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Dietary Treatments (dietary + treatment)
Kinds of Dietary Treatments Selected AbstractsEffect of dietary copper and vitamin E supplementation, and extensive feeding with acorn and grass on longissimus muscle composition and susceptibility to oxidation in Iberian pigsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 9-10 2001A. I. Rey The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary copper and/or vitamin E supplementation on composition and oxidation of M. longissimus in Iberian pigs and to compare it with meat samples from pigs produced extensively and fed with acorn and grass. Grass had the highest ,-tocopherol content (> 150 mg/kg DM), while acorns had the highest copper concentration (78.1 mg/kg DM). Dietary treatment did not affect copper composition in muscle and no interactions were detected between copper and ,-tocopherol. The ,-tocopherol content in muscle from pigs fed diets supplemented with ,-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg/kg feed) was 1.5 times greater (p < 0.0001) than those from pigs receiving a basel diet. M. longisssimus dorsi from pigs fed extensively had a higher concentration of ,-tocopherol than those fed in confinement with the basel level of ,-tocopheryl acetate, but lower values than pigs fed supplemented levels. Total n -3 fatty acids (p < 0.02) and hematin (p < 0.0001) concentrations were significantly higher in muscle from pigs fed extensively than when fed in confinement. Muscle homogenates from Iberian pigs fed in extensive conditions showed significantly (p < 0.02) higher susceptibility to oxidation than those from pigs fed mixed diets. Dietary ,-tocopheryl acetate supplementation (100 mg/kg feed) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced lipid oxidation of muscle, while dietary copper concentration did not modify susceptibility to lipid oxidation. Das Ziel dieses Studiums war die Wirkung von Kupfer und Vitamin E Ergänzung im Futter auf die Zusammenstellung und Oxydation von M. longissimus in Iberischen Schweinen zu erforschen und es mit Fleisch-Beispielen von freilaufenden Schweinen zu vergleichen, die mit Eicheln und Gras gefüttert wurden. Gras hatte den höchsten ,-Tocopherolgehalt (> 150 mg/kg), während Eicheln die höchste Kupferkonzentration hatten (78.1 mg/kg). Diätgemäße Behandlung von Kupfer beeinflußte keine kupferne Zusammenstellung im Muskel. Es wurden auch keine Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kupfer und ,-Tocopherol entdeckt. Der ,-Tocopherolgehalt im Muskel von Schweinen, gefüttert mit ,-Tocopherolacetat-Ergänzung (100 mg/kg füttern), war bedeutend größer (p < 0.0001) als jener von Schweinen, die eine fundamentale Nahrung bekamen. Der M. longisssimus dorsi von in Freilauf ernährten Schweinen hatte eine höhere ,-Tocopherol-Konzentration, als der von Schweinen, die mit einem fundamentalen Gehalt an ,-Tocopherolacetat gefüttert wurden (p < 0.0001), aber geringer als der von mit ,-Tocopherol-Ergänzung gefütterten Schweine. Der Gehalt von n -3 Fettsäuren (p < 0.02) und Hematin (p < 0.0001) war beträchtlich höher im Muskel von im Freilauf gefütterten Schweinen, als der von mit konzentrierter Nahrung gefütterten Schweinen. Muskel-Homogenate von freilaufenden Iberischen Schweinen zeigten bedeutend (p < 0.02) höhere Anfälligkeit zu Oxydation, als jene von Schweinen, die mit gemischter Nahrungen gefüttert wurden. Diätgemäße ,-Tocopherolazetat-Ergänzung (100 mg/kg füttern) zeigte bedeutend (p < 0.05) reduzierte lipoide Oxydation des Muskels, während diätgemäße kupferne Konzentration die Anfälligkeit zu lipoider Oxydation nicht modifizierte. [source] Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin-like growth factor axis,THE PROSTATE, Issue 1 2008Stephen J. Freedland Abstract BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests carbohydrate intake may influence prostate cancer biology. We tested whether a no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) would delay prostate cancer growth relative to Western and low-fat diets in a xenograft model. METHODS Seventy-five male SCID mice were fed a NCKD (84% fat,0% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal), low-fat (12% fat,72% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal), or Western diet (40% fat,44% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal). Low-fat mice were fed ad libitum and the other arms fed via a modified-paired feeding protocol. After 24 days, all mice were injected with LAPC-4 cells and sacrificed when tumors approached 1,000 mm3. RESULTS Despite consuming equal calories, NCKD-fed mice lost weight (up to 15% body weight) relative to low-fat and Western diet-fed mice and required additional kcal to equalize body weight. Fifty-one days after injection, NCKD mice tumor volumes were 33% smaller than Western mice (rank-sum, P,=,0.009). There were no differences in tumor volume between low-fat and NCKD mice. Dietary treatment was significantly associated with survival (log-rank, P,=,0.006), with the longest survival among the NCKD mice, followed by the low-fat mice. Serum IGFBP-3 was highest and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 ratio was lowest among NCKD mice while serum insulin and IGF-1 levels were highest in Western mice. NCKD mice had significantly decreased hepatic fatty infiltration relative to the other arms. CONCLUSIONS In this xenograft model, despite consuming more calories, NCKD-fed mice had significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival relative to Western mice and was associated with favorable changes in serum insulin and IGF axis hormones relative to low-fat or Western diet. Prostate 68: 11,19, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effects of dietary black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hensJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2009Professor Dr Sakine Yalç Abstract BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary black cumin seed on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens during a 12 week period. For this purpose a total of 160 Lohmann Brown laying hens 36 weeks of age were allocated to four dietary treatments with one control group and three treatment groups. Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was used at the level of 5, 10 and 15 g kg,1 in the diets of the first, second and third treatment groups, respectively. RESULTS: Dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, feed intake, egg production, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters. Diets containing 10 and 15 g kg,1 black cumin seed increased egg weight (P < 0.01), improved feed efficiency (P < 0.01) and decreased egg yolk cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (% of total fatty acid methyl esters) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) compared to the diet of control group. CONCLUSION: Dietary black cumin seed at the level of 10 and 15 g kg,1 had beneficial effects on egg weight, feed efficiency, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition. Therefore it can be used at the level of 10 and 15 g kg,1 in the diets of laying hens. