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Detail
Kinds of Detail Selected AbstractsThe Devil in the Detail of Biodiversity ConservationCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Thomas O. McShane No abstract is available for this article. [source] Complex grouting tasks at home and abroad as seen by the contractor.GEOMECHANICS AND TUNNELLING, Issue 5 2009Komplexe Injektionsaufgaben im In- und Ausland aus der Sicht des Ausführenden Grouting; Site report; Injektionen; Baubericht Abstract "The devil is in the detail" , this is particularly true for the implementation of complex grouting work. The term grouting includes a number of sophisticated processes including waterproofing, stabilisation, pressure tunnel, compensation, inclined shaft, vacuum, consolidation, sealing curtain, alluvial and rock grouting. The formulation of injection criteria, as part of the design as well as for construction, varies as much as the descriptions of these techniques. Some criteria are explained through examples from the point of view of the contractor. "Die Tücke liegt im Detail" , ganz besonders gilt dies für die Durchführung komplexer Injektionsaufgaben. Unter dem Begriff Injektion verbergen sich zahlreiche anspruchsvolle Bauverfahren, unter anderen Abdicht-, Verfestigungs-, Druckstollen-, Hebungs-, Schrägschacht-, Vakuum-, Consolidation-, Dichtschleier-, Alluvial-, und Felsinjektionen. So verschieden wie die Bezeichnungen sind die Anforderungen an die Formulierung von Injektionskriterien, sowohl in der Planung als auch in der Ausführung. Anhand von Beispielen werden einige Kriterien aus ausführungstechnischer Sicht erläutert. [source] Reoperative Grafting of the LAD System Using the LAST Approach: Technical DetailJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 6 2000Marco Ricci M.D., Ph.D. In such cases, however, the left upper lobe of the lung and the lingula may exert unwanted traction on the newly constructed coronary graft. Herein, we describe a detail of technique that eliminates this inconvenience. [source] ,Consumer' versus ,Customer': The Devil in the DetailJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010Pinar Akman According to the European Commission, the objective of EU competition rules is enhancing ,consumer welfare'. In EU competition law, however, ,consumer' means ,customer' and encompasses intermediate customers as well as final consumers. Under Article 102TFEU, harming intermediate ,customers' is generally presumed to harm ,consumers' and where intermediate customers are not competitors of the dominant undertaking, there is no requisite to assess the effects of conduct on users further downstream. Using advances in economics of vertical restraints and, in particular, non-linear pricing, this article shows that there are instances where the effect on ,customer welfare' does not coincide with the effect on ,consumer welfare' and the presumption can potentially lead to decisional errors. Thus, if the law is to serve the interests of ,consumers', the Commission should reconsider this presumption and its interpretation of the ,consumer' in ,consumer welfare'; otherwise, it remains questionable whose interests EU competition law serves. [source] Titelbild: Quelle: Detail of circuit board © Corbis Digital Stock (Chem. Ing.CHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 6 2008Tech. 6/2008) No abstract is available for this article. [source] Der Teufel steckt im DetailCHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 5 2005M. Zimmermann Dipl.-Ing. No abstract is available for this article. [source] An Eye for Detail: An Event-Related Potential Study of the Rapid Processing of Fearful Facial Expressions in ChildrenCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2010Petra H. J. M. Vlamings There is converging evidence for the presence of a fast subcortical face-processing route that operates on global face characteristics in the mature brain. Until now, little has been known about the development of such a route, which is surprising given suggestions that this fast subcortical face-processing route might be affected in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. To address this, early visual event-related potentials to pictures of fearful and neutral faces containing detailed or global information in 3- to 4-year-old (n = 20), 5- to 6-year-old (n = 25), and 7- to 8-year-old (n = 25) children were compared. In children, emotional processing was driven by detailed information. Developmental effects are discussed in terms of maturation of the fast subcortical face-processing route as well as an increase in experience with facial expressions with age. [source] Metric spaces in NMR crystallographyCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 4 2009David M. Grant Abstract The anisotropic character of the chemical shift can be measured by experiments that provide shift tensor values and comparing these experimental components, obtained from microcrystalline powders, with 3D nuclear shielding tensor components, calculated with quantum chemistry, yields structural models of the analyzed