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Developing Nations (developing + nation)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	21%
Humanities and Social Sciences	21%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	17%
Law and Criminology	13%
Psychology	8%
Earth and Environmental Science	8%

Selected Abstracts

The Impact of Central Bank Independence on Political Monetary Cycles in Advanced and Developing Nations

JOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 7 2009
SAMI ALPANDA
political monetary cycles; central bank independence This paper examines the extent to which monetary policy is manipulated for political purposes during elections. We do not detect political monetary cycles in advanced countries or developing nations with independent central banks. We do find evidence, however, in developing countries that lack central bank independence. Furthermore, we find some evidence that these cycles are not caused by monetization of election-related fiscal expansions. This suggests that pressure by politicians on the central bank to exploit the Phillips curve may be an important factor in generating political monetary cycles. [source]

Developing Nations and the Compulsory License: Maximizing Access to Essential Medicines While Minimizing Investment Side Effects

THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 2 2009
Robert C. Bird
This manuscript addresses how developing countries can maximize access to essential medicines and minimize unwanted side-effects within the legal environment of a compulsory license regime. While compulsory licensing can play a role in improving public health, external social and political conditions must be considered in order to make licensing an effective practice. [source]

Suicide bombings: process of care of mass casualties in the developing world

DISASTERS, Issue 4 2009
Masood Umer
In recent times Pakistan's biggest city, Karachi, has witnessed numerous terrorist attacks. The city does not have an emergency response system and only one of the three public sector hospitals has a trauma centre. We describe the pattern of injuries and management of two terror-related mass casualty incidents involving suicide bombers in a developing nation with limited resources. The first incident occurred in May 2002 with 36 casualties, of whom 13 (36%) died immediately and 11 (30.5%) died at the primary receiving hospitals. The second incident was targeted against the local population in May 2004. The blast resulted in 104 casualties, of which 14 (13.46%) died at the site. All patients had their initial assessment and treatment based on Advanced Trauma and Life Support principles and documented on a trauma form. [source]

Pediatric renal transplantation in a South African teaching hospital: A 20-year perspective

PEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2006
G. J. Pitcher
Abstract:, Introduction:, Renal transplantation is established as the standard of care for end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in the developed world. In emerging nations, the appropriateness of such costly interventions has been questioned. We undertook an analysis of all renal transplants undertaken under the care of the pediatric nephrology service at the Johannesburg Hospital, South Africa, in order to establish the outcomes of a transplantation service in a resource-constrained environment in a developing country. Methods:, This was a retrospective review of renal transplantation undertaken at a single teaching hospital in Johannesburg, part of the University of the Witwatersrand. Two hundred and eighty-two transplants were performed between 1984 and 2003. Demographic characteristics of the transplanted population, diagnosis, morbidity, graft survival, and mortality were recorded. Results:, Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-yr graft survival was 82, 44, and 23%. Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-yr patient survival was 97, 84, and 68%. The median graft survival for all transplantation episodes was 4.38 yr; 70% of patients survive 10 yr and 54% survive 20 yr or more. Although early graft survival was good, there was a more rapid rate of graft loss than when compared to results from developed centers with much poorer results at 5 and 10 yr. Causes of ESRF show marked variation between the races, and black patients have significantly worse outcomes than others. Compared with white patients, black recipients received fewer living donor kidneys (26 vs. 10%, p = 0.0019), a greater proportion of totally mismatched organs (56 vs. 36%, p = 0.015), less pre-emptive transplantation (7 vs. 35%, p = 0.0001) and experienced a higher rate of primary non-function (13 vs. 3%, p = 0.004). Surgical complications of transplantation occurred in 9% of recipients, but rarely led to graft loss. Conclusion:, Pediatric renal transplantation in Johannesburg can be accomplished with low complication rates, but medium and long-term graft survival is poor when compared with contemporary results achieved in developed countries. The difficulties of undertaking such complex, multidisciplinary interventions in a developing nation are daunting, but we believe that renal transplantation should still be the treatment of choice for all children with ESRF. The poorer outcomes in black recipients can be addressed by increasing education in our communities and expanding the pool of appropriate donors. Better institutional support would allow for improved long-term patient care. [source]

Product Patent, the Problem of Availability of Patented Drugs and Parallel Trade: A Theoretical Approach

THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2010
Mainak Mazumdar
This article theoretically examines the potential effect of product patent on the availability of an essential drug in developing countries like India. Previous studies have indicated the possibility of a product patent making a drug unavailable in a developing nation. This has been shown under the uniform pricing policy adopted by the multinational company (MNC) that produces the drug. Allowing for price discrimination and comparing it with the above situation, we have argued that the problem of non-availability of a patented drug is, indeed, much less serious. However, successful price discrimination is not possible when markets are not perfectly segmented and "parallel trade" (a form of arbitrage) by the distributors exists. Our model incorporates such a possibility and establishes that even in the presence of parallel trade, the MNC can earn higher profits by supplying the drug to both the developed and the developing nations than by confining itself to the markets of developed countries. [source]

Laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy: modifications for developing nations

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2004
A. Kumar
Authors from Lucknow describe their experience with laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy, and describe modifications they have used to make the procedure cost-effective for developing nations. As the urological world is increasingly realising, this approach to renal transplantation is increasing the number of live-donor kidneys being offered for the many patients with end-stage renal failure. In this considerable series, the authors are strongly of the opinion that this is the best approach to live donor nephrectomy, and that their modifications are helpful in its use in developing nations. OBJECTIVE To describe modifications to laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy (LLDN) to make it more cost-effective for developing countries; LLDN was developed as a better alternative to conventional donor nephrectomy, with advantages of an earlier return to normal activities and smaller scars, but is not popular in developing countries because of high cost of disposable items. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2000 to January 2002, 148 LLDNs were performed, of which two used a hand-assisted technique, 17 the standard technique, 79 a modified laparoscopically assisted cost-saving approach and 50 by the modified technique. In the latter approach the kidney was delivered through a 6,8 cm anterior subcostal flank incision. In last 50 patients we further modified the technique, clipping the hilum using endoclips and delivering the kidney by holding the lateral pararenal fat through a 5 cm iliac fossa incision. RESULTS The mean age, operative duration, warm ischaemia time, blood loss, analgesic requirements, pain score and hospital stay were comparable among the various techniques used. Re-exploration was required in four patients (bleeding in two, trocar-induced bowel injury in two). Immediate complications after surgery occurred in 20% of patients. Using endoclips, the cost was considerably reduced, from $400 to $290. The iliac fossa incision was aesthetically pleasing and more acceptable to patients. CONCLUSION These modifications are relevant in the context of a developing nation, as they provide all the benefits of LLDN at reduced cost and with better cosmetic results. [source]

Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005
CAROLYN J. LUNDQUIST
áreas marinas protegidas; planificación de conservación; reservas marinas Abstract:,As the process of marine-protected-area design and implementation evolves, the incorporation of new tools will advance our ability to create and maintain effective protected areas. We reviewed characteristics and approaches that contribute to successful global marine conservation efforts. One successful characteristic emphasized in most case studies is the importance of incorporating stakeholders at all phases of the process. Clearly defined goals and objectives at all stages of the design process are important for improved communication and standardized expectations of stakeholder groups. The inclusion of available science to guide the size and design of marine protected areas and to guide clear monitoring strategies that assess success at scientific, social, and economic levels is also an important tool in the process. Common shortcomings in marine conservation planning strategies include government instability and resultant limitations to monitoring and enforcement, particularly in developing nations. Transferring knowledge to local community members has also presented challenges in areas where in situ training, local capacity, and existing infrastructure are sparse. Inaccessible, unavailable, or outdated science is often a limitation to conservation projects in developed and developing nations. To develop and maintain successful marine protected areas, it is necessary to acknowledge that each case is unique, to apply tools and lessons learned from other marine protected areas, and to maintain flexibility to adjust to the individual circumstances of the case at hand. Resumen:,A medida que evoluciona el proceso de diseño e implementación de áreas marinas protegidas, la incorporación de nuevas herramientas mejorará nuestra habilidad para crear y mantener áreas protegidas efectivas. Revisamos las características y enfoques que contribuyen a los esfuerzos exitosos de conservación marina global. La importancia de incorporar a los actores en todas las fases del proceso es una característica exitosa enfatizada en la mayoría de los estudios de caso. Es importante que haya metas y objetivos claramente definidos para todas las etapas del proceso de diseño para mejorar la comunicación y estandarizar las expectativas de los grupos interesados. La inclusión de la ciencia disponible para guiar el tamaño y diseño de áreas marinas protegidas y para guiar las estrategias de monitoreo que evalúa el éxito a nivel científico, social y económico también son herramientas importantes en el proceso. Defectos comunes en las estrategias de planificación de conservación marina incluyen la inestabilidad gubernamental y las resultantes limitaciones para el monitoreo y vigilancia, particularmente en países en desarrollo. La transferencia de conocimiento a miembros de la comunidad local también ha enfrentado retos en áreas donde el entrenamiento in situ, la aptitud local y la infraestructura existente son escasos. La ciencia inaccesible, no disponible u obsoleta a menudo es una limitación para los proyectos de conservación en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Para desarrollar y mantener áreas marinas protegidas exitosas, es necesario reconocer que cada caso es único, aplicar herramientas y lecciones aprendidas en otras áreas marinas protegidas y mantener la flexibilidad para ajustarse a las circunstancias individuales de cada caso. [source]

