derselben Grenzfläche eine deutlich unterschiedliche lokale effektive Polarität erfahren (siehe Bild; Pfeile kennzeichnen Übergangsdipolmomente). [source] Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Some Copper(II) Complexes of 2-Pyridineformamide Thiosemicarbazone (HAm4DH)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2006María del Carmen Aguirre Abstract Reactions between different copper(II) salts and 2-pyridineformamide thiosemicarbazone (HAm4DH) in neutral ethanolic media led to the formation of complexes with the formulae [Cu(HAm4DH)X2] (X = Cl or Br) (1, 2) and [Cu(HAm4DH)2]X2 (X = NO3 or ClO4) (3, 4). The same reactions carried out in the presence of triethylamine gave rise to new complexes with the general formulae [Cu(Am4DH)X] (X = Cl, Br, AcO, or NO3) (5,8), [Cu(H2O)(Am4DH)](ClO4) (9), and [Cu(Am4DH)2] (10), many of which were isolated with different molecules of crystallization and contain a deprotonated thiosemicarbazone (Am4DH). These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, and different spectroscopic and magnetic techniques. The thermal and redox behavior of the complexes was also evaluated. Complexes 1, 2, 5, and 6 show better nuclease activity than [Cu(phen)2]2+. Inaddition, crystals were isolated in the cases of [Cu(HAm4DH)Cl2]2 (5a), 1,[Cu(Am4DH)Cl] (5b), 1,[Cu(Am4DH)Br] (6a), and [Cu(HAm4DH)(H2O)(ClO4)2]·MeOH·H2O (9a) and these structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Compound 5a has a dimeric structure with chlorine bridges and shows weak antiferromagnetism (J = ,12.2 cm,1). Complexes 5b and 6a are one-dimensional polymers formed through halogen bridges and the deprotonated thiosemicarbazone in the thiolate form. In compound 9a the copper(II) is in a distorted octahedral environment with two ClO4 units coordinated to the metal center. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Control over Patterning of Organic Semiconductors: Step-Edge-Induced Area-Selective Growth,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 46 2009Wenchong Wang A method concerning step-edge-induced area-selective growth for the patterning of aromatic organic molecules is proposed. Based on such a growth mechanism, crack-free, organic crystalline films and the growth of different molecules at defined locations can be achieved. The figure shows a schematic representation of the separation of molecules by nucleation-sites recognition. [source] Single-molecule analysis of chromatin: Changing the view of genomes one molecule at a timeJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2008Santhi Pondugula Abstract Wrapping DNA into chromatin provides a wealth of regulatory mechanisms that ensure normal growth and development in eukaryotes. Our understanding of chromatin structure, including nucleosomes and non-histone protein,DNA interactions, has benefited immensely from nuclease and chemical digestion techniques. DNA-bound proteins, such as histones or site-specific factors, protect DNA against nuclease cleavage and generate large nucleosomal or small regulatory factor footprints. Chromatin subject to distinct modes of regulation often coincides with sites of nuclease hypersensitivity or nucleosome positioning. An inherent limitation of cleavage-based analyses has been the inability to reliably analyze regions of interest when levels of digestion depart from single-hit kinetics. Moreover, cleavage-based techniques provide views that are averaged over all the molecules in a sample population. Therefore, in cases of occupancy of multiple regulatory elements by factors, one cannot define whether the factors are bound to the same or different molecules in the population. The recent development of DNA methyltransferase-based, single-molecule MAP-IT technology overcomes limitations of ensemble approaches and has opened numerous new avenues in chromatin research. Here, we review the strengths, limitations, applications and future prospects of MAP-IT ranging from structural issues to mechanistic questions in eukaryotic chromatin regulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 330,337, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Thermodynamic and structural aspects of sulfonamide crystals and solutionsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 12 2009German L. Perlovich Abstract The crystal structures of three sulfonamides with the general structure 4-NH2 -C6H4 -SO2NH-C6H4/3 -R (R,=,4-Et; 4-OMe; 5-Cl-2-Me) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. On the basis of our previous data and the results obtained a comparative analysis of crystal properties was performed: molecular conformational states, packing architecture, and hydrogen bond networks using graph set notations. The thermodynamic aspects of the sulfonamide sublimation process have been studied by investigating the temperature dependence of vapor pressure using the transpiration