molecules. The use of a metric tensor for evaluating the mean squared deviations, d2, between two or more tensors provides a statistical way to verify the molecular structure governing the theoretical shielding components. The sensitivity of the method is comparable with diffraction methods for the heavier organic atoms (i.e., C, O, N, etc.) but considerably better for the positions of H atoms. Thus, the method is especially powerful for H-bond structure, the position of water molecules in biomolecular species, and other proton important structural features, etc. Unfortunately, the traditional Cartesian tensor components appear as reducible metric representations and lack the orthogonality of irreducible icosahedral and irreducible spherical tensors, both of which are also easy to normalize. Metrics give weighting factors that carry important statistical significance in a structure determination. Details of the mathematical analysis are presented and examples given to illustrate the reason nuclear magnetic resonance are rapidly assuming an important synergistic relationship with diffraction methods (X-ray, neutron scattering, and high energy synchrotron irradiation). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 217,237, 2009. [source] Outcome measures used in forensic mental health research: a structured reviewCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2009Jemma C. Chambers Background,The evidence base for forensic mental health (FMH) services has been developing since the late 1990s. Are outcome measures sound enough for the evaluation tasks? Aims,To identify, from published literature, outcome measures used in FMH research and, where feasible, assess their quality. Method,A structured review was undertaken of trials and intervention studies published between 1990 and 2006. Details of outcome variables and measures were abstracted. Evidence regarding most frequently occurring outcome measures was assessed. Results,Four hundred and fifty different instruments were used to assess outcomes, incorporating 1038 distinct variables. Very little evidence could be found to support the measurement properties of commonly used instruments. Conclusions and implications for practice,There is little consistency in the use of outcome measure in FMH research. Effort is required to reach consensus on validated outcome measures in this field in order to better inform practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Thermocapillary-buoyancy flow of silicon melt in a shallow annular poolCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2004Y. R. Li Abstract In order to understand the nature of surface spoke patterns on silicon melt in industrial Czochralski furnaces, a series of unsteady three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted for thermocapillary-buoyancy flow of silicon melt in annular pool (inner radius ri = 15 mm, outer radius ro = 50 mm, depth d = 3 mm). The pool is heated from the outer cylindrical wall and cooled at the inner wall. Bottom and top surfaces either are adiabatic or allow heat transfer in the vertical direction. Results show that a small temperature difference in the radial direction generates steady roll-cell thermocapillary-buoyancy flow. With large temperature difference, the simulation can predict three-dimensional oscillatory flow, which is characterized by spoke patterns traveling in the azimuthal direction. The small vertical heat flux (3 W/cm2) does not have significant effects on the characteristics of this oscillatory flow. Details of the flow and temperature disturbances are discussed and the critical conditions for the onset of the oscillatory flow are determined. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] DEFINING DYSKARYOSIS , THE BSCC CLASSIFICATION IN 2006CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006K. Denton The terminology used for reporting cervical samples in the UK is the BSCC classification, which has evolved over many years. In 2002 the BSCC held a consensus conference to review the BSCC classification, with the intention of providing clearer results for women, improving concordance with other terminologies and facilitating consistency with new scientific developments and technologies. The consensus conference was well attended and robust. In the intervening years there have also been other further advances on morphometry, data on outcomes, data from EQA and other sources. Liquid Based cytology (LBC) has been implemented by the NHS CSP. All of these developments have impacted on the proposed classification, which will be presented in full. The term ,dyskaryosis' will be retained and several of the current reporting categories will be relatively unchanged, though additional information on LBC will be provided. The major proposed changes are: (1) A move to a single category of ,High Grade Dyskaryosis' to replace the existing categories of moderate and severe dyskaryosis. (2) Sub-division of Borderline change into three categories. Borderline change in glandular cells Borderline change ?high grade Borderline change, NOS (3) The current grades of Mild Dyskaryosis