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Diet Treatments (diet + treatment)
Selected AbstractsNutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea waterAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2006Navneet Gill Abstract This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high-temperature extruded (,149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFMEX) for post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (,Guelph system') for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ,116 g) in 4000-L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25,40 L min,1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0,8.5 mg L,1), 11,12°C sea water (salinity, 29,31 g L,1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam-pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg,1 and ,16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg,1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low-temperature-dried anchovy meal (LT-AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFMEX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT-AM in the basal diet (SFMEX,271 g kg,1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39,1.45% day,1), feed efficiency (1.19,1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8,47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5,49.4%), per cent survival (96.0,99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFMEX can comprise ,271 g kg,1 of the dry diet or ,22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance. [source] Evaluation of carbohydrate rich diets through common carp culture in manured tanksAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2002P. KESHAVANATH Four diets (T0,T3) were formulated reducing the fishmeal (Indian) component by 100 g kg,1 from 300 to 0 g kg,1 and including proportionately increasing quantities of maize. Diets were fed for 120 days at 50 g kg,1 body weight to triplicate groups of common carp (av. wt. 2.11,2.18 g) stocked at 1 m,2 in mud bottomed cement tanks (18 m2), fertilized with poultry manure. Fish growth, SGR and FCR in the different treatments were statistically not significantly different (P > 0.05). PER was lowest for the 300 g fishmeal kg,1 diet treatment (diet T0), increasing with decrease in dietary fishmeal content (diets T1,T3). Fish survival ranged from 96.29 to 100%. Diets influenced carcass composition and digestive enzyme activity. A significant increase in lipid deposition was recorded with increasing dietary carbohydrate content. Amylase, protease and lipase activities were higher in fish fed with diets T2 and T3. The protein sparing effect of dietary carbohydrate and the economic implication of eliminating fishmeal from the diet are discussed. [source] Clinics of coeliac disease in children in the 2000sACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2010E Savilahti Abstract Objective:, To describe the clinical picture of patients with coeliac disease (CD) and the change in its presentation over the past decades. Study design:, Patients with CD were identified and clinical data collected from hospital records over a 6-year period (2000,2005). Results:, Altogether 197 patients aged 0.6,15.9 (mean 7.2) years were identified. They were found amongst the child population served by the hospital, the mean number of children at age 0.5,16 years was 268 000 during 2000,2005. The presenting symptom amongst the youngest patients (<3 years) was chronic diarrhoea (in 67%), and amongst older patients, abdominal pain. At the time of diagnosis, growth was severely retarded (height <2 SD for age) in 6.6%; mean height was ,0.06 SD and weight + 1% for height. After diet treatment for a mean of 6 months, both height and weight increased significantly. Anaemia and iron deficiency were present in 25% and 43% of patients respectively. Intraepithelial T-cell receptor gamma/delta cells were pathologic in all 150 specimens studied. Conclusions:, The presentation of CD depends on age. Even when we found six times more patients than during years 1976,1985 in the same hospital, published data on the prevalence of CD suggest that we found only a small minority of children with CD. [source] Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculataENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2-3 2002Jian J. Duan Abstract A transgenic corn event (MON 863) has been recently developed by Monsanto Company for control of corn rootworms, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This transgenic corn event expresses the cry3Bb1 gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), which encodes the insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein for corn rootworm control. A continuous feeding study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the dietary effect of MON 863 pollen expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein on the survival, larval development, and reproductive capacity of the non-target species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). First instar C. maculata (less than 24 h old) and newly emerging adults (less than 72 h old) were fed individually on a diet mixture containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic (control) corn pollen, bee pollen (a component of normal rearing diet), or potassium arsenate-treated control corn pollen. In the larval tests, 96.7%, 90.0%, and 93.3% of C. maculata larvae successfully pupated and then emerged as adults when fed on MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen (normal rearing) diets, respectively. Among the larvae completing