method. A regression equation was derived describing the correlation between sublimation entropy terms and crystal density data calculated from X-ray diffraction results. Also correlations between sublimation Gibbs energies and melting points, on the one hand, and between sublimation enthalpies and fusion enthalpies at 298 K, on the other hand, were found. These dependencies give the opportunity to predict sublimation thermodynamic parameters by simple thermo-physical experiments (fusion characteristics). Solubility processes of the compounds in water, n -hexane, and n -octanol (as phases modeling various drug delivery pathways and different types of membranes) were investigated and corresponding thermodynamic functions were calculated as well. Thermodynamic characteristics of sulfonamide solvation were evaluated. For compounds with similar structures processes of transfer from one solvent to another one were studied by a diagram method combined with analysis of enthalpic and entropic terms. Distinguishing between enthalpy and entropy, as is possible through the present approach, leads to the insight that the contribution of these terms is different for different molecules (entropy- or enthalpy-determined). Thus, in contrast to interpretation of only the Gibbs energy of transfer, being extensively used for pharmaceuticals in the form of the partition coefficient (log,P), the analysis of thermodynamic functions of the transfer process provides additional mechanistic information. This may be important for further evaluation of the physiological distribution of drug molecules and may provide a better understanding of biopharmaceutical properties of drugs. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4738,4755, 2009 [source] Modifications and oxidation of lipids and proteins in human serum detected by thermochemiluminescenceLUMINESCENCE: THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL LUMINESCENCE, Issue 2 2003Sergei Shnizer Abstract Detection of electronically excited species (EES) in body fluids may constitute an important diagnostic tool in various pathologies. Examples of such products are triplet excited carbonyls (TEC), which can be a source for photon emission in the 400,550,nm range. The aim of the present study was to determine the actual contribution of lipid and protein components (protein carbonyls) to photon emission generated by thermochemiluminescence (TCL) during the heating of biological fluids. In this study, a new TCL Photometer device, designed by Lumitest Ltd, Israel, was used. Samples were heated to a constant temperature of 80,±,0.5°C for 280,s and photon emission was measured at several time points. In order to compare the results of TCL measurements to conventional methods of detecting lipid and protein oxidation, each examined sample was also heated in a waterbath at 80°C for 10,280,s. Lipid and protein oxidation were subsequently measured using conventional methods. The TCL of four polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with three to six double bonds was measured. The elevation of the PUFA TCL amplitude correlated with the increase in the number of double bonds of PUFA. A correlation between the increase in TCL intensity and protein carbonyl generation in bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also observed. In the venous blood serum, our study showed that an increase of TCL intensity during heating reflected the cleavage of TEC of lipid origin. Our study suggests that biological molecules such as proteins, lipids and other molecules, which may become unstable during heating, are capable of generating EES. We demonstrated that a TCL curve can be used as a kinetic model for measuring oxidative processes, which reflects modifications of different molecules involved in the oxidative stress phenomena. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Detection and characterization of gamete-specific molecules in Mytilus edulis using selective antibody productionMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2009Heiko Stuckas Abstract The mussel Mytilus edulis can be used as model to study the molecular basis of reproductive isolation because this species maintains its species integrity, despite of hybridizing in zones of contact with the closely related species M. trossulus or M. galloprovincialis. This study uses selective antibody production by means of hybridoma technology to identify molecules which are involved in sperm function of M. edulis. Fragmented sperm were injected into mice and 25 hybridoma cell clones were established to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Five clones were identified producing mAb targeting molecules putatively involved in sperm function based on enzyme immunoassays, dot and Western blotting as well as immunostaining of tissue sections. Specific localization of these mAb targets on sperm and partly