Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Different Frameworks (different + frameworks)
Selected AbstractsConceptual frameworks to illuminate and magnifyMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 4 2009Georges Bordage Context, In a recent study of the quality of reporting experimental studies in medical education, barely half the articles examined contained an explicit statement of the conceptual framework used. Conceptual frameworks represent ways of thinking about a problem or a study, or ways of representing how complex things work. They can come from theories, models or best practices. Conceptual frameworks illuminate and magnify one's work. Different frameworks will emphasise different variables and outcomes, and their inter-relatedness. Educators and researchers constantly use conceptual frameworks to guide their work, even if they themselves are not consciously aware of the frameworks. Methods, Three examples are provided on how conceptual frameworks can be used to cast development and research projects in medical education. The examples are accompanied by commentaries and a total of 13 key points about the nature and use of conceptual frameworks. Conclusions, Ultimately, scholars are responsible for making explicit the assumptions and principles contained in the conceptual framework(s) they use in their development and research projects. [source] Can Presidentialism Work Like Parliamentarism?GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2005Josep M. Colomer Inter-institutional cooperation between the congress and the presidency may be the best way to promote good governance in a regime of separation of powers. In order to evaluate the performance of different political institutions, especially the different frameworks associated with ,presidentialism' and ,parliamentarism', we adopt the criterion that policy outcomes coinciding with the median voter's preference can produce the highest satisfaction or social utility. From this perspective, proportional representation in congress can be very appropriate since it tends to establish a close correspondence between the median party's and the median voter's preferences. Likewise, cooperation , rather than conflict or mutual checks , between the median party in congress and the presidency for both legislative decisions and cabinet formation can favour socially efficient outcomes. A survey of some recent institutional reforms in democratic presidential regimes in Latin America shows that ,parliamentarization' of presidentialism is gaining acceptance, although intermediate formulae may be more conflictual than a global, more coherent institutional reform. [source] Puzzling practice: A strategy for working with clinical practice issuesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 2 2008Kenneth Walsh RPN RN BNurs PhD In this paper we aim to share the evolution of innovative ways to explore, ,unpack' and reframe clinical issues that exist in everyday practice. The elements of these processes, which we call ,puzzling practice', and the techniques associated with them, were delineated over a two year period by the four authors using action theory based processes. The authors have evolved several different frameworks for ,puzzling practice' which we draw on and use in our practice development work and in our research practice. This paper pays attention to a particular form of puzzling practice that we have found to be useful in assisting individual clinicians and teams to explore and find workable solutions to practice issues. The paper uses a semi-fictitious example of ,Puzzling Practice' gleaned from our experience as practice development facilitators. In this example ,puzzling practice' uses seven different elements; naming the issue; puzzling the issue; testing the puzzle exploring the heart of out practice; formulating the puzzle question; visualizing the future; and generating new strategies for action. Each of the elements is illustrated by the story and the key foundations and ideas behind each element is explored. [source] ASSESSING GLOBAL POVERTY AND INEQUALITY: INCOME, RESOURCES, AND CAPABILITIESMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 1-2 2005Ingrid Robeyns Abstract: Are global poverty and inequality on the rise or are they declining? And is the quality of life of the world's poorest people getting worse or better? These questions are often given conflicting answers by economists, the World Bank, and social activists. One reason for this is that assessments of quality of life can be made in terms of people's income, their resources, or their functionings and capabilities. This essay discusses the pros and cons of these evaluative approaches, and it argues that all approaches have complementary strengths and should therefore in principle all be considered. Moreover, being aware that assessments of poverty and inequality can be made using these different frameworks helps us to understand the conflicting claims. [source] Coordination Chemistry of Conformation-Flexible 1,2,3,4,5,6-Cyclohexanehexacarboxylate: Trapping Various Conformations in Metal,Organic FrameworksCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 24 2008Jing Wang Abstract To study the conformations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid (H6L), eleven new coordination polymers have been isolated from hydrothermal reactions of different metal salts with 1e,2a,3e,4a,5e,6a -cyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid (3e+3a, H6LI) and characterized. They are [Cd12(,6 - LII)(,10 - LII)3(,-H2O)6(H2O)6],16.5,H2O (1), Na12[Cd6(,6 - LII)(,6 - LIII)3],27,H2O (2), [Cd3(,13 - LII)(,-H2O)] (3), [Cd3(,6 - LIII)(2,2,-bpy)3(H2O)3],2,H2O (4), [Cd4(,4 - LVI)2(4,4,-Hbpy)4(4,4,-bpy)2(H2O)4],9.5,H2O (5), [Cd2(,6 - LII)(4,4,-Hbpy)2(H2O)10],5,H2O (6), [Cd3(,11 - LVI)(H2O)3] (7), [M3(,9 - LII)(H2O)6] (M=Mn (8), Fe (9), and Ni (10)), and [Ni4(OH)2(,10 - LII)(4,4,-bpy)(H2O)4],6,H2O (11). Three new conformations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexacarboxylate, 6e (LII), 4e+2a (LIII) and 5e+1a (LVI), have been derived from the conformational conversions of LI and trapped in these complexes by controlling the conditions of the hydrothermal systems. Complexes 1 and 2 have three-dimensional (3D) coordination frameworks with nanoscale cages and are obtained at relatively low temperatures. A quarter of the LI ligands undergo a conformational transformation into LII while the others are transformed into LIII in the presence of NaOH in 2, while all of the LI are transformed into LII in the absence of NaOH in 1. Complex 3 has a 3D condensed coordination framework, which was obtained under similar reaction conditions as 1, but at a higher temperature. The addition of 2,2,-bipyridine (2,2,-bpy) or 4,4,-bipyridine (4,4,-bpy) to the hydrothermal system as an auxiliary ligand also induces the conformational transformation of H6LI. A new LVI conformation has been trapped in complexes 4,7 under different conditions. Complex 4 has a 3D microporous supramolecular network constructed from a 2D LIII -bridged coordination layer structure by ,-, interactions between the chelating 2,2,-bpy ligands. Complexes 5,7 have different frameworks with LII/LVI conformations, which were prepared by using different amounts of 4,4,-bpy under similar synthetic conditions. Both 5 and 7 are 3D coordination frameworks involving the LVI ligands, while 6 has a 3D microporous supramolecular network constructed from a 2D LII -bridged coordination layer structure by interlayer N4,4,-HbpyH,,,O(LII) hydrogen bonds. 3D coordination frameworks 8,11 have been obtained from the H6LI ligand and the paramagnetic metal ions MnII, FeII, and NiII, and their magnetic properties have been studied. Of particular interest to us is that two copper coordination polymers of the formulae [{CuII2(,4 - LII)(H2O)4}{CuI2(4,4,-bpy)2}] (12,,) and [CuII(Hbtc)(4,4,-bpy)(H2O)],3,H2O (H3btc=1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) (12,,) resulted from the same one-pot hydrothermal reaction of Cu(NO3)2, H6LI, 4,4,-bpy, and NaOH. The Hbtc2, ligand in 12,, was formed by the in situ decarboxylation of H6LI. The observed decarboxylation of the H6LI ligand to H3btc may serve as a helpful indicator in studying the conformational transformation mechanism between H6LI and LII,VI. Trapping various conformations in metal-organic structures may be helpful for the stabilization and separation of various conformations of the H6L ligand. [source] | |||||||||||||