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effects of starch and protein sources on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of Hanwoo (Korean native) steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Kyoung Hoon KIM ABSTRACT Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (274.8 ± 4.6 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to examine the effects of dietary treatments on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary treatments consisted of concentrate that were based on ground corn with soybean meal (C-SBM), ground corn with corn gluten meal (C-CGM), ground barley with soybean meal (B-SBM) and ground barley with corn gluten meal (B-CGM). Although the intakes of starch and protein for steers fed experimental diets were different, it did not change ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Average duodenal CP flow and quantity of CP apparently digested post-ruminally was higher (P = 0.001) for CGM-based diets than SBM-based diets. There were increases in quantity (P < 0.001) and percentage (P < 0.001) of corn starch digested post-ruminally compared to barley starch. Synchronized diets showed higher percentages (P = 0.03) of starch apparently digested post-ruminally than asynchronization. Hanwoo steers fed a corn-based diet with a large quantity of starch reaching the duodenum and fed C-CGM supplying great amounts of protein to the small intestine may have contributed to increased post-ruminal starch digestion. [source] Estimation of dietary biotin requirement of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus C.AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2010J. LI Abstract A 9-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary biotin requirement of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus C. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets (Diets 1,6) containing 0, 0.01, 0.049, 0.247, 1.238 and 6.222 mg biotin kg,1 diet were fed twice daily to triplicate groups (30 fish per group) of fish (initial average weight 2.26 ± 0.03 g) in 18 fibreglass tanks (300 L) filled with 250 L of water in a flow-through system. Water flow rate through each tank was 2 L min,1. Water temperature ranged from 25.0 to 28.0 °C, salinity from 28.0 to 29.5 g L,1, pH from 8.0 to 8.1 and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg L,1 during the experiment. After the feeding experiment, fish fed Diet 1 developed severe biotin deficiency syndromes characterized by anorexia, poor growth, dark skin colour, atrophy and high mortality. Significant lower survival (73.3%) was observed in the treatment of deficient biotin. The final weight and weight gain of fish significantly increased with increasing dietary biotin up to 0.049 mg kg,1 diet (P < 0.05), and then slightly decreased. Both feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio showed a very similar change pattern to that of weight gain. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect carcass crude protein, crude lipid, moisture and ash content. However, liver biotin concentration (0,6.1 ,g g,1) significantly increased with the supplementation of dietary biotin (P < 0.05), and no tissue saturation was found within the supplementation scope of biotin. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain showed that juvenile Japanese seabass require a minimum of 0.046 mg kg,1 biotin for maximal growth. [source] Hyperaccumulation of selenium in hybrid striped bass: a functional food for aquaculture?AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2008P.A. COTTER Abstract One method of increasing the value of aquacultured product is to produce fillets that are fortified with minerals that are beneficial to human health , that is enhance the functionality of an already healthy product. A good candidate mineral in this regard is selenium (Se) which is of vital importance to normal metabolism in humans. In order to evaluate the dose response and tissue accumulation of supplemental dietary Se, a study was undertaken with hybrid striped bass (HSB). Animals were fed diets supplemented with either organic (0,3.2 mg kg,1 as SelPlex®) or inorganic (0.2 and 0.4 mg kg,1 as sodium selenite) Se for 6 weeks. Because basal fishmeal-based diets contained 1.22 mg Se kg,1, doses of Se delivered equated to 1.22,4.42 mg kg,1. At trial end, greatest weight gain was observed in fish receiving 0.2 mg Se kg,1, irrespective of form (organic/inorganic). Se accumulation in HSB liver and fillet revealed a classical dose-response once a threshold level of 0.2 mg Se kg,1 was surpassed. Greatest tissue accumulation of Se was observed in fish fed the 3.2 mg Se kg,1 level (P > 0.0001). A 100 g portion of Se-enhanced HSB fillet would contain between 33 and 109 ,g Se, amounting to a dietary intake of between 25 and 80 ,g Se; a level that would satisfy present daily intake recommendations. Comparison of tissue Se levels indicated that the muscle provides a more conspicuous gauge of dietary Se dose-response than does liver. Dietary treatments of between 0.4 and 1.6 mg organic Se kg,1 reduced (P < 0.024) plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. No differences were observed in ceruloplasmin, lysozyme or GSH-Px activities between organic and inorganic Se when delivered at the 0.2 mg Se kg,1 level. Ceruloplasmin, lysozyme and GSH-Px levels were elevated (P , 0.025) in fish fed the diet containing 0.4 mg inorganic Se kg,1. [source] Effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes, Bagridae, Pelteobagrus)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2009Wen- Juan Ye Abstract The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Nine diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (30%, 36% and 42%), each with three carbohydrate levels (24%, 30% and 36%). