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Different Expressions (different + expression)
Terms modified by Different Expressions Selected AbstractsDifferent expression of P14ARF defines two groups of breast carcinomas in terms of TP73 expression and TP53 mutational statusGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2001Gemma Domínguez In 95 breast carcinomas, we investigated P14ARF and TP73 mRNA expression and their relationship to TP53 mutations, determined by an immunohistochemical method, studying several clinicopathologic features of the tumors. P14ARF and TP73 mRNA levels were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using ,-actin as a control. P14ARF was overexpressed in 19% of the cases and underexpressed in 24%. TP73 was overexpressed in 22% of the tumors, and normal levels were found in the remaining 78%. The analysis of TP53 showed positive immunostaining in 38% of cases. The association of P14ARF and TP73 overexpression was statistically significant, as was the association between positive TP53 staining and TP73 overexpression. P14ARF was related to TP53 only in those cases in which there was low expression of P14ARF. Concomitant overexpression of P14ARF and TP73 was statistically related to positive TP53 immunostaining. The analysis of concomitant P14ARF and TP73 overexpression and clinicopathologic parameters of the tumors showed a statistically significant difference with respect to peritumoral vessel invasion (P = 0.01), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.03), negative ERBB2 expression (P = 0.005), and more advanced pathologic stages (P = 0.03). These results suggest that overexpression of P14ARF and TP73 could be implicated in breast carcinoma tumorigenesis and, ultimately, in the phenotypic features of these lesions. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Different expression of adhesion molecules and tetraspanins of monocytes of patients with atopic eczemaALLERGY, Issue 12 2006J. J. Jockers Background:, Atopic eczema (AE) and psoriasis vulgaris (Pso) represent the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases, which have a high number of characteristics in common but differ in their clinical picture and immunological background. A shared feature of both AE and Pso is a high recruitment of distinct proinflammatory cells from the blood into the skin at the initiation of the disease. A multistep adhesion cascade via different adhesion receptors consisting of ,tethering' and ,rolling' mediated by selectins, , -integrins and , -integrins and the ,arrest' of the cells is initiated during this process. Aims of the study:, To evaluate the expression of adhesion molecules and tetraspanins of monocytes of patients with AE and Pso in comparison with healthy controls. Methods:, We analysed the expression of adhesion molecules and tetraspanins on monocytes freshly isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with AE (n = 40) and Pso (n = 65) during exacerbation of their disease in comparison with healthy, non-atopic controls (n = 50). Results:, A high number of similarities between monocytes of patients with AE and patients with Pso, and disease-related differences in the expression of CD62L, CD62P, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD49b, CD49d, CD49e and CD18 and the tetraspanins CD9, CD53, CD63 and CD151, which were elevated on monocytes of patients with AE could be observed. Conclusion:, A distinct expression pattern of adhesion molecules and tetraspanins on monocytes of patients with AE and Pso might influence the recruitment process of inflammatory precursor cells and facilitate new approaches for therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting the very earliest steps of the fateful recruitment process. [source] Different expression of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) haemocytes to Vibrio and abiotic particle inoculationAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2005Karla Montaño-Pérez Abstract Penaeid shrimps are among the most studied crustaceans, mainly regarding their immune system, and several proteins involved in the defense against pathogens have been described. Haemocytes are very dynamic cells responsible of recognition, phagocytosis, degranulation and nodule formation, but still little is known about their gene expression. Using differential display, we found modification in haemocyte gene expression after inoculation with an abiotic particle (DEAE-Sephadex) or potential pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus). We also noticed that some of the newly expressed genes are exclusive from a specific treatment. Here we report that haemocytes from Litopenaeus vannamei are capable of recognizing and distinguishing different foreign materials, and respond specifically to each treatment, indicating some specificity in shrimp immune response. [source] SCHWANN CELL APOPTOSIS IN TISSUE CULTURE FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINESJOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 1 2000E. Scarpini