and Borderline change with Koilocytosis to be merged. Details of these proposals, together with illustrations and the evidence base for change will be presented. [source] Post-Conditionality Politics and Administrative Reform: Reflections on the Cases of Uganda and TanzaniaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2001Graham Harrison This article contributes to the discussion of the nature of external intervention in the reform processes of indebted states. Looking at administrative reform in Uganda and Tanzania, it is argued that external involvement in sub-Saharan Africa is becoming increasingly differentiated. For some states , including the two cases dealt with here , a key set of continuities and changes allows us to conceptualize a regime of post-conditionality. Post-conditionality regimes exist where extreme external dependence and economic growth produce a set of political dynamics in which external,national distinctions become less useful, in which there emerge a set of unequal mutual dependencies, and in which donor/creditor involvement in reform becomes qualitatively more intimate, pervading the form and processes of the state. Details of this dispensation are provided in an analysis of key ministries and key interventions by donors/creditors. The article finishes by considering the contradictions of the post-conditionality regime, and its prospects. [source] Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children , an emerging problemDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 12 2000S. Ehtisham SUMMARY Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus has never previously been described in UK children, although an increasing incidence in childhood is recognized in international studies. The prevalence of obesity in UK children is increasing and is a recognized risk factor for the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize children with Type 2 diabetes in the West Midlands and Leicester. Methods Children were identified by contacting paediatricians responsible for diabetes in five hospitals. Details were collected on demographics, mode of presentation, investigations and treatment on a standard proforma. Results Eight girls were identified with Type 2 diabetes, aged 9,16 years and who were of Pakistani, Indian or Arabic origin. They were all overweight (percentage weight for height 141,209%) and had a family history of diabetes in at least two generations. They presented insidiously with hyperglycaemia and glycosuria without ketosis and five were asymptomatic. Islet cell antibodies measured in seven patients were negative. Four had acanthosis nigricans which is a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance and the other four had high plasma levels of insulin and/or C peptide. These patients are distinct from those with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). All were initially managed with dietary measures, seven have been treated with oral anti-diabetic agents of whom two have subsequently required insulin. Conclusions These are the first UK case reports of Type 2 diabetes in children. Paediatricians need to be aware of the risk of Type 2 diabetes developing in childhood in high-risk ethnic groups, particularly in association with obesity and a positive family history. [source] Seismic performance of a 3D full-scale high-ductility steel,concrete composite moment-resisting structure,Part I: Design and testing procedureEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 14 2008A. Braconi Abstract A multi-level pseudo-dynamic (PSD) seismic test programme was performed on a full-scale three-bay two-storey steel,concrete composite moment-resisting frame built with partially encased composite columns and partial-strength connections. The system was designed to provide strength and ductility for earthquake resistance with energy dissipation located in ductile components of beam-to-column joints including flexural yielding of beam end-plates and shear yielding of the column web panel zone. In addition, the response of the frame depending on the column base yielding was analysed. Firstly, the design of the test structure is presented in the paper, with particular emphasis on the ductile detailing of beam-to-column joints. Details of the construction of the test structure and the test set-up are also given. The paper then provides a description of the non-linear static and dynamic analytical studies that were carried out to preliminary assess the seismic performance of the test structure and establish a comprehensive multi-level PSD seismic test programme. The resulting test protocol included the application of a spectrum-compatible earthquake ground motion scaled to four different peak ground acceleration levels to reproduce an elastic response as well as serviceability, ultimate, and collapse limit state conditions, respectively. Severe damage to the building was finally induced by a cyclic test with stepwise increasing displacement amplitudes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dynamic centrifuge tests of concrete damEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2005Y. Uchita