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Different Concepts (different + concept)
Selected AbstractsA quality journal and journal quality: Different concepts with similar aspirationsEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 5-6 2006Anthony FT Brown No abstract is available for this article. [source] Local Democracy and Political Leadership: Drawing a MapPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2006Michael Haus Different concepts of local democracy imply different tasks, functions and reform strategies for local political leadership. This article draws a map of local democracy that entails four non-exclusive components: representative democracy, user democracy, network democracy and participatory democracy. After reflecting on the nature of local democracy in governance and the functions of political leadership generally, the article considers in turn the bases of constructing the common good within each form of democracy. Special attention is given to the role of political leadership within these forms. [source] PHOTOGRAPHS, SYMBOLIC IMAGES, AND THE HOLOCAUST: ON THE (IM)POSSIBILITY OF DEPICTING HISTORICAL TRUTHHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2009JUDITH KEILBACH ABSTRACT Photography has often been scrutinized regarding its relationship to reality or historical truth. This includes not only the indexicality of photography, but also the question of how structures and processes that comprise history and historical events can be depicted. In this context, the Holocaust provides a particular challenge to photography. As has been discussed in numerous publications, this historic event marks the "limits of representation." Nevertheless there are many photographs "showing" the Holocaust that have been produced in different contexts that bespeak the photographers' gaze and the circumstances of the photographs' production. Some of the pictures have become very well known due to their frequent reproduction, even though they often do not show the annihilation itself, but situations different from that; their interpretation as Holocaust pictures results rather from a metonymic deferral. When these pictures are frequently reproduced they are transformed into symbolic images, that is, images that can be removed from their specific context, and in this way they come to signify abstract concepts such as "evil." Despite being removed from their specific context these images can, as this essay argues, refer to historical truth. First, I explore the arguments of some key theorists of photography (Benjamin, Kracauer, Sontag, Barthes) to investigate the relationship between photography and reality in general, looking at their different concepts of reality, history, and historical truth, as well as the question of the meaning of images. Second, I describe the individual circumstances in which some famous Holocaust pictures were taken in order to analyze, by means of three examples, the question what makes these specific pictures so particularly suitable to becoming symbolic images and why they may,despite their abstract meaning,be able to depict historical truth. [source] ,Clarity' Begins at Home: An Examination of the Conceptual Underpinnings of the IAASB's Clarity ProjectINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 3 2010Ian Dennis This paper examines the IAASB's policy proposals arising out of their review of the drafting conventions in auditing standards that has become known as the Clarity Project. The objectives of the Project and how they changed during its evolution are reviewed. One motivation for the Project was to ensure that auditing standards drafted by the IAASB are ,principles-based'. The failure to adequately consider the meaning of ,principles-based standards' was responsible for a lack of clear focus on what was wanted from the Project. This resulted in two main objectives for the Project. The first was a search for fundamental principles of auditing that was incompletely realized, officially abandoned and subsequently covertly pursued in the revisions made to ISA 200. The second was a desire to promulgate standards that were ,objectives-based' or ,principles-based'. Unfortunately, there was inadequate enquiry into the idea of an objective and the related idea of ,objectives-based' standards. The paper clarifies their nature. It examines the idea of a conceptual framework for auditing and the explanations of objectives and ,objectives-based' standards that emerged during the evolution of the Project. It considers the ideas objectives in ISAs, requirements and explanatory material in order to throw light on the nature of auditing standards that contain them. The question of whether an important distinction between ,requirements' and ,presumptive requirements' has been lost between the first and the second Exposure Draft is examined. This distinction can be explained and justified in terms of a distinction between different concepts of rules. It is suggested that the Clarity Project was a missed opportunity. The results are uncertain because there was a failure to undertake adequate conceptual enquiry into some of the concepts that directed its development. A start is made in rectifying this omission in the paper. [source] Centrality in organizational networksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 3 2010Rosanna Grassi In this paper, we discuss the role of centrality in organizational networks. We will present some new results related to the different concepts of centrality. A