their development, there were no significant differences in the developmental time to pupation and adult emergence among the transgenic corn pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen diet treatments. All larvae fed on arsenate treated corn pollen diet died as larvae. For tests with adults, 83.3%, 80.0%, and 100% of adult C. maculata survived for the 30 days of the test period when reared on diets containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen respectively. While the adult survival rate on MON 863 pollen diet was significantly less than that on the bee pollen diet, there was no significant difference between the MON 863 and non-transgenic corn pollen treatments. During the period of adult testing, an average of 77, 80, and 89 eggs per female were laid by females fed on the MON 863 pollen, control corn pollen, and bee pollen, respectively; no significant differences were detected in the number of eggs laid among these treatments. These results demonstrate that when offered at 50% by weight of the dietary component, transgenic corn (MON 863) pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein had no measurable negative effect on the survival and development of C. maculata larvae to pupation and adulthood nor any adverse effect on adult survival and reproductive capacity. Relevance of these findings to ecological impacts of transgenic Bt crops on non-target beneficial insects is discussed. [source] Food preferences and the value of animal food for the carabid beetle Amara similata (Gyll.) (Col., Carabidae)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 9-10 2005S. Fawki Abstract:, Several studies have shown that the mainly granivorous carabid beetles, e.g. Amara spp., include animal food in their diet to a considerable extent. We therefore hypothesized that the performance of these beetles would be enhanced by dietary mixing including both seeds and animal food. In order to test this, we conducted laboratory feeding experiments with adults and larvae of Amara similata. Both adults and larvae were subjected to different diet treatments including: seeds, houseflies, grasshoppers, earthworms, slugs and snails in pure and mixed diets. Larval survival, development time, pupal and teneral weights were used as indicators of food quality for the larvae. For the adult beetles, mass change was used as an indicator of food quality. We found seeds to be high-quality food, while all pure animal diets were of low quality for both adults and larvae. Animal foods added to the seed diet had both positive and negative effects. A mixed diet of all foods enhanced the mass gain of adults compared with the seed diet, but reduced larval performance dramatically. Earthworms and grasshoppers added to seeds increased the pupal and teneral weights, while reduced larval survival. Thus, A. similata is omnivorous with a mainly granivorous feeding habit. It may gain benefits on some fitness parameters and incur costs on others from preying or scavenging on animal food. Therefore, the overall fitness consequences of a mixed seed-animal diet are uncertain. [source] Effects of sugar feeding on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a parasitoid waspPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2000D.A.W.N. M. Olson Summary Lifetime patterns of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were compared in starved and sucrose-fed adults of the parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii (Goidanich) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). As expected, sucrose-fed individuals lived longer than did starved individuals. Macrocentrus grandii males and females eclosed with levels of simple storage sugars (presumably primarily trehalose) and glycogen that were below maximum levels recorded from sucrose-fed parasitoids. Both of these nutrients dropped to very low levels in starved individuals within 4 days post-emergence and were maintained at high levels in sucrose-fed individuals throughout their lives. Lipid reserves at emergence represented the highest lipid levels for both sexes in the two diet treatments, with levels declining over the lifetimes of males and females from both diet treatments. Our results therefore suggest that dietary sucrose is used to synthesize trehalose and glycogen, but not lipids in M. grandii. Also, in contrast to the patterns observed for the simple sugars and glycogen, lipid levels in starved individuals did not drop below levels observed in sugar-fed individuals. The average number of mature eggs carried by females at emergence was 33 and increased to approximately 85 in sucrose-fed and 130 in starved females by the age of 5 d in the absence of hosts. The egg maturation rate was therefore higher in starved than in sugar-fed females. Potential explanations for this unexpected result are discussed. [source] Effect of dietary phosphorus sources and varying levels of supplemental phosphorus on survival, growth and body composition of postlarval shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2008J. NIU Abstract Two experiments were conducted for 30 days each to investigate the effective phosphorus source and supplemental phosphorus levels for postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. The first experiment was performed in postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 2 mg) fed four isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing three supplemented inorganic phosphorus sources [D1: no supplemental phosphorus, D2: NaH2PO4·2H2O, D3: KH2PO4·2H2O, D4: Ca(H2PO4)2·2H2O]. The quantities of the