Abstract Dynamic tests of a concrete gravity dam are, for the first time, performed inside a centrifuge. Details of the experimental procedure, data interpretation, and results are presented. It is shown (in conjunction with a parallel paper) that these tests cannot only provide a direct assessment of certain aspects of dam safety, but more importantly provide a data base for possible non-linear finite element code validation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Generation of synthetic sequences of half-hourly temperatureENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 8 2008L. Magnano Abstract We present tools to generate synthetic sequences of half-hourly temperatures with similar statistical characteristics to observed historical data. Temperatures are generated using a combination of daily and half-hourly temperature models which account for intra-day and intra-year seasonality, as well as short-and long-term serial correlations. Details of the model estimation are given as well as a description of the synthetic generation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Equine dental disease Part 3: a long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of wear, traumatic damage and idiopathic fractures, tumours and miscellaneous disorders of the cheek teethEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2000P. M. Dixon Summary Of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders, 349 cases were diagnosed as suffering from primary disorders of their cheek teeth. Details of 104 of these cases are presented, including 44 cases with abnormalities of wear, 26 cases with traumatic damage, 24 cases with idiopathic fractures and 10 cases with miscellaneous cheek teeth disorders including oral tumours. The long-term response to treatment was excellent in most cases, even in cases with residual secondary periodontal disease. [source] The admission of students to UK Dental Schools , Recent trends (1983,1998)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2000R. Duguid Details of student applications and admissions to UK Dental Schools from 1983 to 1998 have been recorded and analyzed. Trends observed include a rise in the proportion of female dental students, a drop in real numbers of male dental students, a recent drop in the proportion of mature students and an increase in the number of EU and overseas entrant dental students. Some implications of these and other factors on workforce planning in the UK are discussed. [source] Strategies for Improving Tensile Ductility of Bulk Nanostructured Materials,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2010Yonghao Zhao Abstract The low ductility that is consistently associated with bulk nanostructured (NS) materials has been identified as perhaps the single most critical issue that must be resolved before this novel class of materials can be used in a wide variety of applications. Not surprisingly, a number of published studies, published mostly after 2000, identify the issue of low ductility and describe strategies to improve ductility. Details of these strategies were discussed in review papers published by Koch and Ma in 2005 and 2006, respectively.15,16 In view of continued efforts and recent results, in this paper we describe progress in attempting to address the low ductility of NS materials, after 2006. We first analyze the fundamental reasons for the observed low ductility of bulk NS materials, and summarize early (prior to 2006) attempts to enhance the ductility of bulk NS materials, which often sacrificed the strength. Then, we review recent progress in developing strategies for improving the tensile ductility of bulk NS materials, which involve mainly microstructure modifications, after 2006. Different from early efforts, these new strategies strive to increase the tensile ductility while increasing/maintaining the strength simultaneously. In addition, the influence of tensile testing conditions, including temperature, strain rate, tensile specimen size and geometry, and strain measurement methods, on tensile ductility of NS materials will also be reviewed. Finally, we identify several issues that will require further, in depth analysis in the future. [source] Design and implementation of a new neural network-based high speed distance relayEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 4 2008M. Sanaye-Pasand Abstract This paper presents a new neural network-based transmission line distance protection module. The proposed module uses samples of voltage and current signals to learn the hidden relationship existing in the input patterns. Using a power system model, simulation studies are preformed and influence of changing system parameters such as fault resistance and power flow direction is studied. The proposed neural network has also been implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) board and its behavior is investigated using suitable developed hardware. Details of the implementation and experimental studies are given in the paper. Performance studies results show that the proposed algorithm