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Dietary Information (dietary + information)
Selected AbstractsAmino acid ingestion and glucose metabolism,A reviewIUBMB LIFE, Issue 9 2010Mary C. Gannon Abstract Interest in the effect of proteins or amino acids on glucose metabolism dates back at least a century, largely because it was demonstrated that the amino acids from ingested protein could be converted into glucose. Indeed, these observations influenced the dietary information provided to people with diabetes. Subsequently it was shown that ingested protein did not raise the blood glucose concentration. It also was shown that proteins could stimulate a rise in insulin and glucagon but the response to various proteins was different. In addition, it was shown that individual amino acids also could stimulate a rise in insulin and in glucagon concentrations. When individual amino acids are ingested by normal subjects, there is an ordering of the insulin and glucagon responses. However, the order is not the same for insulin and glucagon. In addition, the metabolic response cannot be predicted based on the functional groups of the amino acids. Thus, empirical prediction of the metabolic response to ingested single amino acids is not possible. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(9): 660,668, 2010 [source] A2. The carer's perception of dietitians' advice and its impact on the management of patients receiving haemodialysisJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2000M. A. Rezaie Background Patients with end stage renal disease and their carers suffer many changes in their daily life style as a result of haemodialysis (HD) treatment. Information and education concerning the management of dietary requirements and restrictions for renal patients should be aimed at both patients and their carers. Aim This study investigated the impact of dietitians' involvement and advice on the carers' ability to manage patients' dietary/fluid requirements. Method A total of 36 carers of renal patients receiving unit haemodialysis treatment were randomly recruited into this study from a hospital in Cardiff, Wales. All the carers completed the Haemodialysis carers questionnaire (HCQ), specifically designed for this study, delivered to them in the outpatient clinic by the dietitian. Results Of the 36 carers, 22 (61%) were female, six (16.7%) were male and eight (22%) did not report their gender. Thirteen (36%) of the carers were between the ages of 20,54 years and 23 (64%) were 55 years of age and older. Twenty-six (72%) of the carers involved in this study were spouses and 34 (94.4%) of the carers lived with the patient. The mean duration of haemodialysis treatment for the patient was found to be 20 months. The results indicated that although the majority of the carers were informed about patients' dietary and fluid restrictions, 45% had not received any dietary information. Dietitians' one-to,one interactions with the carer was the most effective way of providing information in enabling them to better manage the patient compared to other methods such as leaflet and information packs (P = 0.01). The majority of the carers knew how to contact the renal dietitian, however, many did not (P = 0.001). Almost all the carers considered receiving information about the purpose of HD, feed back on the patients' condition, fluid/dietary restriction and details of available community resources as very important. Those carers who had the benefit of a dietitian's involvement believed that their advice was very helpful and enabled them to cope better with the management and complications of patient fluid and dietary requirements (P < 0.02). Strong correlations were found (rs = 0.67; P < 0.01) between the amount of information received by the carers and the level of the carers satisfaction with this information. In contrast, there were no significant correlations between the amount of information received by the carers and different aspects of managing the patients' diet, because 45% of the carers received none or little information. Conclusions Dietitians should involve the carers in the management of HD patient's dietary/fluid requirements and restrictions in order to provide better quality of care and quality of life for both the patient and the carer. [source] Sources of Dietary Fluoride Intake in 6,7-Year-Old English Children Receiving Optimally, Sub-optimally, and Non-fluoridated waterJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2006Fatemeh V. Zohouri BSc, RPHNutr Abstract Objectives:Due to increased consumption of pre-packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub-optimally artificially fluoridated, and non-fluoridated areas. Methods:Thirty-three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (<0.7 mgF/L), sub-optimally fluoridated (>0.3 to <0.7 mgF/L) and non-fluoridated (<0.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3-day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. Results:Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub-optimally and non-fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non-alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub-optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non-fluoridated area. Conclusion:The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks. [source] The use of folic acid antagonists and the risk of colorectal cancer,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 10 2007Patricia F. Coogan Abstract Purpose Since folate is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, we hypothesized that folic acid antagonists might increase the risk. We used data from a population-based case control study of medication use and colorectal cancer to evaluate the hypothesis. Methods Case patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum were ascertained from participating hospitals in Massachusetts and the Massachusetts cancer registry (MCR) from January 1, 2001, through November 30, 2004. Age-, sex-, and precinct-matched control subjects were chosen from Massachusetts town lists. Information on folic acid antagonist use and other relevant data were obtained from 1809 cases and 1809 matched controls by telephone interview and by a self-administered dietary questionnaire. We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios among 1229 case patients and 1165 control subjects who provided satisfactory dietary information and did not have Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Results The odds ratio for colorectal cancer among regular users of folate-containing supplements was 0.7 (95%CI 0.6,0.9). The odds ratio for regular use of folic acid antagonists was 1.3 (95%CI 0.9,1.9). Contrary to expectation, the odds ratio was reduced in the highest category of alcohol consumption (OR,=,0.5, 95%CI 0.2,1.2). The odds ratio was higher among users of drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (OR,=,1.6, 95%CI 0.9,2.8) than drugs that work through other mechanisms (OR,=,1.2, 95%CI 0.7,1.9). Conclusions Our data provide little support for the hypothesis that regular folic acid antagonist use increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, there is a suggestion that dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors specifically may increase the risk. