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Diverse Family (diverse + family)
Selected AbstractsIntervention Development and Cultural Adaptation Research With Diverse FamiliesFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 2 2006GUILLERMO BERNAL This article provides an introduction to the special issue on intervention development and cultural adaptation research with diverse families. The need for research on intervention development and on cultural adaptation of interventions is presented, followed by a discussion of frameworks on treatment development. Seven articles included in this special issue serve as examples of the stages of treatment and intervention development, and of the procedures employed in the cultural adaptation with diverse families. An overview of the seven articles is provided to illustrate the treatment development process and the use of pluralistic research methods. We conclude with a call to the field for creative and innovative intervention development research with diverse families to contribute to the body of evidence-based practice with these populations. [source] The extensive polymorphism of KIR genesIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Derek Middleton Summary The functions of human natural killer (NK) cells are controlled by diverse families of antigen receptors. Prominent among these are the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), a family of genes clustered in one of the most variable regions of the human genome. Within this review we discuss the vast polymorphism of the KIR gene complex which rivals that of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex. There are several aspects to this polymorphism. Initially there is presence/absence of individual KIR genes, with four of these genes, termed framework genes, being present in all individuals tested to date, except on those very occasional instances when the gene has been deleted. Within each gene, alleles are present at different frequencies. We provide details of a new website that enables convenient searching for data on KIR gene, allele and genotype frequencies in different populations and show how these frequencies vary in different worldwide populations and the high probability of individuals differing in their KIR repertoire when both gene and allele polymorphism is considered. The KIR genes present in an individual may be classified into A and/or B haplotypes, which respectively have a more inhibitory role or a more activating role on the function of the NK cell. Family studies have been used to ascertain the make-up of these haplotypes, inclusion of allele typing enabling determination of whether one or two copies of a particular gene is present. In addition to genetic diversification the KIR gene complex shows differences at the functional level with different alleles having different protein expression levels and different avidity with their HLA ligand. [source] The oldest fungicide and newest phytoalexin , a reappraisal of the fungitoxicity of elemental sulphurPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004J. S. Williams Elemental sulphur (S0) is man's oldest fungicide. In biological systems it is formed by certain specialized prokaryotes but the element has rarely been found in eukaryotes. The recent discovery that certain plant species from diverse families produce S0 as a localized component of active defence to vascular pathogens, and that S0 is constitutive in some crucifers, led to this review. Because of the age and relative inaccessibility of some of the past literature and the inconsistency in the methods used, the spectrum of activity and the toxicity of S0 are reassessed here. Interpretation of bioassays of this and other hydrophobic compounds are offered. Also, brief coverage is given to the history of S0 use and its suggested mode(s) of action. The element's possible role in defence and the form, location and levels in planta are considered. Sulphur is one of many S-containing defence-related compounds and it is ironic that sulphur deficiency has recently become a widespread nutrient disorder in crops, largely due to restrictions on fossil fuel burning. The problem is being addressed by sulphur application, but the future manipulation of genes for sulphate uptake and sulphur biosynthesis are likely goals. [source] Seed plants of Fiji: an ecological analysisBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2006MICHAEL HEADS An annotated list of indigenous Fijian seed plant genera is presented and comprises 484 genera and 1315 species in 137 families. The relative diversity of the largest families and genera in Fiji is indicated and compared with floras in New Caledonia and the Upper Watut Valley, Papua New Guinea. Differences and similarities appear to be due to biogeographical/phylogenetic factors rather than ecological differences or means of dispersal. Generic diversity for the seed plants as a whole is greatest between 0,100 m and decreases monotonically with altitude. However, in the largest family, Orchidaceae, maximum diversity occurs between 200,400 m. Fifty percent of the families are recorded from shore habitat. Twenty-seven percent of the families and 80 species occur in or around mangrove, where the most diverse families are Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, and the legumes. Some of the mangrove-associate species are pantropical or Indo-Pacific but most are locally or regionally endemic. Fifty-six percent of the Fijian families are recorded on limestone. Twenty-nine species are restricted to limestone and 12 species usually occur on limestone. The importance of calcium in reducing the effects of salinity is emphasized and 39 species are recorded from both mangrove and limestone. A plagiotropic habit occurs in 38 species which occur on limestone or around beaches, and 20 of these are Pacific endemics. Genera restricted to higher altitudes include many present elsewhere in Melanesia but absent from Australia despite suitable habitat there, again indicating the importance of biogeographical and historical factors. Altitudinal anomalies in Fiji taxa are cited and include 7 anomalously high records from northern Viti Levu, a site of major uplift, and 22 anomalously low altitudinal records in the Lau Group, a site of subsidence. It is suggested that the Fijian flora has not been derived from immigrants from Asia, but has evolved more or less in situ. Taxa would have survived as metapopulations on the individually ephemeral volcanic islands always found at oceanic subduction zones and hot spots, and the atolls which characterize areas of subsidence. The complex geology of Fiji is determined by its position between two subduction zones of opposite polarity, the Vanuatu and Tonga Trenches, in what is currently a region of transform faulting. The large islands comprise fragments of island arcs that have amalgamated and welded together. There has been considerable uplift as well as subsidence in the islands and it is suggested that both these processes have had drastic effects on the altitudinal range of the taxa. Limestone and mangrove floras could have provided a widespread, diverse ancestral species pool from which freshwater swamp forest, lowland rainforest, dry forest, secondary forest, thickets, and montane forest have been derived during phases of uplift. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 89, 407,431. [source] The phylogeny of the Histeroidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia)CLADISTICS, Issue 4 2002Michael S. Caterino For its size (ca. 4000 species) the Histeridae is one of the most ecologically and morphologically diverse families of beetles. Its mostly predaceous members occupy a wide variety of habitats for which their morphologies may be highly modified. Previous attempts to resolve the phylogeny of the family based on morphological data have left many difficult issues unresolved. This study is the first to utilize either larval or molecular (18S rDNA) data in combination with adult morphology in an attempt to resolve these issues. We compare the performance of optimization alignment with a fixed positional homology approach, over a range of parameter space. Optimizing alignment parameters for combined analyses of 18S and morphology for both approaches resulted in very similar topologies. Contrary to previous hypotheses which held the cylindrical, subcortical forms of the family (e.g., Niponius, Trypanaeus, Trypeticus) to be the most primitive, our analyses find these to be highly specialized forms derived from within other more generalized taxa. Basal lineages within the family instead include Onthophilus, Anapleus, and Dendrophilus, all of which are ovoid, mainly generalist forms. [source] Tailoring Psychological Interventions for Ethnically Diverse Dementia CaregiversCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2003Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are common disorders that widely affect older adults of all races and ethnicities. Although there has been considerable research focusing on the stress experienced by family caregivers of patients with dementia, there has been little work to guide clinicians in tailoring interventions to the special needs of racially and ethnically diverse families. This paper reviews guidelines for creating culturally competent interventions, as well as reviewing the literature on racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in the stress associated with caregiving for a family member with dementia. The paper then presents three intervention programs (adapted from existing treatments) that were tailored to be sensitive to cultural issues in caregiving among African Americans, Cuban Americans, and Mexican Americans. Results and directions for future research gathered from these intervention programs are presented and implications for clinicians and researchers are discussed. [source] Type,I interferon-dependent and -independent expression of tripartite motif proteins in immune cellsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Ricardo Rajsbaum Abstract The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are important in a variety of cellular functions additional to anti-viral activity. We systematically analysed mRNA expression of representative TRIM molecules in mouse macrophages, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and a selection of CD4+ T cell subsets. We defined four clusters of TRIM genes based on their selective expression in these cells. The first group of TRIM genes was preferentially expressed in CD4+ T cells and contained the COS-FN3 motif previously shown to be involved in protein interactions. Additional TRIM genes were identified that showed up-regulation in macrophages and dendritic cells upon influenza virus infection in a type,I IFN-dependent manner, suggesting that they have anti-viral activity. In support of this notion, a subset of these TRIM molecules mapped to mouse chromosome,7, syntenic to human chromosome,11, where TRIM family members such as TRIM5, shown to have anti-viral activity, are localized. A distinct group of TRIM was constitutively expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells independently of viral infection or signalling through the type,I IFN receptor. Our findings on expression and regulation of TRIM genes in cells of the immune system that have different effector functions in innate and adaptive immune responses, may provide leads for determining functions of this diverse family of molecules. [source] Origins and significance of ergot alkaloid diversity in fungiFEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2005Daniel G. Panaccione Abstract Ergot alkaloids are a diverse family of indole-derived mycotoxins that collectively have activities against a variety of organisms including bacteria, nematodes, insects, and mammals. Different fungi accumulate different, often characteristic, profiles of ergot alkaloids rather than a single pathway end product. These ergot alkaloid profiles result from inefficiency in the pathway leading to accumulation of certain intermediates or diversion of intermediates into shunts along the pathway. The inefficiency generating these ergot alkaloid profiles may have been selected for as a means of accumulating a diversity of ergot alkaloids, potentially contributing in different ways to benefit the producing fungus. [source] Insect glutathione transferases and insecticide resistanceINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005A. A. Enayati Abstract Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a diverse family of enzymes found ubiquitously in aerobic organisms. They play a central role in the detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds and are also involved in intracellular transport, biosynthesis of hormones and protection against oxidative stress. Interest in insect GSTs has primarily focused on their role in insecticide resistance. GSTs can metabolize insecticides by facilitating their reductive dehydrochlorination or by conjugation reactions with reduced glutathione, to produce water-soluble metabolites that are more readily excreted. In addition, they contribute to the removal of toxic oxygen free radical species produced through the action of pesticides. Annotation of the Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster genomes has revealed the full extent of this enzyme family in insects. This mini review describes the insect GST enzyme family, focusing specifically on their role in conferring insecticide resistance. [source] Biology and ecology of amphidromous Gobiidae of the Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean regionsJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003P. Keith In the Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean regions, isolated rivers are host to amphidromous Gobiidae with a life cycle adapted to extreme climatic and hydrological seasonal variation. Although this is the most diverse family of freshwater fish, their biological cycle and the parameters and evolutionary processes that lead to such diversity are poorly understood. This paper reports on the current knowledge on reproduction (nidification, spawning, larval life and sexuality), recruitment into the rivers, upstream migration and distribution in the rivers. Management and restoration strategies to preserve amphidromous gobies, often endemic and bordering on extinction, require the development of research to have a better understanding of their life cycle. [source] Abnormalities of the nucleus and nuclear inclusions in neurodegenerative disease: a work in progressNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007J. M. Woulfe Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized pathologically by the abnormal accumulation of pathogenic protein species within the cell. Several neurodegenerative diseases feature intranuclear protein aggregation in the form of intranclear inclusion bodies. Studies of these intranuclear inclusions are providing important clues regarding the cellular pathophysiology of these diseases, as exemplified by recent progress in defining the genetic basis of a subset of frontotemporal dementia cases. The precise role of intranuclear inclusion bodies in disease pathogenesis is currently a focus of debate. The present review provides an overview of the diverse family of neurodegenerative diseases in which nuclear inclusions form part of the neuropathological spectrum. In addition, current pathogenetic concepts relevant to these diseases will be reviewed and arguments for and against a protective role for intranuclear inclusions will be presented. The relationship of pathological intranuclear inclusions to functional intranuclear bodies will also be discussed. Finally, by analogy with pathological intranuclear inclusions, I will speculate on the possibility that intranuclear protein aggregation may represent a constitutive cellular protective mechanism occurring in neurons under physiological conditions. [source] Breeding for resistance to whitefly-transmitted geminivirusesANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002MOSHE LAPIDOT Summary Geminiviruses comprise a large and diverse family of viruses that infect a wide range of important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop species and cause significant yield losses. The family Geminiviridae is divided into three genera, one of which is Begomovirus. Species of this genus are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner and infect dicotyledonous plants. Severe population outbreaks of B. tabaci are usually accompanied by a high incidence of begomoviruses. During the last two decades, there has been a worldwide spread of the B biotype of B. tabaci, accompanied by the emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Control measures in infected regions are based mainly on limitation of vector populations, using chemicals or physical barriers. However, under conditions of severe whitefly attack, none of these control measures has sufficed to prevent virus spread. Thus, the best way to reduce geminivirus damage is by breeding crops resistant or tolerant to the virus, either by classical breeding or by genetic engineering. A number of begomoviruses have been the subject of much investigation, due to their severe economic impact. This review considers the most severe viral diseases of four major crops (tomato, bean, cassava and cotton). The approaches taken to breed for resistance to these viral diseases should provide a perspective of the issues involved in breeding for begomovirus resistance in crop plants. [source] A global phylogeny of apple snails: Gondwanan origin, generic relationships, and the influence of outgroup choice (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae)BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009KENNETH A. HAYES Apple snails (Ampullariidae) are a diverse family of pantropical freshwater snails and an important evolutionary link to the common ancestor of the largest group of living gastropods, the Caenogastropoda. A clear understanding of relationships within the Ampullariidae, and identification of their sister taxon, is therefore important for interpreting gastropod evolution in general. Unfortunately, the overall pattern has been clouded by confused systematics within the family and equivocal results regarding the family's sister group relationships. To clarify the relationships among ampullariid genera and to evaluate the influence of including or excluding possible sister taxa, we used data from five genes, three nuclear and two mitochondrial, from representatives of all nine extant ampullariid genera, and species of Viviparidae, Cyclophoridae, and Campanilidae, to reconstruct the phylogeny of apple snails, and determine their affinities to these possible sister groups. The results obtained indicate that the Old and New World ampullariids are reciprocally monophyletic with probable Gondwanan origins. All four Old World genera, Afropomus, Saulea, Pila, and Lanistes, were recovered as monophyletic, but only Asolene, Felipponea, and Pomella were monophyletic among the five New World genera, with Marisa paraphyletic and Pomacea polyphyletic. Estimates of divergence times among New World taxa suggest that diversification began shortly after the separation of Africa and South America and has probably been influenced by hydrogeological events over the last 90 Myr. The sister group of the Ampullariidae remains unresolved, but analyses omitting certain outgroup taxa suggest the need for dense taxonomic sampling to increase phylogenetic accuracy within the ingroup. The results obtained also indicate that defining the sister group of the Ampullariidae and clarifying relationships among basal caenogastropods will require increased taxon sampling within these four families, and synthesis of both morphological and molecular data. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 61,76. [source] | |||||||||||||