Preventing Type 2 diabetes and the dysmetabolic syndrome in the real world: a realistic view

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2003
P. Zimmet
The last two decades have seen an explosive increase in the number of people with diabetes globally. There is now an urgent need for strategies to prevent the emerging global epidemic. Several recent successful intervention studies, both lifestyle and pharmacological, targeting subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have stimulated enthusiasm for prevention of Type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions reduced the incidence of diabetes by over 50% in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and the Diabetes Prevention Program. Can the findings of these two studies be applied globally? Underpinning the enthusiasm, there needs to be a realistic approach to interventions in both developed and developing nations, and in ethnic groups where a better understanding of the socio-economic, cultural and demographic issues and perceptions surrounding chronic diseases such as diabetes is required. Whether the strategies used in these two studies can be translated into a ,real world' scenario is doubtful. In practice, it is more than likely that a number of strategies will be needed to compliment the lifestyle approach. These will include pharmacological approaches with metformin, acarbose and other agents used to treat diabetes and its complications, currently under investigation. Longer-term follow-up studies will also clarify whether both lifestyle and pharmacological interventions actually prevent Type 2 diabetes, or merely delay its onset. [source]

Environmental Guidelines for Power Plants in India and Other Nations

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2001
Subrato Sinha
The emissions guidelines for power plants in India are comparable to those of many other developed and developing nations, and in some cases are more stringent. But India's environmental impact assessment and enforcement practices need to be improved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source]

Report from the Rockefellar Foundation Sponsored International Workshop on reducing mortality and improving quality of life in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease: July 9,16, 2003, Bellagio, Italy

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2005
Peter Mauch
Abstract:, A workshop, sponsored by the Rockefellar Foundation, was held between 9 to 16 July, 2003 to devise strategies to reduce mortality and improve quality of life of long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease. Participants were selected for their clinical and research background on late effects after Hodgkin's disease therapy. Experts from both developed and developing nations were represented in the workshop, and efforts were made to ensure that the proposed strategies would be globally applicable whenever possible. The types of late complications, magnitude of the problem, contributing risk factors, methodology to assess the risk, and challenges faced by developing countries were presented. The main areas of late effects of Hodgkin's disease discussed were as follows: second malignancy, cardiac disease, infection, pulmonary dysfunction, endocrine abnormalities, and quality of life. This report summarizes the findings of the workshop, recommendations, and proposed research priorities in each of the above areas. [source]

State Policies, Enterprise Dynamism, and Innovation System in Shanghai, China

GROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2007
WEIPING WU
ABSTRACT Today rapidly growing economies depend more on the creation, acquisition, distribution, and use of knowledge. As such, strategies for enhancing research and innovation capabilities have come to occupy a more important position in many developing nations, including China. Already the leading production center, and often seen as China's economic locomotive, Shanghai is striving aggressively to retain its national preeminence and has launched concerted efforts to increase local innovative output. The primary purpose of this paper is to understand how state-led efforts have fared in promoting technology innovation. By situating the city in the national and global context, the paper shows that Shanghai has gained a substantial lead in developing an innovation environment with extensive global linkages and leading research institutions. Recent efforts in building up the research and innovation capacity of the enterprise sector have begun to show progress. Although firms are enthusiastic about its future as an innovation center, Shanghai continues to face challenges of inadequate protection of intellectual property, lack of venture capital investment, and the tightening supply of highly qualified knowledge workers. [source]