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial mean body weight: 8.24±0.20 g) in indoor flow , through fibreglass tanks. The experiment continued for 8 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate were similar for the fish fed the 36% and 42% protein diets but higher than that fed the 30% protein diet. At the 36% protein level, carbohydrate contents varying from 24% to 36% (P/E ratio of 24.0,28.2 mg protein kJ,1) had no significant effects on growth performance and feed utilization (P>0.05). Protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with dietary carbohydrate level at the same protein level. Dietary treatments significantly influenced body composition (P<0.05), but not the condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio (P>0.05). Based on these observations, 36% protein and 24,36% carbohydrate with the P/E ratio of 24.0,28.2 mg protein kJ,1 seemed suitable for optimal growth and feed utilization, and carbohydrate could cause protein-sparing effect in diets for juvenile yellow catfish. [source] Epoxiconazole causes changes in testicular histology and sperm production in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2008Konstanze Grote Abstract The fungicide epoxiconazole (Epox), a triazole, belongs to the group of azole compounds that are extensively used as fungicides in various fruit crops. The frequent use of agricultural lands for wintering by migrating birds can be the source of their increased dietary intake of agricultural pesticides. We investigated whether exposure to Epox causes effects on avian fertility and reproduction, using the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as a model species for the assessment of reproductive effects of pesticides in wild birds. Epox was administered to adult Japanese quail for three weeks at dietary levels of 10, 50, and 500 ppm, and possible effects on reproduction were investigated. Epox administration resulted in a significantly decreased number of spermatids in the 50- and 500-ppm dose groups. Histopathology showed a reduced number of testicular canaliculi with visible germ cells and a reduction in spermatid number. However, testis weight was not affected up to the highest dose level. No impact was observed on hormone levels, fertility, and reproductive outcome, as laying rate and percentage of fertile eggs were not altered. Likewise, treatment had no influence on the egg or chick parameters evaluated. A time- and dose-related transfer of Epox into the eggs was determined in all treatment groups. We conclude that dietary treatment of Japanese quail with 50 and 500 ppm of the triazole fungicide Epox resulted in a clear impact on the testis. The evaluation of the additional endpoints spermatid count and testicular histology have proven useful and are recommended for future studies on avian reproduction. [source] Resting energy expenditure and body composition of Labrador Retrievers fed high fat and low fat dietsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2006S. Yoo Summary A high dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some animals. The mechanism could be either an increase in caloric intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. To test the hypothesis that high fat diets result in decreased resting energy expenditure (REE), we measured REE using indirect calorimetry in 10-adult intact male Labrador Retrievers, eating weight-maintenance high-fat (HF, 41% energy, average daily intake: 8018 ± 1247 kJ/day, mean ± SD) and low-fat (LF, 14% energy, average daily intake: 7331 ± 771 kJ/day) diets for a 30-day period. At the end of each dietary treatment, body composition measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean ± SD REE was not different between diets (4940 ± 361 vs. 4861 ± 413 kJ/day on HF and LF diets respectively). Measurements of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) also did not differ between diets (FFM: 26.8 ± 2.3 kg vs. 26.3 ± 2.5 kg; FM: 3.0 ± 2.3 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5 kg on HF and LF diets respectively). In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in REE or a change in body composition on a HF diet compared with LF diet. [source] Effect of dietary linoleic acid concentration and vitamin E supplementation on cell desquamation and susceptibility to oxidative damage of pig jejunal mucosaJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1-2 2001C. J. López Bote Sixty Large White × Great York pigs weighing approximately 60 kg were individually fed on six experimental diets. The experiment was organized in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement design with three different fat sources and a basal or supplemented (200 mg/kg diet) level of ,-tocopheryl acetate. All diets contained the same concentration of saturated fatty acids (15 ± 0.2 g/kg dry matter) but differed in the concentration of C18 : 2 (14 ± 0.5, 18 ± 0.4 and 21 ± 0.6 g/kg) and monounsaturated fatty acids (19 ± 0.2, 15 ± 1.2 and 10 ± 1.3 g/kg). No effect of dietary treatment was observed on weight gain and feed consumption. A histological study of the jejunal mucosa showed lower cell desquamation in groups containing a supplemental level of ,-tocopheryl acetate (p=0.080). A higher cell desquamation was found in the groups fed diets containing the higher concentration of C18 : 2 (p=0.087). We also observed an interaction effect (p < 0.001) of dietary fat source and vitamin E supplementation on jejunal cell desquamation in which the effect of dietary vitamin E was lower when diets with a low concentration of C18 : 2 were administered. In vitro- induced oxidation of jejunal mucosa homogenates was lower in pigs fed diets supplemented with ,-tocopheryl acetate (p < 0.002). The dietary concentration of C18 : 2 significantly affected oxidation of pig jejunal mucosa (p < 0.002). [source] In vitro studies on the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on nutrient transport in pig jejunumJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1-2 2000G. Breves The probiotics Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi are nonpathogenic microbes which have been shown to affect certain functions of the mucosal barrier in pig jejunum such as electrogenic ion transport capacity and paracellular permeability. The present studies were performed to investigate potential effects of the probiotics on jejunal nutrient transport such as sodium-dependent glucose transport or proton-dependent dipeptide transport. For this purpose the in vitro Ussing-chamber technique was applied in order to examine net electrogenic ion flux rates (short circuit currents, Isc) across isolated intact jejunal epithelia in the absence and presence of either 10 mmol/l glucose (mucosal side) or two-fold application of 5 mmol/l glycyl- l -sarcosine or glycyl- l -glutamine to the mucosal bathing solution. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared in order to characterize kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) of Na-dependent glucose transport. Intestinal tissues were obtained from growing pigs in a weight range between 23 and 33 kg. All animals were fed twice daily and received 0.8,0.9 kg/day of a standard diet. After a 9- to 10-day adaptation period the diets for treated animals were either supplemented for 8 days with 1.7×107 colony-forming units (CFU)/g feed of S. boulardii or for 3 weeks with 106 CFU/g feed B. cereus var. toyoi. Under basal conditions Isc values were not affected by different treatment protocols (controls: 0.74 ± 0.04 µeq/cm2 per h, n=9; S. boulardii: 0.74 ± 0.12 µeq/cm2 per h, n=7; B. cereus 0.68 ± 0.09 µeq/cm2 per h, n=5). Irrespective of dietary treatment, the addition of glucose resulted in significant increases of Isc indicating substantial onset of electrogenic net Na/glucose cotransport. Maximal Isc values occurred within 30 min and reached 2.79 ± 0.41 µeq/cm2 per h in control epithelia. This was significantly lower than found in S. boulardii (4.47 ± 0.43 µeq/cm2 per h, p < 0.05) and B. cereus var. toyoi tissues (4.45 ± 0.31 µeq/cm2 per h, p < 0.05). Gt values were 22.4 ± 1.3 mS/cm2 in control animals and were significantly lower as shown in S. boulardii (p < 0.01) and B. cereus var. toyoi (p < 0.01)-treated animals (28.4 ± 1.3 and 29.9 ± 0.8 mS/cm2, respectively). Vmax values of Na-dependent glucose uptake into BBMV differed significantly between controls (0.64 ± 0.08 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=5), S. boulardii (0.89 ± 0.06 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=5, p < 0.05) and B. cereus var. toyoi preparations (1.08 ± 0.05 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=3, p < 0.01). Km values were not significantly affected (control: 0.31 ± 0.04 mmol/l, S. boulardii: 0.29 ± 0.05 mmol/l, B. cereus var. toyoi: 0.21 ± 0.01 mmol/l). Irrespective of dietary treatment, application of the dipeptide model substances glycyl- l -sarcosine or glycyl- l -glutamine resulted in significant increases of Isc indicating marked stimulation of electrogenic net H+/dipeptide cotransport. Highest Isc responses occurred in B. cereus var. toyoi preparations and lowest were found in control tissues. However, these differences were not significant. Gt values were not affected by different dietary treatments. The results clearly demonstrate that oral administration of either S. boulardii or B. cereus var. toyoi stimulates Na-dependent glucose absorption in pig jejunum. [source] Management of cow's milk protein allergy in infants and young children: An expert panel perspectiveJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 9 2009Katrina J Allen Abstract Cow's milk protein allergy is a condition commonly managed by general practitioners and paediatricians. The diagnosis is usually made in the first 12 months of life. Management of immediate allergic reactions and anaphylaxis includes the prevention of accidental food ingestion and provision of an adrenaline autoinjector, if appropriate. By contrast, the clinical course of delayed food-allergic manifestations is characterised by chronicity, and is often associated with nutritional or behavioural sequelae. Correct diagnosis of these non-IgE-mediated conditions may be delayed due to a lack of reliable diagnostic markers. This review aims to guide clinicians in the: (i) diagnostic evaluation (skin prick testing or measurement of food-specific serum IgE levels; indications for diagnostic challenges for suspected IgE- and non-IgE-mediated food allergy), (ii) dietary treatment, (iii) assessment of response to treatment, (iv) differential diagnosis and further diagnostic work-up in non-responders, (v) follow-up assessment of tolerance development and (vi) recommendations for further referral. [source] Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize-based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzymeJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2004Paul A Iji Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg,1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg,1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg,1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg,1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Influence of Vitamin E Source and Dietary Supplementation Level on Production Performance of Sunshine Bass, Morone chrysops , × Morone saxatilis ,, Fillet Tocopherol Content, and Immunocompetency during Stress and Bacterial ChallengeJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2008Jesse T. Trushenski We evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin E concentration and source on production performance and immunocompetency of sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, following stress and disease challenge. Four diets were formulated to contain requisite levels (1×) or five times (5×) the vitamin E requirement of sunshine bass as met by synthetic vitamin E (SYNE) or natural source vitamin E (NSVE). Each diet was fed to juvenile sunshine bass for 8 wk prior to experimental challenges. Replicate tanks within each dietary treatment were challenged with stressor exposure (chasing with dip net), incidental Flavobacterium columnare exposure, or both; control groups were not challenged. Pathogen and/or stressor exposure largely resulted in significant reductions in immunological performance. Although significant independent dietary effects were not observed among immunological parameters, suppression of complement and macrophage respiratory burst activities was numerically lower within the 5× NSVE treatment. Production performance was largely unaffected by dietary vitamin E source or level. Fillet ,-tocopherol concentration was significantly higher among fish fed the 5× diets (40.7/41.6 vs. 12.2/14.5 ,g/g dry tissue for 1× diets); however, the dietary concentration required to achieve these levels was lower for NSVE. Although super-requirement levels of either source of vitamin E were apparently beneficial, NSVE was effective at ,50% lower supplementation levels. [source] Evaluation of Various Concentrations of Dietary Protein and Animal Protein for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fed to Satiation or at a Restricted RateJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2000Edwin H. Robinson A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of dietary protein (28% or 32%), animal protein (0, 3, or 6%), and feeding rate (satiation or >90 kg/ha per d) on production characteristics, processing yield, and body composition of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fingerling channel catfish (average weight: 55 g/fish) were stocked into 60, 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 18,530 fish/ha. Five ponds were used for each dietary treatment. Fish were fed once daily to satiation or no more than 90 kg/ha per d for 147 d. Fish fed at a rate of >90 kg/ha per d consumed about 85% of the amount of feed consumed by fish fed to satiation. Dietary protein did not affect the total amount of feed fed, amount of feed consumed per fish, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or fillet protein. Animal protein had no effect on the total amount of feed