is able to distinguish various transmission line faults rapidly and correctly. It shows that the proposed network is fast, reliable, and accurate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Geography's Emerging Cross-Disciplinary Links: Process, Causes, Outcomes and ChallengesGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002J.H. Holmes In Australian universities the discipline of Geography has been the pace-setter in forging cross-disciplinary links to create multidisciplinary departments and schools, well ahead of other disciplines in humanities, social sciences and sciences, and also to a greater extent than in comparable overseas university systems. Details on all cross-disciplinary links and on immediate outcomes have been obtained by surveys of all heads of departments/schools with undergraduate Geography programs. These programs have traced their own distinctive trajectories, with ramifying links to cognate fields of enquiry, achieved through mergers, transfers, internal initiatives and, more recently, faculty-wide restructuring to create supradisciplinary schools. Geography's ,exceptionalism' has proved short-lived. Disciplinary flux is now extending more widely within Australian universities, driven by a variety of internal and external forces, including: intellectual questioning and new ways of constituting knowledge; technological change and the information revolution; the growth of instrumentalism and credentialism, and managerialism and entre-preneurial imperatives; reinforced by a powerful budgetary squeeze. Geographers are proving highly adaptive in pursuit of cross-disciplinary connections, offering analytical tools and selected disciplinary insights useful to non-geographers. However, this may be at cost to undergraduate programs focussing on Geography's intellectual core. Whereas formerly Geography had high reproductive capacity but low instrumental value it may now be in a phase of enhanced utility but perilously low reproductive capacity. [source] Unzeitgemässe Konjunktionen: Saturn und Psychologie in Eduard Mörikes Novelle Mozart Auf der Reise Nach PragGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2000Stefan Busch In Mörikes Novelle ist Mozart ein Kind Saturns, jenes Gestirns, das gema¨ß astrologischer und humoralpathologischer Lehre Melancholie bewirkt und dem alle herausragenden schöpferischen Charaktere unterstehen, weil nach antiker Über-lieferung alle genialen Menschen Melancholiker sind. Der Text ist nicht nur, wie die Forschung bis vor wenigen Jahren annahm, von einer aus Todesnähe undbewußtsein erwachsenden Trauer grundiert, sondern von einem dichten, kunstvoll geknüpften Netz saturnisch-melancholischer Motivik durchzogen. Das Wissen um diese Überlieferung war jedoch um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verloren gegangen, ein darauf aufbauendes Kunstwerk hätte als obsolet gelten müssen. Der folgende Beitrag analysiert, wie es Mörike mittels eines Verfahrens des ,disguised symbolism' (Erwin Panofsky) gelang, die saturnische Bildlichkeit zu verwenden und dennoch dem Vorwurf der Unzeitgemäßheit zu entgehen. Wie sich dabei zeigt, ist es nur scheinbar paradox, daß die einer vergessenen Semantik entstammenden und deshalb ins Disparate entlassenen Signifikanten zu illusion-sstiftenden Details in einem ästhetisch zeitgemäßen Text wurden. Die jahrhunder-tealten Attribute Saturns erscheinen nicht als Ausstellungsstücke in einer ,Art Rumpelkammer sinnfälliger Symbole' (Georg Luka´cs): Mozarts Spazierstock, sein verunglückter Kauf von Gartengeräten, Anflüge von Geiz, Träume von materiellem Wohlstand und ländlichem Obstanbau sind Saturnalien, die nichts Sinnbildliches mehr an sich haben, sondern durch ihre Integration in den Gang der Erzählung das Genie für den Leser sinnenfällig werden lassen. [source] Applicability and safety of recombinant activated factor VII to control non-haemophilic haemorrhage: investigational experience in 265 childrenHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 4 2008M. HERBERTSON Summary., Experience of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven®; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) to control haemorrhage in non-haemophilic children is limited. The object of this study was to examine the applicability and safety of rFVIIa amongst a group of non-haemophilic paediatric subjects. Details of all non-haemophilic children ,16 years receiving rFVIIa whose data were recorded in the investigational, internet-based registry, haemostasis.com were analysed. A total of 265 children (mean age 7.7 years) were treated with rFVIIa; the median dose administered was 78.4 ,g kg,1 body weight (range 9.0,393.4) and the median total dose received 100.0 ,g kg,1 body weight (range 10.9,1341.2). Therapeutic areas included surgery (34.5%), coagulopathy (including thrombocytopenia; 29.0%), spontaneous bleeding (17.2%), trauma (8.4%) and intracranial haemorrhage (4.5%). Two patients experienced thromboembolic events following administration of rFVIIa. Thirty-nine patients died on account of haemorrhage or complications relating to their underlying