In immune-mediated demyelination of the nervous system, glial cell apoptosis has been observed recently; however, the relevance of the phenomenon and the characterization of the involved molecules are still controversial. Cytokines are secreted by many cells, including inflammatory and glial cells, and appear to play a relevant role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) immuno-mediated demyelination, being active in promoting the damage to Schwann cells, myelin, and axons. Even though the exact role of the different cytokines is at present uncertain, they have a sequential different expression in PNS immune-mediated demyelination and could induce apoptotic death of Schwann cells in the vicinity of the inflammatory reaction via the expression of CD95 (Apo1/Fas). This study has been designed to detect in rat primary Schwann cell tissue cultures whether the administration of IL-1B and IFN-y can induce cell death. Identification of apoptotic Schwann cell was performed by morphological, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopy analysis. Our results show that Schwann cells stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IFN-y show morphological evidence of nuclear chromatin condesation at the DAPI staining and are TUNEL positive. The same features of apoptotic cell death were observed by electron microscopy. These findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that cytokines can directly damage Schwann cells in disorders of the PNS. [source] Glycopeptide-resistance transferability from vancomycin-resistant enterococci of human and animal source to Listeria spp.LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004S. de Niederhäusern Abstract Aims:, The glycopeptide-resistance transferability from vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) of clinical and animal origin to different species of Listeria was investigated. Methods and Results:, Of 36 matings, performed on membrane filter, the glycopeptide resistance was successfully transferred in six attempts, five with donors of animal origin and only one with donors from clinical source. The acquired glycopeptide resistance in Listeria transconjugants was confirmed by the presence of the conjugative plasmid band and by the amplification of the 732-bp fragment of vanA gene in transferred plasmids. Conclusions:, Despite the lower number of bacteria used in this study, the source of enterococci influenced the outcome of mating. Moreover transferred VanA plasmid induced a different expression in Listeria transconjugants, suggesting that gene expression might be influenced by species affiliation of recipients. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Our data strengthen the opinion that enterococci are an important source of resistance genes for Listeria via the transfer of movable genetic elements. As these strains are commonly found in the same habitats, a horizontal spread of glycopeptide resistance in Listeria spp. could be possible. [source] Differential expression of skeletal muscle proteins in high-fat diet-fed rats in response to capsaicin feedingPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 15 2010Dong Hyun Kim Abstract In this study, the effects of capsaicin on expression of skeletal muscle proteins in Sprague,Dawley rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated. Rats were fed a HFD with or without capsaicin treatment for 8,wk. After HFD feeding, capsaicin-treated rats weighed an average of 8% less than those of the HFD control group. Gastrocnemius muscle tissue from lean and obese rats with or without capsaicin treatment was arrayed using 2-DE for detection of HFD-associated markers. Proteomic analysis using 2-DE demonstrated that 36 spots from a total of approximately 600 matched spots showed significantly different expression; 27 spots were identified as gastrocnemius muscle proteins that had been altered in response to capsaicin feeding, and 6 spots could not be identified by mass fingerprinting. Expression of various muscle proteins was determined by immunoblot analysis for the determination of molecular mechanisms, whereby capsaicin caused inhibition of adipogenesis. Immunoblot analysis revealed increased uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) protein expression in HFD-fed rats, whereas contents were reduced with capsaicin treatment. Compared with the HFD control group, capsaicin treatment increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPIC) CP3 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). To support this result, we also analyzed in vitro differential protein expression in L6 skeletal muscle cells. These data suggest that the AMPK-ACC-malonyl-CoA metabolic signaling pathway is one of the targets of capsaicin action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proteomic study to report on analysis of diet-induced alterations of protein expression that are essential for energy expenditure in rat muscle. [source] The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 is More Frequently Expressed in