fed, amount of feed consumed per fish, weight gain, or fillet protein and ash. Fish fed a diet containing 6% animal protein converted feed more efficiently than fish fed diets containing 0% and 3% animal protein. Fish fed to satiation daily consumed more feed, gained more weight, converted the feed less efficiently, and had a higher carcass yield, a higher level of visceral fat as compared to fish fed at a rate of >90 kg/ha per d. Feeding rate had no effect on fillet protein. Results from this study indicated that both a 28% and a 32% protein diet with or without animal protein provided the same growth rate of channel catfish raised in ponds from fingerlings to marketable size if feed is not restricted below a maximum rate of 90 kg/ha per d. Even though there were some interactions among the three factors evaluated, dietary protein levels of 28% to 32% and animal protein levels of 0% to 6% do not appear to markedly affect carcass yield and fillet proximate composition of pond-raised channel catfish. [source] Growth, Survival, and Body Composition of Cage-Cultured Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Fed Pelleted and Unpelleted Distillers Grains with Solubles in Polyculture with Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergiiJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2000James H. Tidwell Nine 1.0-m3 cages were stocked with 200 juvenile (26 ± 0.9 g) tilapia. Cages were suspended in a 0.2-ha pond stocked with juvenile freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii at 40,000/ha. Three replicate cages were randomly assigned to each dietary treatment. In one dietary treatment DDGS was fed as an unpelleted loose grain ration (26% protein). In a second dietary treatment fish were fed DDGS that had been steam-pelleted (23% protein). Fish in a third dietary treatment were fed a commercial catfish diet (31% protein) for comparison. After 12 wk, individual weight, individual length, and specific growth rate were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for fish fed the commercial catfish diet than for fish fed either unpelleted or pelleted DDGS. Specific growth rate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fish fed pelleted DDGS than for fish fed unpelleted DDGS. Survival did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments (>95%). Although growth was increased in fish fed the commercial diet, their cost of production (<0.66/kg gain) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in fish fed unpelleted and pelleted DDGS (<0.26/ kg gain and <0.37/kg gain, respectively). The costs of gain in fish fed unpelleted DDGS was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in fish fed the pelleted DDGS. Prawn production was 1,449 kg/ha and addition of tilapia in polyculture increased total pond productivity approximately 81 %. These data suggest that DDGS provides economical growth in tilapia when fed as a direct feed and that polyculture of tilapia may improve overall pond efficiency in freshwater prawn production ponds, even at temperate latitudes. [source] Dietary Therapy in Idiopathic NephrolithiasisNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 7 2006Loris Borghi MD Like other diseases striking predominantly the affluent societies, idiopathic nephrolithiasis is increasing in rich countries and appears to be closely related to dietary habits. In this review we summarize the latest evidence about the efficacy of dietary treatment for idiopathic calcium and uric acid stones, dealing especially with its effect on the urinary stone risk factors, stone recurrences, and clinical limitations. After a short introduction on epidemiology and pathogene-sis, we review the role of the most important foods and nutrients in stone formation and protection: water and other fluids, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, salt, milk and dairy products, fruits and vegetables, and vitamins. The final part of the paper will provide practical guidelines for pursuing an anti-lithogenic diet in idiopathic calcium and uric acid stones. [source] Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in foodsPEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2002Akiko Sakamoto Abstract Background: Betaine (Bet) supplementation is an effective strategy for dietary treatment of homocystinuria. However,previous reports on diet therapy have only examined methionine (Met) and cystine concentrations, but not those of Bet and homocysteine(Hcy) in food items. We set up a hypothesis that there are some food items, which contain a small amount of Met, but a great amountof Hcy and Bet. Methods: We measured Bet and Hcy concentrations in 58 food items, which were regarded as containing low Met. Results: Products of wheat flour are rich in Bet. The amount of Bet in food items investigated in this study is muchsmaller than the dose used to treat homocystinuria patients. Vegetables contained little Hcy, however sprouted beans and sprouted alfalfaseeds contained ample Hcy. Conclusion: Patients with homocystinuria do not have to be too concerned about Hcy in food items because the amountis small. Therefore, we encourage homocystinuria patients to continue a low Met diet therapy without anxiety of Hcy and Bet, and if necessary,Bet will be supplemented. [source] Effect of diet and fenofibrate on lipid and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetesPRACTICAL DIABETES INTERNATIONAL (INCORPORATING CARDIABETES), Issue 8 2001MRCP, Ravi Sinha MB Abstract The effect of dietetic advice on hyperlipidaemia in type 2 diabetic patients is uncertain. We have investigated this modality of treatment in 50 type 2 diabetic patients (24 female), mean (±SD) age 54±4 years and diabetes duration 5±4 years. All had a random plasma total cholesterol concentration of >6.5,mmol/L (mean 7.5±0.7,mmol/L). Three months after dietetic intervention, cholesterol fell to 7.1±1.1 (p=0.049), but triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were unchanged, as were HbA1c and body mass index (BMI). Thirteen (26%) patients reduced total cholesterol levels to <6.5,mmol/L on dietary treatment (,diet responders'). In this group there were significant improvements in total cholesterol (6.9±0.3 versus 5.9±0.6, p=0.03) and LDL-cholesterol (4.8±0.5 versus 4.1±0.5, p=0.003). This group had lower baseline total cholesterol levels than ,diet non-responders'. Multiple regression analysis revealed no association between diet response and baseline levels of HbA1c, BMI, age, sex, diabetes duration or compliance with dietetic advice. After two years of follow-up only four of these 13 ,diet responders' had cholesterol levels<6.5,mmol/L without drug treatment. ,Diet non-responders' at 3 months were treated with fenofibrate, which resulted in significant improvements in total cholesterol (7.6±0.9 before versus 6.8±1.1 after, p=0.012), LDL-cholesterol (5.2±0.8 before versus 4.6±0.8 after, p=0.019) and triglycerides (3.7±2.7 before versus 2.7±1.4 after, p=0.008). HDL cholesterol rose (1.0±0.3 before versus 1.1±0.3 after, p=0.048), and HbA1c also fell from 7.5±1.9 to 6.9±1.8 (p=0.024) on fenofibrate treatment. We conclude that dietary treatment of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes is effective only in a minority of patients, who are characterised by milder degrees of hypercholesterolaemia. Fenofibrate however was effective in improving dyslipidaemia, and was also associated with a reduction in HbA1c. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Water-soluble phosphorus excretion in pigs fed diets supplemented with microbial phytaseANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Joshua A. JENDZA ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to compare the excretion of water-soluble phosphorus (P) of starter, grower, and finisher pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based P-deficient basal diet containing no added inorganic P (B), P-adequate diet (the basal diet with added dicalcium phosphate; B + P), the basal diet plus 500 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 500), or the basal diet plus 1000 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 1000). There were 6 barrows per diet, in a randomized complete block design, with an average initial body weight of 10.4, 20.0, or 51.1 kg for each of starter, grower, and finisher pigs in the three phosphorus balance experiments, respectively. In the experiments, the addition of dicalcium phosphate or phytase to the basal diet increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility and retention of P, and there were linear reductions (P < 0.05) in water-soluble P excretion as a result of supplementing the basal diet with phytase. In the starter pig experiment, phytase addition at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water-soluble P excretion by 28 or 42%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. In the grower pig experiment, adding phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water-soluble P excretion by 24 or 34%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. The use of phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water-soluble P excretion by 11 or 30%, respectively in the finisher pig experiment. The proportion of water-soluble phosphorus in total phosphorus was not affected by dietary treatment in any of the three experiments. In conclusion, adding phytase at 1000 units/kg to a corn-soybean meal-based P-deficient diet basal diet containing no added inorganic P compared with B + P diet reduced the daily excretion of water-soluble P in starter, grower, and finisher pigs by 42, 34, and 30%, respectively. [source] Effects of dietary glucose level during late gestation on litter performance and glucose concentration in sowsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Young-Keun HAN ABSTRACT The effects of feeding glucose during the 5 days before parturition on litter performance and on glucose concentration in sows were studied. At day 100 of gestation, 130 multiparous sows were assigned to the treatments. Late gestating sows were fed 0 g, 150 g, 250 g, 350 g and 450 g of glucose a day, respectively. During lactation, all sows were given free access to the same lactation diet (without glucose). One day before parturition, blood samples were collected from 30 sows (6 sows per treatment) at 10 before and 20, 40, 60 and 80 min after the meal. The supply of additional dietary glucose increased piglet birth weight (P < 0.05). Feed intake in week 1 and week 1,4 of lactation was greatest in sows fed the 0% glucose diet, least by sows fed the 18% glucose diet, and intermediate by sows fed the 6, 10, 14% glucose diets (P < 0.05). Basal glucose concentration and time of maximum glucose concentration after glucose intake were not affected by dietary treatment in the last 5 days of gestation. The sows fed the 14 and 18% glucose diets had greater maximum increase in glucose concentration than sows fed diet without glucose (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding glucose to sows during 5 days before parturition increased birth weight of live-born piglet and decreased sows feed intake during lactation, but did not affect the performance of sows and piglets. [source] Effects of digestible protein levels in isonitrogenous diets on growth performance and tissue composition of juvenile Atractoscion nobilisAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010E. DURAZO Abstract A study was undertaken to estimate the effects of isonitrogenous diets (ca. 604 g kg,1 crude protein) containing formaldehyde-treated (FT) fish meal and graded levels of digestible protein (DP) (541, 491, 372, 347 and 247 g kg,1) on growth performance and tissue composition of juveniles white seabass. Five diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of FT fish meal (from 0 to 384 g kg,1) and decreasing levels of non-treated fish meal (from 480 to 96 g kg,1). Each dietary treatment was fed in triplicate to apparent satiation to groups of 25 fish for 50 days. Significantly higher growth performance and feed conversion ratio were obtained in fish-fed diets containing 491 or 541 g kg,1 DP, compared with all other treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein in the diets was not significantly affected by the inclusion of treated fish meal in the diets. Estimation of protein requirements using a broken-line regression analysis indicated that maximum weight gain would be obtained with a diet containing 503 ± 23 g kg,1 DP. The results from this study suggest that a single-diet formulation using protein treated with formaldehyde as filler might be useful to estimate the requirement of DP for fish. [source] The interactive effects of dietary protein and energy on feed intake, growth and protein utilization of juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010I. PIROZZI Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe the interactive effects of varying digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) contents on the feed intake, growth, protein utilization and whole body composition of juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) and to determine the optimal DP : DE ratio for growth. This was achieved by feeding mulloway diets containing one of four different DP levels (250,550 g kg,1) at two DE levels (16 or 21 MJ kg,1). Juvenile mulloway were stocked at each of two different sizes (70 or 200 g) in triplicate groups for each dietary treatment and fed twice daily to apparent satiation over 58 days. The results indicated that feed intake was not governed solely by energy demands but was also dependant on the DP content of the diet. Protein utilization did not improve with diets containing decreasing protein and increasing lipid content indicating that mulloway have a limited capacity to spare DP. Optimal DP content was found to be 444,491 g kg,1 depending on the DE content of the diet and the size of mulloway and is within the range reported for other sciaenid species. The use of formulated diets with 28.6 g of DP MJ DE,1 will achieve optimal growth and protein deposition for 70,275 g mulloway. [source] Effect of diets containing a purified soybean trypsin inhibitor on growth performance, digestive proteases and intestinal histology in juvenile sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Ester Santigosa Abstract Juvenile sea bream were fed on diets containing 0.