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Different Findings (different + finding)
Selected AbstractsValue of the intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests for detecting subtle impairments in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in former gestational diabetesCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 2 2008A. Tura Summary Objective, Women with former gestational diabetes mellitus (fGDM) often show defects in both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function but it is not clear which defect plays the major role or which appears first. This might be because fGDM women are often studied as a unique group and not divided according to their glucose tolerance. Different findings might also be the result of using different tests. Our aim was to study insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function with two independent glucose tolerance tests in fGDM women divided according to their glucose tolerance. Design and patients, A total of 108 fGDM women divided into normal glucose tolerance (IGT; N = 82), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM; N = 20) and overt type 2 diabetes (T2DM; N = 6) groups, and 38 healthy control women (CNT) underwent intravenous (IVGTT) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Measurements, Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were assessed by both the IVGTT and the OGTT. Results, Both tests revealed impaired insulin sensitivity in the normotolerant group compared to controls (IVGTT: 4·2 ± 0·3 vs. 5·4 ± 0·4 10,4 min,1 (µU/ml),1; OGTT: 440 ± 7 vs. 472 ± 9 ml min,1 m,2). Conversely, no difference was found in beta-cell function from the IVGTT. However, some parameters of beta-cell function by OGTT modelling analysis were found to be impaired: glucose sensitivity (106 ± 5 vs. 124 ± 7 pmol min,1 m,2 mm,1, P = 0·0407) and insulin secretion at 5 mm glucose (168 ± 9 vs. 206 ± 10 pmol min,1 m,2, P = 0·003). Conclusions, Both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are impaired in normotolerant fGDM but the subtle defect in beta-cell function is disclosed only by OGTT modelling analysis. [source] Regulation of inflammation by PPARs: a future approach to treat lung inflammatory diseases?FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Julien Becker Abstract Lung inflammatory diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung fibrosis, represent a major health problem worldwide. Although glucocorticoids are the most potent anti-inflammatory drug in asthma, they exhibit major side effects and have poor activity in lung inflammatory disorders such as ALI or COPD. Therefore, there is growing need for the development of alternative or new therapies to treat inflammation in the lung. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), including the three isotypes PPAR,, PPAR, (or PPAR,) and PPAR,, are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs, and in particular PPAR, and PPAR,, are well known for their critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling expression of a variety of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Synthetic ligands of the two receptor isotypes, the fibrates and the thiazolidinediones, are clinically used to treat dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Recently however, PPAR, and PPAR, have been shown to exert a potent anti-inflammatory activity, mainly through their ability to downregulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and inflammatory cell functions. The present article reviews the current knowledge of the role of PPAR, and PPAR, in controlling inflammation, and presents different findings suggesting that PPAR, and PPAR, activators may be helpful in the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases. [source] Patterns of analogical reasoning among beginning readersJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN READING, Issue 3 2004Lee Farrington-Flint Despite compelling evidence that analogy skills are available to beginning readers, few studies have actually explored the possibility of identifying individual differences in young children's analogy skills in early reading. The present study examined individual differences in children's use of orthographic and phonological relations between words as they learn to read. Specifically, the study addressed whether general analogical reasoning, short-term memory and domain-specific reading skills explain 5- to 6-year-olds' reading analogies (n=51). The findings revealed an orthographic analogy effect accompanied by high levels of phonological priming. Single-word reading and use of visual analogies predicted young children's orthographic and phonological analogies in the regression analyses. However, different findings emerged from exploring profiles based on individual differences in reasoning skill. Indeed, when individual differences in composite scores of orthographic and phonological analogy were examined, group membership was predicted by word reading and early phonological knowledge, rather than general analogical reasoning skills. The findings highlight the usefulness of exploring individual differences in children's analogy development in the early stages of learning to read. [source] Adolescent Girls' Alcohol Use as a Risk Factor for Relationship ViolenceJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 4 2004Wendy Marsh Buzy This research examined the relation between female adolescents' general alcohol use and their experience of relationship violence. This relation was examined both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, controlling for the proximal (i.e., situational) effects of alcohol use. One hundred and six female high school students reported on their experiences of physical violence and sexual coercion by boyfriends, general