condition; neither the thromboembolic events nor the deaths were related to rFVIIa administration. Bleeding stopped in 118/237 (49.8%), markedly decreased in 54/237 (22.8%), decreased in 51/237 (21.5%), remained unchanged in 13/237 (5.5%) and increased in 1/237 (0.4%) patients. These results suggest that rFVIIa is safe and widely applicable in children to control non-haemophilic haemorrhage. [source] Involving consumers successfully in NHS research: a national surveyHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 4 2007Rosemary Barber BA MSc MAppSci Abstract Objectives, To investigate how far and in what way consumers are involved in NHS research. Background, There is guidance from the UK Department of Health on involving consumers in research, but it is not known how these policies have been implemented. Design, A national postal survey was conducted of 884 researchers selected randomly from the National Research Register, 16 researchers registered on the INVOLVE database and 15 consumers nominated by researchers who collaborated in the same research projects. Setting, The survey participants were drawn from diverse settings including NHS organizations and universities. Participants, Researchers and consumers collaborating in the same projects. Main outcome measures, Details of how consumers were involved and the number of projects that met previously developed consensus-derived indicators of successful consumer involvement in NHS research. Results, Of the 900 researchers who were sent a postal questionnaire, 518 responded, giving a response rate of 58%. Nine of the 15 consumers responded. Eighty-eight (17%) researchers reported involving consumers, mainly as members of a project steering group, designing research instruments and/or planning or designing the research methods. Most projects met between one and four indicators. Conclusions, This national survey revealed that only a small proportion of NHS researchers were actively involving consumers. This study provides a useful marker of how far the Department of Health's policy on consumer involvement in NHS research has been implemented and in what way. [source] Adaptive interaction in a 3D product structure browsing system for maintenance trainingHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 1 2008Wei Dong The traditional maintenance training method with a physical model of the product is costly and inconvenient. Computer-aided instruction (CAI) technology along with multimedia can provide much help in the training but provides limited interaction between the user and the system. In this article, a 3D model-based product structure browsing system for maintenance training, CAMT, is developed for complex products adopting desktop virtual reality technology. To improve training performance, the interaction between the trainee and the CAMT system is enhanced by adaptive change of the zoom level, mouse sensitivity, and rotation origin. Details about the implementation of adaptive interaction are discussed. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of this adaptive interaction. Seventy participants were arranged randomly into two groups assigned to perform product structure learning tasks using software with or without adaptive interaction functions. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the groups in task time, operation convenience, and learning satisfaction. Most participants preferred to use the system with adaptive interaction. It may be concluded that using adaptive interaction with maintenance training systems can significantly improve the usability of the systems and the efficiency of interactive learning. Although adaptive interaction has obvious advantages, our experiment also suggested that it is not a good idea to provide only the adaptive interaction mode. It is better to set adaptive interaction as the default mode but also to provide the possibility for a user to switch to a mode without adaptive interaction because a static view scope is also helpful to learn the 3D structure of a complex product. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Third international meeting on the genetic epidemiology of complex traits, April 4,6, 2002, Cambridge, UKHUMAN MUTATION, Issue 3 2002Sally John Abstract The Third International Meeting on the Genetic Epidemiology of Complex Traits was held at Churchill College, Cambridge, UK on April 4,6, 2002. The event was organized by the Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London and sponsored by Roche Genetics and Insightful. It provided an interactive forum for discussion of topical issues relating to the genetic analysis of complex diseases and traits. Topics discussed included linkage disequilibrium mapping and candidate gene analysis, as well as cutting edge advances in both technologies and statistical analysis methods. Details of the meeting can be found at http://www.twin-research.ac.uk/. Hum Mutat20:227,229, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An upscaling method and a numerical analysis of swelling/shrinking processes in a compacted bentonite/sand mixtureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 