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g kg,1 of a soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) for 30 days. The growth performance, total protease activity and intestinal histology were studied after 0, 15 and 30 days of dietary treatment. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate in fish fed on inhibitor-supplemented diets when compared with those fed on an inhibitor-free diet. Only the SGR at day 15 decreased significantly with protease inhibitor inclusion, although this effect was not observed at day 30. In relation to proteolytic activity at day 15, the total protease activity in the distal intestine decreased in fish fed on inhibitor-supplemented diets. Zymograms of these extracts showed that the SBTI reduced the intensity of some proteolytic fractions in the distal intestine. A noticeable reduction in the protease activity of the intestinal content in fish fed on the highest level of soybean inhibitor (4.0 g kg,1) was also observed. However, at day 30, the inhibition effect on these active bands was not detected, and the total protease activity was similar to that in fish fed on an inhibitor-free diet. Histological examination revealed no perceptible differences in the intestinal structure between any of the diet groups. In addition, all fish were maintained under experimentation for 10 more days and fed on an inhibitor-free diet to determine whether the possible effects caused by the protease inhibitor could be reverted. The administration of SBTI-supplemented diets did not affect sea bream growth performance or intestine histology after 30 days, and only a decrease in the total alkaline protease activity was found at day 15. [source] Influence of dietary l -carnitine on growth, biological traits and meat quality in TilapiaAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2009Shuenn-Der Yang Abstract This study was designed to determine whether l -carnitine supplementation is necessary in a tilapia diet containing low-fish meal and a high lipid level, which is beneficial economically and for the environment. The effects of dietary l -carnitine on the growth, body composition, blood traits and post-thaw drip from muscle in hybrid tilapia were investigated. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were fed to the fish with a mean body weight of 141.7 g for 168 days. The control diet contained fish meal as the major protein source with 7% lipid. Other diets contained 7% or 12% lipid, in which fish meal was largely replaced by plant proteins, and supplemented with l -carnitine or not. Results showed that supplemental dietary l -carnitine did not affect the growth performance, feed efficiency or protein efficiency ratio, while the supplementation significantly reduced the mesenteric fat ratio. Whole body and muscle proximate compositions were unaltered by any dietary treatment. The total plasma lipid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol values of tilapia fed diets with alternative plant proteins were significantly lower than those of the control fish, whereas increasing the dietary lipid content increased the aforementioned blood traits. A decrease in plasma ammonia and an increase in urea were observed in dietary l -carnitine-supplemented fish. Post-thaw drip from muscle was reduced in fish fed supplemental dietary l -carnitine. The observations of this study revealed that neither the growth performance nor the feed utilization of hybrid tilapia was improved by a dietary l -carnitine treatment, but that it did lead to a reduced mesenteric fat ratio, altered nitrogen metabolism and improved meat quality. [source] Reduced sexual maturation in male post-smolt 1+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by dietary tetradecylthioacetic acidAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2009Henriette Alne Abstract In the present study, the possible effect of dietary treatment on early sexual maturation in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, without any negative effect regarding growth, was investigated. The experiment was performed using 4400 individually marked (Pit tag) 1+ salmon, fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5% tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) in duplicates for 3, 6 or 12 weeks after sea transfer. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation of TTA resulted in a threefold reduction in incidence of sexual mature males (0.6% vs. 1.8%). A curve-linear relationship between relative reduction in maturation and weeks of feeding TTA was found, indicating that the effect is most marked as a result of the first weeks of feeding and then levelling off. No negative dietary impact on growth was observed. As the level of fat in the muscle was reduced by dietary TTA, it seems that post-smolt supplemented dietary TTA do not accumulate high enough energy stores to start the maturation process, whereas the energy-enhancing effect of TTA due to increased fatty acid oxidation capacity may maintain the growth potential. Compared with immature salmon, sexually maturing fish revealed increased spring growth before the onset of maturation. [source] Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival and ammonia efflux rate of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) raised in a zero water exchange culture systemAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2005Silvia Gómez-Jiménez Abstract Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (1.96±0.07 g) were reared in a zero water exchange system for 25 days at 28°C. They were fed four commercial diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% crude protein in three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. Total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH were monitored weekly and total ammonia levels were additionally measured every 3 days using the flow injection analysis method. Total ammonia efflux rates