Hydrology as a policy-relevant science

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 16 2004
Kuniyoshi Takeuchi
Abstract Water is now a global political agenda and water science is part of it. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, the 3rd World Water Forum and Ministerial Conference in Kyoto in 2003 and the G8 Summit in Evian in 2003 were all concerned about urgent global water issues and call for international scientific research collaboration. Hydrology is responding to such political commitments with various scientific initiatives that include the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB), the Global Energy and Water Circulation Experiments (GEWEX) Coordinated Enhanced Observation Period (CEOP), and the Global Water Systems Project (GWSP). These initiatives will play key roles in the implementation of the new intergovernmental project, Global Earth Observing System of Systems, under preparation by Global Observation Summits from 2003 to 2005. In order to achieve the MDGs, hydrological science has to play a major role supporting policy makers by overcoming methodological obstacles and providing the necessary information. This paper emphasizes that: the availability of ground measurements is a limiting factor that prevents the full use of scientific knowledge; hydrology has to integrate and downscale the various global information into local-scale information useful for river basin management; as the availability of professional personnel is in critical short supply, in addition to funds needed, to achieve the MDGs any scientific research should always accompany capacity-building programmes to close the science divide between developed and developing nations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Barriers to girls' education in Mozambique at household and community levels: an exploratory study

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 4 2009
Jini L. Roby
Although education of children is universally accepted as a leading mechanism of poverty eradication and social development, many developing nations continue to struggle in achieving gender parity in primary and secondary education. While Mozambique has recently accelerated its efforts to reduce this gap, girls are still enrolled and attending school at a much lower rate than boys. The present study explored the barriers to children's , especially girls' , education in central Mozambique, based on information on 738 children in two separate communities. Household, child, environmental, and social/cultural factors are examined in the context of global and regional data. The study found girls to be impacted more negatively by every correlating factor, including the lingering practice, in rural areas, of early marriage. Policy and research implications are discussed. [source]

Putting a Human Face on Development

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 166 2000
Rubens Ricupero
The century is ending with failure to solve two major threats to the future: mass unemployment and growing inequality. Furthermore, in the poor parts of the world, the very possibility of sustainable development has been questioned by the economic crisis that started in Asia two years ago. This monetary and financial crisis truly deserved to be called a "crisis of development", for three main reasons. First, it hit almost exclusively most of the developing countries, at the same time sparing and even benefitingthe industrial economies. Second, paradoxically, it was much more destructive in the most advanced of the developing nations. Third, it has created uncertainties and questions regarding the possibility of regaining the previous levels of economic performance that characterised "the Asian tigers". Competition is very analogous to games. Both need fair rules and impartial arbiters. Governments and trade negotiators think that these are sufficient, forgetting a third and fundamental element. To play a game, you have to learn how to play it; through education and time to train. A key to success will be access to information. [source]

Islam and Human Rights: A Case of Deceptive First Appearances

JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 2 2002
Daniel Price
It is a common belief that Islamic-based government, when serving as an ideological foundation for government, facilitates the poor protection of human rights. However, most studies of the relationship between Islam and individual rights have been at the theoretical and anecdotal levels. In this article, I test the relationship between Islam and human rights across a sample of 23 predominately Muslim countries and a control group of non-Muslim developing nations, while controlling for other factors that have been shown to affect human rights practices. I found that the influence of Islamic political culture on government has a statistically insignificant relationship with the protection of human rights. [source]

Factors affecting the next generation of women leaders: Mapping the challenges, antecedents, and consequences of effective leadership

JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES, Issue 2 2009
Rene P. McEldowney
This article introduces a conceptual model for understanding how young women perceive the current challenges of leadership. Numerous studies and articles claim that women are better educated, more experienced, and better suited for leadership positions than ever before. This news is encouraging, but the number of women in leadership roles in American politics gained less than one percentage point this year, hovering around 22%, while in the private sector many organizations have yet to place a single woman on their board. The proportion of women on corporate boards is 16%, with no evidence that this is likely to grow in the near future. What is even more discouraging is that these low numbers are not significantly higher than those in many developing nations. It is evident that women are underrepresented in top leadership positions and must intensely challenge the status quo. This article presents results of a study based on in-depth interviews with college women who are seeking paths to leadership. The researchers employ qualitative analytical research tools to explore the complexities of the phenomena. The findings bring a greater understanding of the antecedents and consequences that lie beneath the challenges affecting the next generation of women leaders. [source]

The Impact of Central Bank Independence on Political Monetary Cycles in Advanced and Developing Nations

Advancement of renewables in Bangladesh and Thailand: Policy intervention and institutional settings

NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM, Issue 3 2006
Sk Noim Uddin
Abstract This article reviews and analyses the advancement of renewable sources of energy in Bangladesh and Thailand in terms of policy intervention and institutional settings. Since renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gas compared with fossil fuels, their use should mitigate climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services. The article turns first to a review of energy,environment trends and the potential for renewables in these two nations. It then discusses strategies for the advancement of renewables. It is argued that further significant efforts can be made towards the advancement of renewables in Bangladesh and Thailand. These two nations could also learn from the experience in industrialized nations and other developing nations with regard to requisite policy instruments and processes. A number of barriers remain to the advancement of renewables, especially in terms of policy arrangements, institutional settings, financing mechanisms and technologies. Resources, cooperation and learning are required in order to overcome such barriers and to foster the development of necessary policy measures. Implementation of the clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, and replication and adaptation of effective strategies from other settings are possible avenues for this. [source]

Severe upper airway obstruction in the tropics requiring intensive care

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2001
Pwk Chan
Background: The clinical profile of severe upper airway obstruction, a challenging acute pediatric emergency, has not been extensively documented in the developing nations of the tropics. Methods: The diagnostic categories, severity of illness and outcome from 63 episodes of severe upper airway obstruction in 56 children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit between January 1994 and December 1999 were reviewed. Outcome variables studied included requirement for ventilation, mortality and complications. Severity of illness was determined with the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) II score. Results: Viral croup (29%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by mediastinal malignancy (13%), bacterial tracheitis (11%) and Pierre Robin syndrome (11%). There were no admissions for acute epiglottitis. Thirty episodes (48%) required ventilation for a median duration of 4.0 days. Bacterial tracheitis (100%) and subglottic stenosis (100%) were the most likely diagnoses requiring ventilation. Difficulty in intubation was encountered in 13 episodes (43%) involving, in particular, patients with bacterial tracheitis (83%; P=0.006). Only two patients required a tracheostomy. The overall mortality was 11%. The PRISM score for all categories was generally low (mean 10.3~1.0; median 9.0). Non-survivors had a significantly higher PRISM II score than survivors (27.4~9.7 vs 8.1~4.9, respectively; P=0.002) and were more likely to include children with bacterial tracheitis and mediastinal malignancy. Conclusions: There is marked heterogeneity in the causes of upper airway obstruction in the tropics with viral croup remaining the most common. A significant proportion required ventilation, but outcome is generally favorable, except in those with bacterial tracheitis and mediastinal malignancy. [source]

Mutual empowerment in the treatment of torture and other war trauma survivors: a personal reflection

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2005
John R. van Eenwyk Clinical Director
Abstract Practitioners from developed countries who travel to developing nations to teach theories and methods of treatment would do well to consider that the most important aspects of their work have to do more with the relationships they form than with the information they dispense. We all have much to learn from each other. Mutual empowerment benefits all. Consequently, as much effort should be made to arrange time for relationship as for formal instruction. The expectations of those teaching and those taught, however, will have to be acknowledged for true mutual empowerment to take place. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source]

Product Patent, the Problem of Availability of Patented Drugs and Parallel Trade: A Theoretical Approach

Influence of the cross,cultural environment on the perception of aging and adult development in the developing world: A study of Bahrain, Brazil and Indonesia

ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
Frank Eyetsemitan
The present study examined the perceived characteristics associated with the different stages of adulthood in developing societies. Respondents from three societies, Bahrain, Brazil and Indonesia, identified those characteristics that are typical of the early, middle and late adulthood stages in their respective societies. Although developing nations, these societies differed in their levels of modernization or on the UN human development index score and respondents identified characteristics that were both common and different. On the whole, the characteristics identified reflected the influence of a cross,cultural environment (which included the global, developed and developing dimensions) on the perception of aging and adult development in developing societies. [source]

Agricultural economists and world poverty: progress and prospects

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2001
Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen
New development paradigms come and go, seemingly with increasing rapidity, yet poverty remains the scourge of the developing nations. As we enter the new millennium, we fear that still more development fads and fancies will emerge, to be taken up and then dropped by the development community. These swings in fashion bring with them the danger that the ,basics' of effective development strategies for poverty reduction will be neglected. In this article, we advance some personal and perhaps controversial views about the virtues of getting agriculture moving as a means of reducing poverty, and about the role that agricultural economists can and should play in that endeavour. [source]