Breast Compared to Other Metastatic Adenocarcinomas in EffusionsTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008Ben Davidson MD Abstract:, This objective of this study was to investigate the expression of chemokine receptors in tumor cells and leukocytes in breast carcinoma effusions. The expression of leukocyte markers (CD3/4/8/14/16/19) and chemokine receptors (CXCR1/4, CCR2/5/7) was studied in 21 breast carcinoma effusions using flow cytometry. Breast carcinoma cells expressed CXCR4 in 7/21 (33%) effusions, with less frequent expression of CXCR1, CCR5, and CCR7. CXCR2 and CCR2 were absent. Lymphocytes showed frequent CXCR4, CCR5, and CCR7 expression, while CXCR1, CXCR2, CCR2 were rarely or never detected. Macrophages expressed all six receptors except for CXCR2. Comparative analysis of breast carcinoma effusions with previously studied ovarian and cervical/endometrial adenocarcinomas (ACs) showed significantly higher CXCR4 expression in breast carcinoma cells compared to the other gynecological ACs (p = 0.001). Breast and cervical/endometrial carcinoma effusions showed different expression of chemokine receptors in lymphocytes (lower CXCR1, higher CXCR4 and CCR7 levels; p = 0.012, p = 0.005, p < 0.001, respectively) and macrophages (higher CCR7 levels; p < 0.001), as well as lower CD8 counts (p < 0.001) and higher CD19 counts (p = 0.001) compared to ovarian carcinoma effusions. Higher numbers of CD8-positive lymphocytes (p = 0.080) and higher CCR7 monocyte expression (p = 0.087) were associated with a trend for shorter disease-free survival. In conclusion, breast carcinoma cells express CXCR4, a unique feature among metastatic ACs in effusions, with rare expression of other chemokine receptors. Chemokine receptor expression in leukocytes and lymphocyte counts significantly differ from those of ovarian carcinoma effusions. The prognostic role of CCR7 expression in monocytes and CD8 counts in breast carcinoma effusions merits further research. [source] Rheumatoid arthritis does not share most of the newly identified systemic lupus erythematosus genetic factorsARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 9 2009Marian Suarez-Gestal Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) share some genetic factors such as HLA, PTPN22, STAT4, and 6q23. The aim of this study was to determine whether 9 other SLE genetic factors are also implicated in RA susceptibility. Methods A characteristic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in each of 9 genetic factors, ITGAM (rs1143679), C8orf13,BLK (rs13277113), TYK2 (rs2304256), 1q25.1 (rs10798269), PXK (rs6445975), KIAA1542 (rs4963128), MECP2 (rs17435), BANK1 (rs17266594), and LY9 (rs509749), was studied in 1,635 patients with RA and 1,906 control subjects from Spain. The rs7574865 SNP in STAT4 was also included. Analyses were conducted globally and after stratification by sex and clinical features (anti,cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor, shared epitope, rheumatoid nodules, radiographic changes, sicca syndrome, and pneumonitis). Results No association was observed between RA and any of the 9 newly identified SLE genetic factors. A meta-analysis using previous data was consistent with these results. In addition, there were no significant differences between individuals with and those without each of the clinical features analyzed, except the frequency of the minor allele in the C8orf13,BLK locus that was decreased in patients with sicca syndrome (14.6% versus 22.4% in controls; P = 0.003). Conclusion None of the 9 recently identified SLE risk factors showed association with RA. Therefore, common genetic factors affecting the pathogenesis of these 2 disorders seem to be limited, revealing that the genetic component contributes to the different expression of these diseases. [source] Gene expression profiling of advanced-stage serous ovarian cancers distinguishes novel subclasses and implicates ZEB2 in tumor progression and prognosisCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 8 2009Kosuke Yoshihara To elucidate the mechanisms of rapid progression of serous ovarian cancer, gene expression profiles from 43 ovarian cancer tissues comprising eight early stage and 35 advanced stage tissues were carried out using oligonucleotide microarrays of 18 716 genes. By non-negative matrix factorization analysis using 178 genes, which were extracted as stage-specific genes, 35 advanced stage cases were classified into two subclasses with superior (n = 17) and poor (n = 18) outcome evaluated by progression-free survival (log rank test, P = 0.03). Of the 178 stage-specific genes, 112 genes were identified as showing different expression between the two subclasses. Of the 48 genes selected for biological function by gene ontology analysis or Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, five genes (ZEB2, CDH1, LTBP2, COL16A1, and ACTA2) were extracted as candidates for prognostic factors associated with progression-free survival. The relationship between high ZEB2 or low CDH1 expression and shorter