were measured at days 0, 14 and 21, and survival and growth rates were recorded at the end of the experiment. No significant differences between water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were found. Nitrite concentration remained low in all dietary treatments up to the second week increasing considerably from day 14 onwards suggesting the initiation of the nitrification process. Water total ammonia of all experimental groups exhibited a gradual increase up to day 13; however, following this time ammonia levels of all experimental groups decreased, probably due to either the action of bacterial nitrification or ammonia-N uptake by the animals. High ammonia efflux rates were recorded at day 14, especially after the first hour of immersion in the 25% protein group, but no significant changes occurred in any experimental group after 3 h. No significant differences in weight gain, final weight or survival of shrimp were observed under these experimental conditions. The importance of zero water exchange systems and their effects on the nitrogen metabolism of crustaceans are discussed. [source] Effect of crude oil extracts from trout offal as a replacement for fish oil in the diets of the Australian native fish Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peeliiAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2003Giovanni M Turchini Abstract The efficacy of trout oil (TO), extracted from trout offal from the aquaculture industry, was evaluated in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (25.4±0.81 g) diets in an experiment conducted over 60 days at 23.7±0.8 °C. Five isonitrogenous (48% protein), isolipidic (16%) and isoenergetic (21.8 kJ g,1) diets, in which the fish oil fraction was replaced in increments of 25% (0,100%), were used. The best growth and feed efficiency was observed in fish fed diets containing 50,75% TO. The relationship of specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) to the amount of TO in the diets was described in each case by second-order polynomial equations (P<0.05), which were: SGR=,0.44TO2+0.52TO+1.23 (r2=0.90, P<0.05); FCR=0.53TO2,0.64TO+1.21 (r2=0.95, P<0.05); and PER=,0.73TO2+0.90TO+1.54 (r2=0.90, P<0.05). Significant differences in carcass and muscle proximate compositions were noted among the different dietary treatments. Less lipid was found in muscle than in carcass. The fatty acids found in highest amounts in Murray cod, irrespective of the dietary treatment, were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). The fatty acid composition of the muscle reflected that of the diets. Both the n-6 fatty acid content and the n-3 to n-6 ratio were significantly (P<0.05) related to growth parameters, the relationships being as follows. Percentage of n-6 in diet (X) to SGR and FCR: SGR=,0.12X2+3.96X,32.51 (r2=0.96) and FCR=0.13X2,4.47X+39.39 (r2=0.98); and n-3:n-6 ratio (Z) to SGR, FCR, PER: SGR=,2.02Z2+5.01Z,1.74 (r2=0.88), FCR=2.31Z2,5.70Z+4.54 (r2=0.93) and PER=,3.12Z2,7.56Z+2.80 (r2=0.88) respectively. It is evident from this study that TO could be used effectively in Murray cod diets, and that an n-3:n-6 ratio of 1.2 results in the best growth performance in Murray cod. [source] Weaning Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) onto artificial diets based upon its specific sensory modality in feedingAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2001X F Liang Abstract Chinese perch are one of the most valuable food fish in China, but the sole source of feed for intensive culture is live prey fish. Our previous studies on systematic sensory physiology revealed that this species have a mechanism for this peculiar feeding habit. In the present study, a specific training procedure was designed, and both experimental (initial body weight 171.0 g; 120 days) and commercial (initial body weight 52.4 g; 240 days) net-cage cultures were conducted to investigate the training success, growth performance and survival of the trained yearlings fed with nonlive or Oregon-type moist diet. The training successes of minced prey fish and the Oregon moist diet were 100 and 89.9%, respectively, in experimental culture, and 92.2 and 83.5% in commercial culture. In an experimental trial, the fish fed minced prey fish or the Oregon moist diet attained final body weights of 472.7 g or 344.7 g, although the specific growth rates of these groups were significantly lower than that of the fish fed live prey fish (final body weight 560.0 g). Mortality was not significantly related to dietary treatment. In commercial culture, the final body weights were as follows: 750 g on live prey fish, 705 g on minced prey fish and 651 g on the Oregon moist diet. Feed costs to produce 1 kg fish were estimated to be US$6.59 for live prey fish, US$1.76 for minced prey fish and US$2.07 for the Oregon moist diet. The results of the present study confirmed that sensory modality and associative learning appear to be critical factors in determining food discrimination of Chinese perch, indicating that both minced trash fish and Oregon-type moist diet can be substituted for live prey fish in intensive commercial production. [source] Activities of glucose phosphorylation, glucose-6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes in the liver of perch, Perca fluviatilis, after different dietary treatmentAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2001B Borrebaek Abstract Glucose phosphorylation was increased and the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was decreased in the liver of perch Perca fluviatilis after feeding previously fasted fish with a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as well as with a diet containing 23% carbohydrate. Activity of the low affinity hexokinase IV (or D), also called glucokinase (GK), was not observed in the liver of perch on the natural diet, fasted perch or perch after feeding with the high protein/low-carbohydrate diet (< 0.2% CHO). How ever, hepatic GK-activity appeared after feeding with the carbohydrate containing diet. By contrast, the activity of hepatic high affinity hexokinase (HK), which was very low in fasted fish, was strongly increased after feeding with the low-carbohydrate as well as the carbohydrate-containing diet. Apparently, HK rather than GK is the hexokinase isoenzyme that is consistently regulated inversely to glucose-6-phosphatase. Activities of the lipogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzyme were increased by feeding, particularly with the high protein/low carbohydrate diet. Very high levels of hepatic glycogen were observed after both diets. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that the hepatic high affinity isoenzyme (HK) has a particular anabolic role. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||