also in somatic tissue suggests that all five antibodies bind to different molecules. The targets of the mAb obtained from clone G26-AG8 were identified using mass spectrometry (nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS) as M6 and M7 lysin. These acrosomal proteins have egg vitelline lyses function and are highly similar (76%) which explains the cross reactivity of mAb G26-AG8. Furthermore, M7 lysin was recently shown to be under strong positive selection suggesting a role in interspecific reproductive isolation. This study shows that M6 and M7 lysin are not only found in the sperm acrosome but also in male somatic tissue of the mantle and the posterior adductor muscle, while being completely absent in females. The monoclonal antibody G26-AG8 described here will allow elucidating M7/M6 lysin function in somatic and gonad tissue of adult and developing animals. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 4,10, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A fluoresceinophane: 19,4,16-trioxa-1(2,10)-anthracena-2(1,2)-benzenacyclohexadecaphane-17,3(19H)-dioneACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 6 2007Stéphane Dufresne A novel macrocycle containing fluorescein, the highly fluorescent title compound, C31H32O5, has a xanthene core and a benzyl unit that are planar. The latter is rotated by 72.99,(3)° from the xanthene mean plane. The C11 alkyl tether and the xanthene group adopt a cage-like structure and the xanthene adopts a quinoid-type configuration. The compound crystallizes as a racemic mixture with one molecule of each isomer per unit cell. Even though the planes described by the xanthene and the benzene rings of different molecules are separated by 3.341,(4) and 3.73,(1),Å, respectively, there is insufficient overlap between the aryl units to promote ,-stacking. [source] Structure at 1.5,Å resolution of cytochrome c552 with its flexible linker segment, a membrane-anchored protein from Paracoccus denitrificansACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 7 2010Chitra Rajendran Electron transfer (ET) between the large membrane-integral redox complexes in the terminal part of the respiratory chain is mediated either by a soluble c -type cytochrome, as in mitochondria, or by a membrane-anchored cytochrome c, as described for the ET chain of the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans. Here, the structure of cytochrome c552 from P. denitrificans with the linker segment that attaches the globular domain to the membrane anchor is presented. Cytochrome c552 including the linker segment was crystallized and its structure was determined by molecular replacement. The structural features provide functionally important information. The prediction of the flexibility of the linker region [Berry & Trumpower (1985), J. Biol. Chem.260, 2458,2467] was confirmed by our crystal structure. The N-terminal region from residues 13 to 31 is characterized by poor electron density, which is compatible with high mobility of this region. This result indicates that this region is highly flexible, which is functionally important for this protein to shuttle electrons between complexes III and IV in the respiratory chain. Zinc present in the crystallization buffer played a key role in the successful crystallization of this protein. It provided rigidity to the long negatively charged flexible loop by coordinating negatively charged residues from two different molecules and by enhancing the crystal contacts. [source] Isostructural Materials Achieved by Using Structurally Equivalent Donors and Acceptors in Halogen-Bonded CocrystalsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008Dominik Cin Abstract We demonstrate the supramolecular and structural equivalence of two halogen-bond donors (I and Br) and three acceptors (O, NH and S) through the synthesis of seven isostructural halogen-bonded cocrystals, involving six different molecules: 1,4-dibromo- and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (donors) and thiomorpholine, thioxane, morpholine, and piperazine (acceptors). The formation of isostructural cocrystals indicates how cocrystallization may be used to overcome shape and functional group dissimilarities that control molecular arrangement in the solid state. The differences in composition between the seven isostructural cocrystals directly affect the strength and nature of halogen bonds between their constituents, allowing the systematic variation of cocrystal physical properties, in particular the melting point, without affecting their crystal structure. Replacement of each O or S halogen-bond acceptor with an NH group provided an approximate 70,°C increase in melting point, whereas the replacement of I with Br as the halogen-bond donor lowered the melting point of the resulting solid by a similar amount. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||