progression-free survival was validated by real-time RT-PCR experiments of 37 independent advanced stage cancer samples. ZEB2 expression was negatively correlated with CDH1 expression in advanced stage samples, whereas ZEB2 knockdown in ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells resulted in an increase in CDH1 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that high ZEB2 expression was independently associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, the prognostic effect of E-cadherin encoded by CDH1 was verified using immunohistochemical analysis of an independent advanced stage cancer samples set (n = 74). These findings suggest that the expression of epithelial,mesenchymal transition-related genes such as ZEB2 and CDH1 may play important roles in the invasion process of advanced stage serous ovarian cancer. (Cancer Sci 2009) [source] Determination of moisture content in a deformable soil using time-domain reflectometry (TDR)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000D. J. Kim Summary Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is being used increasingly for measuring the moisture content of porous media. However, successful application for measuring water in soil has been limited to non-deformable soils, and it would be a valuable extension of the technique if it could be used for soils that shrink on drying. We have recently investigated its application to soils rich in clay and organic matter and peats. Here we propose a method for determining moisture content in deformable soils based on the relation between the dielectric constant, K, and the volumetric moisture content, ,, measured by TDR. Parallel TDR probes with a length of 15 cm and a spacing of 2 cm were placed horizontally in soil cores with a diameter of 20 cm and height of 10 cm taken from a forest. The soil is very porous with large proportions of both silt and clay. The sample weight and travel time of the electromagnetic wave guided by parallel TDR probes were simultaneously measured as a function of time, from saturation to oven-dryness during which the core samples shrank considerably. Vertical and horizontal components of shrinkage were also measured to take the air-exposed region of TDR probe into account in the determination of K. The effect of deformation on volumetric moisture content was formulated for two different expressions, namely actual volumetric moisture content (AVMC) and fictitious (uncorrected) volumetric moisture content (FVMC). The effects of air-exposure and expressions of volumetric moisture content on the relation between K and, were examined by fitting the observations with a third-order polynomial. Neglecting the travel time in the air-exposed part or use of the FVMC underestimated the , for a given K. The difference was more pronounced between AVMC and FVMC than between two different dielectric constants, i.e. accounting for air-exposure, Kac, and not accounting for air-exposure, Kau. When the existing empirical models were compared with the fitted results, most underestimated the relation based on the AVMC. This indicates that published empirical models do not reflect the effect of deformation on the determination of , in our forest soil. Correct use of the , expression has more impact on determining moisture content of a deformable soil than the accommodation of travel time through the air-exposed region of TDR probe. [source] User involvement, research and health inequalities: developing new directionsHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 4 2007Peter Beresford BA(Hons) PhD FRSA AcSS DipWP Abstract Placed in the context of broader discussions and developments about service user involvement in research and evaluation, this paper looks at the role that user involvement research may play in health inequalities research. It examines the pressures for and against such user involvement research, its different expressions and ideological relations, and what particular contribution it may have to offer in researching health inequalities. In considering how it may help in developing substantive understandings of these issues and the role it may play in the future, particular attention is paid to the issue of enabling the diverse involvement of service users in order not to reinforce existing exclusions and barriers in research, policy and practice. [source] Studies on pyrolysis of vegetable market wastes in presence of heat transfer resistance and deactivationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2005Ruby Ray Abstract In the present investigation, the pyrolysis of predried vegetable market waste (dp=5.03 mm) has been studied using a cylindrical pyrolyser having diameter of 250 mm under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions within the temperature range of 523,923 K with an intention to investigate the effective contribution of different heat transfer controlling regime namely intra-particle, external along with kinetically control regime on the overall global rate of pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric method of analysis was utilized to obtain experimental data for both isothermal and non-isothermal cases by coupling a digital balance with the pyrolyser. The pyrolysis of vegetable market waste has been observed to exhibit deactivated concentration independent pyrolysis kinetics, analogous to catalytic poisoning, throughout the entire range of study. The deactivation is of 1st order up to 723 K and follows the 3rd order in the temperature range of 723 Standardized Care Planning: Evaluation of ICNP Beta in the Areas of Nutrition and Skin Care in a Practice SettingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2003Jan Florin PURPOSE To evaluate completeness, granularity, multiple axial content, and clinical utility of the beta version of the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP®). METHODS Standardized care plans were developed based on research in the areas of nutrition and skin care and clinically tested in a 35-bed infectious disease unit at a Swedish university hospital. A convenience sample of 56 computerized and manual patient records were content analyzed and mapped to the terms in ICNP® beta. FINDINGS A total of 1,771 phrases were identified. Approximately 60% of the record content describing nursing phenomena and about one third of the nursing interventions in the areas of nutrition and skin care could be expressed satisfactorily using the terminology of ICNP® beta. For about 25% of the content describing both nursing phenomena and interventions, no corresponding term was found. The most common deficiencies were focus terms for stating patient perspective or collaboration, nonhuman focus, normal findings, more qualitative judgments, and different expressions for stating duration. Some terms are available in the ICNP beta as a whole, but the organization of axes impedes or restricts the use of terms beyond the ICNP categories. Terms needed to express nursing phenomena could sometimes be found in nursing actions axes. CONCLUSIONS The ICNP® beta needs to be further developed to capture relevant data in nursing care. The axial structure needs to be evaluated, and completeness and granularity of terms need to be addressed further before ICNP beta can be used on a daily basis in the clinical setting. Terms need to be developed to express patient participation and preferences, normal conditions, qualitative dimensions and characteristics, nonhuman focuses as well as duration. Empirical studies covering the complexity of information in nursing care are needed. [source] Predicting the relationship between local and regional species richness from a patch occupancy dynamics modelJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2000B. Hugueny Summary 1.,A linear relationship between the number of species in ecological communities (local richness) and the species pools from which the communities are drawn (regional richness) suggests that species interactions are not sufficient to limit local richness and that communities are not saturated with species. Instead, this relationship implies that communities are open to regional influences and are interlinked by dispersal. 2.,Here we show how the linear relationship between local and regional richness in real, noninteractive, assemblages of cynipid gall wasps on California oaks, can be predicted from a simple patch-occupancy model. 3.,One cynipid assemblage has been surveyed for 3 years, allowing for crude estimates of colonization and extinction rates per patch. Using the mainland/island model of patch occupancy dynamics, these rates are combined with the observed number of cynipid species associated with each oak species (regional richness) to predict the expected local species richness in each patch. Assuming that species are independently distributed among localities, the expected variance in species richness among localities is also computed. 4.,The model is then tested on an independent data set. When differences in sampling effort (number of surveyed trees per locality) were accounted for, the regression equation relating observed (n = 41) to predicted local species richness does not differ statistically from the line of perfect agreement. The residuals are also distributed according to the predicted variance. 5.,Although not statistically significant, the variance in local richness appears to be slightly underestimated by the model. One explanation may be that cynipid species display some positive covariance in their distribution among localities, that is, groups of species occur together in given localities more frequently than would be expected by chance. Variance ratio tests identified statistically positive covariance within cynipid assemblages for three oaks species. 