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Using carbon isotopes to track dietary change in modern, historical, and ancient primatesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Matt Sponheimer Abstract Stable isotope analysis can be used to document dietary changes within the lifetimes of individuals and may prove useful for investigating fallback food consumption in modern, historical, and ancient primates. Feces, hair, and enamel are all suitable materials for such analysis, and each has its own benefits and limitations. Feces provide highly resolved temporal dietary data, but are generally limited to providing dietary information about modern individuals and require labor-intensive sample collection and analysis. Hair provides less well-resolved data, but has the advantage that one or a few hair strands can provide evidence of dietary change over months or years. Hair is also available in museum collections, making it possible to investigate the diets of historical specimens. Enamel provides the poorest temporal resolution of these materials, but is often preserved for millions of years, allowing examination of dietary change in deep time. We briefly discuss the use of carbon isotope data as it pertains to recent thinking about fallback food consumption in ancient hominins and suggest that we may need to rethink the functional significance of the australopith masticatory package. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:661,670, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernailsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Gabriela B. Nardoto Abstract Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human fingernails were measured in 490 individuals in the western US and 273 individuals in southeastern Brazil living in urban areas, and 53 individuals living in a moderately isolated area in the central Amazon region of Brazil and consuming mostly locally grown foods. In addition, we measured the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of common food items to assess the extent to which these isotopic signatures remain distinct for people eating both omnivorous and vegetarian diets and living in different parts of the world, and the extent to which dietary information can be interpreted from these analyses. Fingernail ,13C values (mean ± standard deviation) were ,15.4 ± 1.0 and ,18.8 ± 0.8, and ,15N values were 10.4 ± 0.7 and 9.4 ± 0.6, for southeastern Brazil and western US populations, respectively. Despite opportunities for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in these two urbanized regions of the world, differences in the fingernail isotope ratios between southeastern Brazil and western US populations persisted, and appeared to be more associated with regional agricultural and animal production practices. Omnivores and vegetarians from Brazil and the US were isotopically distinct, both within and between regions. In a comparison of fingernails of individuals from an urban city and isolated communities in the Amazonian region, the urban region was similar to southeastern Brazil, whereas individuals from isolated nonurban communities showed distinctive isotopic values consistent with their diets and with the isotopic values of local foods. Although there is a tendency for a "global supermarket" diet, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human fingernails hold dietary information directly related to both food sources and dietary practices in a region. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Can Functional Traits Predict Ecological Interactions?BIOTROPICA, Issue 3 2010A Case Study Using Rain forest Frugivores, Plants in Australia ABSTRACT In rain forest, the large numbers of species of fleshy-fruited plants and frugivorous animals result in a large number of potential fruit,frugivore interactions, which are challenging to survey in the field. Yet, knowledge of these relationships is needed to predict consequences of changes in the frugivore assemblage for seed dispersal. In the absence of comprehensive dietary information, it may be possible to delineate between frugivores that disperse different plants using ,functional traits,' or morphological and behavioral attributes of frugivores that interact with differences in salient characteristics of plant species. Here we use data on the consumption of 244 Australian rain forest plant species by 38 bird species to test for associations between patterns of frugivory and birds': (1) degree of frugivory, (2) gape width, and (3) seed treatment (seed crushing or seed dispersing). Degree of frugivory and gape width explain 74 percent of the variation in the sizes of fruits consumed by frugivorous birds. Among birds that consume a substantial dietary proportion of fruit, birds with wider gapes consume larger fruits. In contrast, this relationship was not shown by birds for which fruit is only a minor dietary component. Degree of frugivory and gape width, together with seed treatment, also strongly predict the overall taxonomic composition and diversity of plants consumed by bird species. Functional classifications of frugivore species may prove useful in developing a predictive understanding of fruit,frugivore interactions in other rain forest regions where detailed dietary information is not available for most frugivores. [source] Fish consumption and school grades in Swedish adolescents: a study of the large general populationACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2010J-L Kim Abstract Aim:, To study the associations between fish intake and academic achievement as cognitive parameter among Swedish adolescents. Methods:, In 2000, a questionnaire including respiratory items, socioeconomic conditions and dietary information was mailed to all schoolchildren (n = 18 158), aged 15 and living in Västra Götaland region of Sweden. The questionnaire was returned by 10 837 subjects. One year later, the total school grades for each subject who had completed the questionnaire and who included their full personal identification number were obtained from the national registers. Multiple linear regression models were applied to evaluate the association between fish intake and academic grades among 9448 schoolchildren, while adjusting for potential confounders, e.g. parents' education. Results:, Grades were higher in subjects with fish consumption once a week compared with subjects with fish consumption of less than once a week (reference group) [increment in estimate 14.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.8,17.1]. Grades were even higher in subjects with fish consumption of more than once a week compared with the reference group (increment in estimate 19.9, 95% CI 16.5,23.3). In the model stratified for parents' education, there were still higher grades among subjects with frequent fish intake in all educational strata (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Frequent fish intake among schoolchildren may provide benefits in terms of academic achievement. [source] | |||||||||||||