15 2004M. Xie Abstract This paper presents an upscaling concept of swelling/shrinking processes of a compacted bentonite/sand mixture, which also applies to swelling of porous media in general. A constitutive approach for highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture is developed accordingly. The concept is based on the diffuse double layer theory and connects microstructural properties of the bentonite as well as chemical properties of the pore fluid with swelling potential. Main factors influencing the swelling potential of bentonite, i.e. variation of water content, dry density, chemical composition of pore fluid, as well as the microstructures and the amount of swelling minerals are taken into account. According to the proposed model, porosity is divided into interparticle and interlayer porosity. Swelling is the potential of interlayer porosity increase, which reveals itself as volume change in the case of free expansion, or turns to be swelling pressure in the case of constrained swelling. The constitutive equations for swelling/shrinking are implemented in the software GeoSys/RockFlow as a new chemo-hydro-mechanical model, which is able to simulate isothermal multiphase flow in bentonite. Details of the mathematical and numerical multiphase flow formulations, as well as the code implementation are described. The proposed model is verified using experimental data of tests on a highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture. Comparison of the 1D modelling results with the experimental data evidences the capability of the proposed model to satisfactorily predict free swelling of the material under investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Numerical study of lid-driven flow in orthogonal and skewed porous cavityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2008D. Jaya Krishna Abstract Effects of Reynolds number, Darcy number, porosity, aspect ratio and skewness are studied in detail for lid-driven cavity flows filled with fluid-saturated porous medium. A generalized non-Darcy approach has been considered to account for linear and non-linear drag forces. The governing equations are solved by using finite volume method. A quadrilateral cell in a semi-staggered arrangement has been employed and is transformed into a standard square element using local body-fitting co-ordinates by co-ordinate transformation. Details of the flow physics reveal that by the reduction of Darcy number, the primary vortex becomes weaker and tends to move towards the lid. As a measure of volume flow rate maximum stream function value is considered. It is found that, with the reduction in Darcy number and with the increase in Reynolds number and skewness the maximum stream function value reduces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Non-uniform plastic deformation of micron scale objectsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2003Christian F. Niordson Abstract Significant increases in apparent flow strength are observed when non-uniform plastic deformation of metals occurs at the scale ranging from roughly one to ten microns. Several basic plane strain problems are analysed numerically in this paper based on a new formulation of strain gradient plasticity. The problems are the tangential and normal loading of a finite rectangular block of material bonded to rigid platens and having traction-free ends, and the normal loading of a half-space by a flat, rigid punch. The solutions illustrate fundamental features of plasticity at the micron scale that are not captured by conventional plasticity theory. These include the role of material length parameters in establishing the size dependence of strength and the elevation of resistance to plastic flow resulting from constraint on plastic flow at boundaries. Details of the finite element method employed in the numerical analysis of the higher order gradient theory will be discussed and related to prior formulations having some of the same features. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Simulating three-dimensional aeronautical flows on mixed block-structured/semi-structured/unstructured meshesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 3 2002J. A. Shaw Abstract The design requirements of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for modelling high Reynolds number flows over complete aircraft are reviewed. It is found that the specifications are unlikely to be met by an approach based on the sole use of either structured or unstructured grids. Instead, it is proposed that a hybrid combination of these grids is appropriate. Techniques for developing such meshes are given and the process of establishing the data structure defining the meshes described. Details of a flow algorithm which operates on a hybrid mesh are presented. A description is given of the suitability and generation of hybrid grids for a number of examples, and results from flow simulations shown. Finally, issues still to be addressed in the practical use of these meshes are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||