6.,The close fit of the model to the data supports the theoretical scenario for noninteractive communities, that the slope of the local,regional richness relationship and patch-occupancy processes are different expressions of the same phenomenon. [source] Statistical properties of the Cooper pair operatorsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 9 2005I. G. Kaplan Abstract The Cooper pair has the total spin S = 0. So, in accordance with the Pauli principle, the wave functions describing the Cooper pair system should have the boson permutation symmetry, but the pairon operators (Cooper's pair operators) do not obey the boson commutation relations. The pairon operators may not be considered neither as the Bose operators, nor as the Fermi operators. In this work, we analyze the statistical properties and the commutation relations for the pairon operator and reveal that they correspond to the modified parafermi statistics of rank p = 1. Two different expressions for the Cooper pair number operator are presented. We demonstrate that the calculations with a Hamiltonian expressed via pairon operators is more convenient using the commutation properties of these operators without presenting them as a product of fermion operators. This allows to study problems in which the interactions between Cooper's pair are also included. The problem of two interacting Cooper's pairs is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Modulation of Expression of Toll-like receptors in the Human EndometriumAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Zhenyun Lin Problem, The purpose of the study was to investigate the different expressions of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the proliferative and the secretory phase of endometrial tissue. Method of study, Eight infertile women were included in this study. The endometrial tissues of proliferative and secretory phase were obtained from each woman. The tissues were evaluated for the expression of mRNA for TLR1,10 by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The proteins of TLR2, 3, 4, and 9 were evaluated by Western blot. The mRNA and protein level of proliferative and secretory endometrial tissue from the same woman was compared. The data were analysed with SPSS15.0. Results, TLR1,7, 9, and 10 mRNA were expressed throughout the menstrual cycle, but in the same woman, the expression of TLR2,6, 9, and 10 mRNA was higher during the secretory phase than that in the proliferative phase. The Western blot also showed that the protein expression of TLR2, 3, 4, and 9 was stronger in the secretory phase than that in the proliferative phase in the same woman. Conclusion, The expression of TLRs is cycle dependent in human endometrial tissue. The expressions of TLRs were higher in the secretory phase than that in the proliferative phase: this indicated that TLRs may be regulated by sex hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. [source] Epidemiological features of Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis: two diseases or one ,anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies-associated vasculitis' entity?APMIS, Issue 2009ALFRED D. MAHR Because of their multiple overlapping clinical characteristics, Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) have increasingly been conceptualized as different expressions of a unique anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) disease spectrum. However, this continuum theory remains hindered by uncertainty surrounding a potentially common etiology. This review sheds light on our current understanding of the epidemiology of WG and MPA with the aim of weighing the evidence supporting whether or not these two vasculitis forms are distinct diseases. At present, some epidemiological evidence exists that WG and MPA might correspond to mere variants of a single AAV entity. [source] Can true monocular keratoconus occur?CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPTOMETRY, Issue 6 2003Anthony J Phillips MPhil FCOptom FAAO FVCO FCLSA FBOA(HD) DipCLP Evidence increasingly supports keratoconus as an inherited, genetic disorder. If this is the case, it would be expected to express itself as a binocular condition even though variable expression of the gene may show differing levels in the two eyes. It is a common occurrence in specialist contact lens practices to see pseudo-monocular keratoconus, that is, an overt clinical level of the condition in one eye and forme fruste keratoconus in the other. The advent of videokeratoscopy has shown almost every case of apparent monocular keratoconus to be different expressions of the condition in the two eyes. Nevertheless, rare cases of the condition are seen that appear to be truly monocular. Such a case is presented in which the condition has been present for more than 23 years. The age of the subject makes the future onset of keratoconus highly unlikely and videokeratoscopy does not show the presence of forme fruste in the ,good' eye. There is no history of monocular eye rubbing. Pachymetry shows the normal eye to be well within the range of normal corneal thickness, while the keratoconus in the other eye is sufficiently advanced to warrant corneal grafting. Thus, it is a case of true monocular keratoconus and represents an extreme example of variable gene expression. [source]
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