case study of an ICT consulting is presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Shape-understanding system: A system of expertsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 10 2004Zbigniew Les A shape-understanding system (SUS) that is able to perform different tasks of shape analysis and recognition, based on the ability of the system to understand different concepts of shape at the different levels of cognition, is proposed. This system is an implementation of a shape-understanding method. The proposed method of shape understanding is based on the concept of possible classes of shapes. Possible classes of shape are based on shape models and are viewed as a hierarchical structure at different levels of description. At each level of description the different aspects of shape such as geometrical properties of shape, perceptual properties of figure, or meaningful properties of visual form are incorporated in the shape model. The shape-understanding system consists of different types of experts that perform different processing and reasoning tasks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 19: 949,978, 2004. [source] A review of outsourcing from the resource-based view of the firmINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 1 2006Tomás F. Espino-Rodríguez The phenomenon of outsourcing is becoming increasingly widespread among organizations and is now one of the strategic decisions that attract the greatest interest from professionals and organizational scholars. The primary purpose of the paper is to contribute with a review of the principal works that address outsourcing from the resource-based view of the firm (RBV). The paper begins by setting out the main premises of outsourcing and then presents the different concepts of outsourcing and proposes a concept that is more in line with the theoretical framework used. This is followed by an analysis of the principal differences and similarities of the treatments of outsourcing from the traditional perspective of the transaction costs economics theory (TCE) and from the more strategic and up-to-date RBV. The next section contains a review of the most significant theoretical and empirical works on outsourcing that address outsourcing from the RBV. The contributions are classified into two categories, depending on the objectives: works that study the propensity to outsource and works that study the relationship between the outsourcing decision and organizational performance. Finally, a framework is proposed that is based on the resource and capability view with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of outsourcing and facilitating future empirical works from the RBV that are complementary and examine issues of greater interest that have been less developed in the literature to date. [source] The sizes of species' geographic rangesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Kevin J. Gaston Summary 1Geographic range size and how it changes through time is one of the fundamental ecological and evolutionary characteristics of a species, and a strong predictor of extinction risk. However, the measurement of range size remains a substantial challenge. Indeed, there is significant confusion in the literature as to how this should be done, particularly in the context of the distinction between the fundamentally different concepts of extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and the use of these quantities, including in assessments of the threat status of species. 2Here we review the different approaches to determining the geographic distributions of species, the measurement of their range sizes, the relationships between the two, and other difficulties posed by range size measurement (especially those of range discontinuities when measuring EOO, and spatial scale when measuring AOO). 3We argue that it is important to (i) distinguish the estimation of the distribution of a species from the measurement of its geographic range size; (ii) treat measures of EOO and AOO as serving different purposes, rather than regarding them as more or less accurate ways of measuring range size; and (iii) measure EOO including discontinuities in habitat or occupancy. 4Synthesis and applications. With the availability and collation of extensive data sets on species occurrences, a rapidly increasing number of studies are investigating geographic range size, and particularly how various measures of range size predict macroecological patterns and inform assessments of the conservation status of species and areas. The distinction between EOO and AOO is becoming blurred in many contexts, but most particularly in that of threatened species assessments for Red Listing. Continued progress in these fields demands greater clarity in the meaning and derivation of measures of geographic range size. The two principal measures serve different purposes, and should not be regarded as alternatives that simply differ in accuracy. [source] Primitive recursive real numbersMLQ- MATHEMATICAL LOGIC QUARTERLY, Issue 4-5 2007Qingliang Chen Abstract In mathematics, various representations of real numbers have been investigated. All these representations are mathematically equivalent because they lead to the same real structure , Dedekind-complete ordered field. Even the effective versions of these representations are equivalent in the sense that they define the same notion of computable real numbers. Although the computable real numbers can be defined in various equivalent ways, if "computable" is replaced by "primitive recursive" (p. r., for short), these definitions lead to a number of different concepts, which we compare in this article. We summarize the known results and add new ones. In particular we show that there is a proper hierarchy among p. r. real numbers by nested interval representation, Cauchy representation, b -adic expansion representation, Dedekind cut representation, and continued fraction expansion representation. Our goal is to clarify systematically how the primitive recursiveness depends on the representations of the real numbers. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Perspektiven der Alterssicherungspolitik in Deutschland ,Über Konzeptionen, Vorschläge und einen angestrebten ParadigmenwechselPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 4 2000Winfried Schmähl The paper outlines different concepts for designing pension policies linked to current reform proposals in Germany. The role of the state, mandatory or voluntary savings for old age and the primary objectives and types of income redistribution aimed at by the design of pension schemes are central. In contrast to the economic debate which is dominated by the topic pay-as-you-go (PAYG) versus funding, the author argues that it is especially important to deal with changes within the major German PAYG-financed scheme in order to realize positive economic and social effects, especially by a close contribution??benefit link as part of a broader reform concept. There are, however, limits to an overall reduction of the pension level in such a pension scheme, if a close contribution??benefit link is to remain politically acceptable. Here this is demonstrated by current reform proposals for substituting a major part of PAYG pensions by funded pensions in Germany. The paper also points out some hidden, implicit and long-term effects of such a strategy. Finally, the author refers to some often neglected effects in mainstream proposals for a major shift towards funding. [source] Three Concepts of CausationPHILOSOPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2007Christopher Hitchcock I distinguish three different concepts of causation: The scientific concept, or causal structure, is the subject of recent work in causal modeling. The folk attributive concept has been studied by philosophers of law and social psychologists. The metaphysical concept is the one that metaphysicians have attempted to analyze. I explore the relationships between these three concepts, and suggest that the metaphysical concept is an untenable and dispensable mixture of the other two. [source] Denial in cancer patients, an explorative reviewPSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 1 2007M. S. Vos Abstract Denial is a clinically relevant concept in cancer patients. It has been investigated and discussed extensively. Its definition, however, has been subject to different theoretical trends over time. From a psychoanalytical viewpoint, denial is a pathological, ineffective defence mechanism. On the other hand, according to the stress and coping model denial can be seen as an adaptive strategy to protect against overwhelming events and feelings. In this explorative review the different concepts and the prevalence of denial in cancer patients are described. The relationship between denial and background characteristics and the influence of denial on quality of life are reviewed also. The prevalence of denial of diagnosis in cancer patients ranged from 4 to 47%, denial of impact occurred 8,70% and denial of affect in 18,42% of patients. Elderly cancer patients were more likely to deny. Cultural background seemed to play a role in the prevalence of denial. Neither type of cancer nor gender seemed to be related to denial. At the most, men might be more likely to deny during the terminal phase. In a limited number of longitudinal studies, a gradual reduction in denial was found over the course of the illness. The effect of denial on physical and social functioning remained unclear while the effect on psychological functioning seemed to depend on the concept of denial used. Distractive strategies were found to reduce distress, whereas passive escape mechanisms turned out to decrease psychological well-being. Future research on the prevalence and the (mal)adaptive properties of denial in cancer patients has to be based on a clear concept, longitudinal designs and careful recording of background variables. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Memory in the Construction of ConstitutionsRATIO JURIS, Issue 4 2002Michael Schäfer In connection with the contemporary debates in political philosophy between liberal, republican and proceduralist,deliberative views of democratic politics, I deal with the question of how the different concepts in these debates can be related to the particular national history, memories and expectations of a polity. I shall concentrate on one German example of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy, in order to show that political philosophy must pay more attention to the different shared practices and understandings within each liberal society. [source] Networking as a Means to Strategy Change: The Case of Open Innovation in Mobile TelephonyTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2007Koen Dittrich The purpose of this article is to investigate how innovation networks can be used to deal with a changing technological environment. This study combines different concepts related to research and development (R&D) collaboration strategies of large firms and applies these concepts to R&D alliance projects undertaken by Nokia Corporation in the period 1985,2002. The research methodology is a combination of in-depth semistructured interviews and a large-scale quantitative analysis of alliance agreements. For the empirical analysis a distinction is made between exploration and exploitation in innovation networks in terms of three different measures. As a first measure, the difference between exploration and exploitation strategies by means of the observed capabilities of the partners of the contracting firms is investigated. The second measure is related to partner turnover. The present article argues that in exploration networks partner turnover will be higher than in exploitation networks. As a third measure, the type of alliance contract will be taken; exploration networks will make use of flexible legal organizational structures, whereas exploitation alliances are associated with legal structures that enable long-term collaboration. The case of Nokia has illustrated the importance of strategic technology networks for strategic repositioning under conditions of change. Nokia followed an exploitation strategy in the development of the first two generations of mobile telephony and an exploration strategy in the development of technologies for the third generation. Such interfirm networks seem to offer flexibility, speed, innovation, and the ability to adjust smoothly to changing market conditions and new strategic opportunities. These two different strategies have led to distinctly different international innovation networks, have helped the company in becoming a world leader in the mobile phone industry, and have enabled it to sustain that position in a radically changed technological environment. This study also illustrates that Nokia effectively uses an open innovation strategy in the development of new products and services and in setting technology standards for current and future use of mobile communication applications. This article presents one of the first longitudinal studies, which describes the use of innovation networks as a means to adapt swiftly to changing market conditions and strategic change. This study contributes to the emerging, but still inconsistent, literature on explorative and exploitative learning by means of strategic technology networks. [source] CONTROLLABILITY OF A CLASS OF SINGULAR SYSTEMSASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 4 2006Guangming Xie ABSTRACT In this paper, several different concepts of controllability are investigated for a class of linear singular systems which system parameters are piecewise constant. Necessary and sufficient geometric criteria for C-controllability and R-controllability of such systems are established, respectively. These conditions can be easily transformed into algebraic form. By applying the principle of duality, C-observability is discussed as well. Furthermore, the intrinsic relationship between these results and existing results are also discussed. Then, a novel necessary, and sufficient criterion for C-controllability of linear time-invariant singular systems is derived as a byproduct. [source] Labour Discipline and Resistance: The Oruro Mining District in the Late Colonial PeriodBULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003Concepción Gavira Márquez This article discusses the characteristics of the (principally indigenous) work force in the mines of Charcas, Bolivia, in the last decades of the eighteenth century. It analyses the ways in which mine workers were disciplined under law and in daily practice, as well as their resistance to such discipline, so as to assess the application and impact of mining legislation. The chief obstacles to proletarianization lay in the characteristic mixture in the mines of wage labourers and peasants, as well as in the different concepts of work held by Spaniards and Indians. An increase in coercion during this period, both by the State and private individuals, so as to recruit and retain workers provoked different strategies of resistance among the Indians, as is illustrated by a significant joint protest among smelting,mill workers in Oruro and Paria in 1793. [source] Stakeholder Reporting: The Role of IntermediariesBUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 2 2009PAMELA STAPLETON ABSTRACT Corporate social responsibility encompasses a multiplicity of different concepts, such that its nature is confused, and it remains difficult to operationalize because opening dialogue with and responding to the various expectations of diverse stakeholders is beyond the capacity of many companies. This paper adapts Mayston's normative "information beneficiaries" framework and focuses on intermediaries who might potentially use published financial information to open a restricted form of dialogue with companies, which might benefit unsophisticated stakeholders. The paper examines the Mayston framework using interviews conducted in organizations that might act on behalf of three stakeholder groups associated with gas and electricity suppliers in the United Kingdom, these being: consumers, employees, and the environment. While a long chain of communication exists between utility company and stakeholder, and many organizations do not fulfill their full potential as information intermediaries, there is some evidence that Mayston's framework might well operate in practice. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||