patterns of alcohol use, victimization experiences while drinking, and hypothesized covariates including demographic and relationship variables and illicit drug use. Variables were assessed at 2 time points 4 months apart. Results indicated that general alcohol use was related to victimization both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, but different findings emerged for different forms of victimization (physical-only victimization vs. both physical and sexual victimization). [source] Linking intrinsic motivation, risk taking, and employee creativity in an R&D environmentR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2007Todd Dewett Intrinsic motivation is thought to spur risk taking and creativity. Nonetheless, the relationship between common creativity antecedents and intrinsic motivation is seldom clarified and the assertion that intrinsic motivation spurs risk taking and creativity has rarely been addressed. The current study adopts an individual level of analysis and attempts to link several common creativity antecedents, intrinsic motivation, and one's willingness to take risks to employee creativity. Using survey data collected from 165 research and development personnel and their supervisors, evidence is provided showing that intrinsic motivation mediates the relationship between certain antecedents and one's willingness to take risks and that this willingness mediates the effect of intrinsic motivation on employee creativity. However, starkly different findings emerge when using subjective versus objective indicators of employee creativity, suggesting that further theoretical development is in order to explain the differences. [source] Product innovativeness from the firm's perspective: Its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performanceTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2001Erwin Danneels There has recently been tremendous interest in product innovativeness. However, it seems that we need a better understanding of exactly what product innovativeness means. This article presents a conceptual framework to clarify its meaning. The framework first distinguishes customer and firm perspectives on product innovativeness. From the customer's perspective, innovation attributes, adoption risks, and levels of change in established behavior patterns are regarded as forms of product newness. Within the firm's perspective, environmental familiarity and project-firm fit, and technological and marketing aspects are proposed as dimensions of product innovativeness. Next, the article offers a tentative empirical test of the proposed dimensions of product innovativeness from the firm's perspective. A well-known dataset of 262 industrial new product projects is used to: I) clarify the product innovativeness construct and examine its underlying dimensions, 2) examine the relation of product innovativeness with the decision to pursue or kill the project, and 3) examine the relationship between product innovativeness and product performance. Five dimensions of product innovativeness are found which have distinct relations with the Go/No Go decision and product performance: market familiarity, technological familiarity, marketing fit, technological fit, and new marketing activities. Most strikingly, measures of fit are related to product performance, whereas measures of familiarity are not. The article concludes that researchers need to be careful about which definitions and measures of product innovativeness they employ, because depending on their choice they may arrive at different findings. New product practitioners are encouraged to evaluate new product opportunities primarily in terms of their fit with their firm's resources and skills rather than the extent to which they are "close to home". [source] Genome redundancy and plasticity within ancient and recent Brassica crop speciesBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 4 2004LEWIS N. LUKENS The crop species within the genus Brassica have highly replicated genomes. Three base ,diploid' species, Brassica oleracea, B. nigra and B. rapa, are likely ancient polyploids, and three derived allopolyploid species, B. carinata, B. juncea and B. napus, are created from the interspecific hybridization of these base genomes. The base Brassica genome is thought to have hexaploid ancestry, and both recent and ancient polyploidization events have been proposed to generate a large number of genome rearrangements and novel genetic variation for important traits. Here, we revisit and refine these hypotheses. We have examined the B. oleracea linkage map using the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence as a template and suggest that there is strong evidence for genome replication and rearrangement within the base Brassicas, but less evidence for genome triplication. We show that novel phenotypic variation within the base Brassicas can be achieved by replication of a single gene, BrFLC, that acts additively to influence flowering time. Within the derived allopolyploids, intergenomic heterozygosity is associated with higher seed yields. Some studies have reported that de novo genomic variation occurs within derived polyploid genomes, whereas other studies have not detected these changes. We discuss reasons for these different findings. Large translocations and tetrasomic inheritance can explain some but not all genomic changes within the polyploids. Transpositions and other small-scale sequence changes probably also have contributed to genomic novelty. Our results have shown that the Brassica genomes are remarkably plastic, and that polyploidy generates novel genetic variation through gene duplication, intergenomic heterozygosity and perhaps epigenetic change. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 82, 665,674. [source] | |||||||||||||