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Different Consequences (different + consequence)
Selected AbstractsHybrid Branch Plants: Japanese Lean Production in Poland's Automobile IndustryECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2008Tomasz Majek Abstract This article examines hybrid branch plants created by an interaction of the routines and conventions of the parent company with those of local institutions. We argue that hybridization is a search for an appropriate mix of practices that ensure viability in local circumstances, rather than necessarily the transfer of established "best" (parent-company) practices. Conceptually, hybridization is interpreted as learning-based (and bargaining) processes that are inherent in the evolution (internationalization) of firms in which alternative trajectories are possible. Empirically, the article examines the recent transfer of lean production to Poland's automobile industry and comparatively and qualitatively analyzes four hybrid branch plants in terms of six dimensions of shop-floor and factory management. Given the explosion of Japanese foreign direct investment in recent decades, its competitive strengths, and the importance that Japanese firms attach to learning processes, lean production is an important case study for hybridization. The four cases illustrate different types of hybrid behavior with different consequences for corporate and local performance. [source] Reactance and the dynamics of disagreement: multiple paths from threatened freedom to resistance to persuasionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Paul J. Silvia Many experiments show that threats to attitudinal freedom create reactance, but the underlying dynamics of reactance-based disagreement have not received much attention. The present experiments identified two paths from threats to disagreement. In one path, threats to attitudinal freedom directly motivate disagreement; in the other, negative cognitive responses mediate the threat's effect on disagreement. Two experiments demonstrated the causes and consequences of each path from threat to persuasion. When a communicator threatened freedom at the beginning of the message, unfavorable cognitive responses (counterarguing, negative perceptions of the source's credibility) fully mediated the effect of threat on disagreement. When the threat appeared at the end of the message however, threat had a direct, unmediated effect on disagreement (Experiment 1). The two paths had different consequences for sleeper effects: disagreement rooted in negative cognitive responses persisted, whereas disagreement directly motivated by the threat declined when the threat was removed (Experiment 2). Implications for reactance and for threat-based sleeper effects are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Storage and mobility of black carbon in permafrost soils of the forest tundra ecotone in Northern SiberiaGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008GEORG GUGGENBERGER Abstract Boreal permafrost soils store large amounts of organic carbon (OC). Parts of this carbon (C) might be black carbon (BC) generated during vegetation fires. Rising temperature and permafrost degradation is expected to have different consequences for OC and BC, because BC is considered to be a refractory subfraction of soil organic matter. To get some insight into stocks, variability, and characteristics of BC in permafrost soils, we estimated the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method-specific composition and storage of BC, i.e. BPCA-BC, in a 0.44 km2 -sized catchment at the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia. Furthermore, we assessed the BPCA-BC export with the stream draining the catchment. The catchment is composed of various landscape units with south-southwest (SSW) exposed mineral soils characterized by thick active layer or lacking permafrost, north-northeast (NNE) faced mineral soils with thin active layer, and permafrost-affected raised bogs in plateau positions showing in part thermokarst formation. There were indications of vegetation fires at all landscape units. BC was ubiquitous in the catchment soils and BPCA-BC amounted to 0.6,3.0% of OC. This corresponded to a BC storage of 22,3440 g m,2. The relative contribution of BPCA-BC to OC, as well as the absolute stocks of BPCA-BC were largest in the intact bogs with a shallow active layer followed by mineral soils of the NNE aspects. In both landscape units, a large proportion of BPCA-BC was stored within the permafrost. In contrast, mineral soils with thick active layer or lacking permafrost and organic soils subjected to thermokarst formation stored less BPCA-BC. Permafrost is, hence, not only a crucial factor in the storage of OC but also of BC. In the stream water BPCA-BC amounted on an average to 3.9% of OC, and a yearly export of 0.10 g BPCA-BC m,2 was calculated, most of it occurring during the period of snow melt with dominance of surface flow. This suggests that BC mobility in dissolved and colloidal phase is an important pathway of BC export from the catchment. Such a transport mechanism may explain the high BC concentrations found in sediments of the Arctic Ocean. [source] Consequences of Satisfaction with Pay Systems: Two Field StudiesINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 1 2000Marcia P. Miceli Research on pay satisfaction has been criticized for inattention to determining whether its multiple dimensions have different consequences and for overreliance on cross-sectional designs. Structural equation analyses of data from two field studies showed that satisfaction with pay systems, but not pay levels, led to greater perceived organizational support, which in turn affected employer commitment and organizational citizenship. Union commitment was a positive function of pay system satisfaction and a negative function of pay level satisfaction. [source] Convergence towards higher leaf mass per area in dry and nutrient-poor habitats has different consequences for leaf life spanJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Ian J. Wright Summary 1,Leaf life span (LL) and leaf mass per area (LMA) are fundamental traits in the carbon economy of plants, representing the investment required per unit leaf area (LMA) and the duration of the resulting benefit (LL). Species on dry and infertile soils converge towards higher LMA. It has been generally assumed that this allows species from low-resource habitats to achieve longer average leaf life spans, as LMA and LL are often correlated. 2,Leaf life span and LMA were measured for 75 perennial species from eastern Australia. Species were sampled from nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor sites within high and low rainfall regions. LL and LMA were positively correlated across species within each site. In addition, evolutionary divergences in LL and LMA were correlated within each site, indicating that cross-species relationships were not simply driven by differences between higher taxonomic groups. 3,Within a rainfall zone, LL,LMA combinations shifted as expected along common axes of variation such that species on poorer soils had higher LMA and longer LL, but significantly so only at high rainfall. 4,Low rainfall species were expected to have shorter LL at a given LMA or, equally, require higher LMA to achieve a given LL, i.e. shift to a parallel axis of variation, and this was observed on both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils. On average, 30% higher LMA was seemingly required at dry sites to achieve a given LL. Thus, convergence towards higher LMA has different consequences for leaf life span in dry and nutrient-poor habitats. 5,The broad shifts in LL,LMA combinations between site types were also seen when comparing closely related species-pairs (phylogenetically independent contrasts) occurring on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils (within each rainfall zone), and at high- and low-rainfall sites (at each soil nutrient level). [source] Deliberate choices of restrictions in complete randomizationQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2003M. Arvidsson Abstract Complete randomization is often emphasized in literature as an important feature in the planning phase of experimental design. However, complete randomization is seldom strictly applied in industrial experimentation, as it often demands resources not available to the experimenter. In this paper, consequences of incomplete randomization are discussed. To illustrate, an experiment conducted on an injection-moulding process is used. The objective of this paper is to develop a pragmatic and user-friendly decision tree which supports the experimenter in choosing about restrictions in complete randomization. Furthermore, the decision tree emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between randomization and resetting; increasing the awareness of their different consequences for the experimental result. In summary, the decision tree presented here should be useful in the planning phase of experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||