three supplemental NaH2PO4·2H2O, KH2PO4·2H2O and Ca(H2PO4)2·2H2O were 11.6, 12.8 and 10 g kg,1 of the diet, respectively in order to make the three diets have the same total phosphorus. Growth performance (final mean body weight, FBW; weight gain, WG; specific growth ratio, SGR) of shrimp in D3 treatment was the highest and had significant difference with the D1 treatment. The survival of shrimp in D3 treatment was the highest and had significant difference with the other treatments. The mineral concentration and body composition of shrimp were not significantly different among treatments. We could conclude that KH2PO4·2H2O was the optimal phosphorus source for postlarval L. vannamei from the growth performance and survival. The second experiment was performed in postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 0.88 mg) fed four isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing four supplemental KH2PO4·2H2O levels (d1, d2, d3 and d4 with 0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg,1, respectively). Shrimp in d2 treatment showed the highest growth performance and survival and also showed significant difference with other diet treatments. The whole body content of zinc (Zn) increased with the increase of dietary KH2PO4·2H2O and significant differences were observed when dietary KH2PO4·2H2O reached 5 g kg,1, excess KH2PO4·2H2O supplementation (10 and 20 g kg,1) had a negative effect on Zn content, the Zn content significantly decreased when KH2PO4·2H2O was 20 g kg,1. We can conclude that the amount of total phosphorus in the diet should be maintained between 20.9 and 22.0 g kg,1, the amount of supplemental KH2PO4·2H2O in the diet is less than 10 g kg,1. [source] Effects of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor on gonadal differentiation of bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirusAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Ze-Xia Gao Abstract In the present study, the efficacy of Letrozole, a potent nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), on gonadal sex differentiation and sex reversal was examined in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). In Experiment 1, using AI diet treatments (50, 150, 250 and 500 mg kg,1) from 30 to 90 days posthatch (dph), AI interrupted ovarian cavity formation at a dose of 500 mg kg1 diet and one intersex fish was identified in this group. The proportions of males in all the treated groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. In Experiment 2, using AI immersion treatments (250, 500 and 1000 ,g L,1) during 30,50 dph, the treated groups of 500 and 1000 ,g L,1 produced significantly more males than the control and 250 ,g L,1 groups. Histological examination revealed no differences in ovary or testis tissue between control and AI-treated fish. There were no significant differences detected in body weight and length among the AI treated and control groups (P>0.05) for both experiments. The results from these two experiments suggest that inhibition of aromatase activity by AI could influence sex differentiation in bluegill sunfish. [source] Reproductive performance and offspring quality of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards) females fed an optimized formulated diet and the razor clam Sinonovacula constrictaAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2009Xugan Wu Abstract After feeding female Eriocheir sinensis on an optimized formulated diet or fresh razor clam Sinonovacula constricta for 7 months, their reproductive performance and offspring quality were compared. To evaluate diet nutrient contents, the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid compositions of the formulated diet and the razor clam were analysed. The nutritional value of the diets was determined by assessing survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of female crabs from both diet treatments, together with the percentage of females that spawned, total egg production per female and fecundity (number of eggs g,1 female wet weight). Furthermore, the quality of eggs and newly hatched larvae from the two dietary treatments were determined using the following parameters: egg diameter, wet weight and dry weight, hatchability, proximate and fatty acid profile of eggs, larval carapace length, resistant to starvation and osmotic shock, larval survival and development to the zoea II stage. Higher protein, phospholipids (PL) and amino acids (AA) contents were found in the razor clam while the formulated diet contains higher levels of ash, total lipid (TL) and 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids. Although female crabs fed the two different diets showed similar reproductive performances, newly hatched zoea I larvae produced by the crabs fed the formulated diet had significantly longer mean carapace length and shorter development time to the zoea II stage under identical culture condition (P<0.05). Moreover, dietary fatty acid appeared to have more significant effects on the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas than it did on mature ovaries or eggs. This suggests that the fatty acid profile of mature ovaries is indicative of the specific fatty acid required for ovarian development in E. sinensis. In conclusion, our results show that the optimized formulated diet developed in this laboratory can totally replace the razor clam, a broodstock food widely used in E. sinensis hatcheries in China. This encouraging result should facilitate more reliable hatchery production of this important aquaculture species. [source] | |||||||||||||