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Medical Sciences33%

Selected Abstracts

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for bladder cancer (Summary , JUA 2009 Edition)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 2 2010
The Committee for Establishment of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Bladder Cancer, the Japanese Urological Association
Abstract In Japan, until now, the treatment of bladder cancer has been based on guidelines from overseas. The problem with this practice is that the options recommended in overseas guidelines are not necessarily suitable for Japanese clinical practice. A relatively large number of clinical trials have been conducted in Japan in the field of bladder cancer, and the Japanese Urological Association (JUA) considered it appropriate to formulate their own guidelines. These Guidelines present an overview of bladder cancer at each clinical stage, followed by clinical questions that address problems frequently faced in everyday clinical practice. In this English translation of a shortened version of the original Guidelines, we have abridged each overview, summarized each clinical question and its answer, and only included the references we considered of particular importance. [source]

15 Phylogeny of the chlorophyta: inferences from 18S and 26S rDNA

JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2003
M. A. Buchheim
Recent studies of the Chlorophyceae using 18S and 26S rDNA data in meta-analysis have demonstrated the power of combining these two sets of rDNA data. Furthermore, the 26S rDNA data complement the more conserved 18S gene for many chlorophycean lineages. Consequently, this data approach was pursued in an expanded taxon-sampling scheme for the Chlorophyta, with special reference to the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. Results of these new phylogenetic analyses identify Microspora sp. (UTEX LB 472) and Radiofilum transversale (UTEX LB 1252) as sister taxa which, in turn, form a basal clade in the Cylindrocapsa alliance (Treubaria, Trochiscia, Elakatothrix). The relative position of the "Cylindrocapsa" clade within the Chlorophyceae remains uncertain. The enhanced taxon-sampling has not resolved the relative positions of the Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales or Chaetopeltidales. Furthermore, the Sphaeropleaceae are supported as members of the Sphaeropleales in only some analyses, raising concerns about the status of the order. Although based on a limited set of taxa (currently <10), a combined data approach reveals support for a monophyletic Trebouxiophyceae that includes the distinctive organisms, Geminella and Eremosphaera. The goal of a well-resolved phylogeny for the Chlorophyta remains just that, a goal. Achieving that goal obviously will require additional taxon sampling in the Prasinophyceae and Ulvophyceae, as well as, the Trebouxiophyceae. Moreover, it is clear that other genes (e.g., cp-atpB, cp-rbcL, cp-16S, mt-nad5) will be needed to help address problems of resolution based on the rDNA data alone. Supported by NSF DEB 9726588 and DEB 0129030. [source]

Changing Times, Changing Needs, Changing Programs

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 3 2005
Article first published online: 24 JUN 200
EDITOR's NOTE, The following reprint of the unsigned editorial for the April 1952 issue of Public Health Nursing describes the historical needs and the continuing development of school health nursing from the early to mid-20th century. Twenty-first century schools continue to deal with some of the same issues such as hunger, poor nutrition, and the adverse effects of overly burdensome work schedules on adolescent health and mental well-being. The goal, so optimistically anticipated by the editors of Public Health Nursing in 1952, of continuous, well-coordinated health supervision from birth to maturity continues to elude us. Of course, school nurses and other health personnel address problems not openly discussed in the 1950s,substance abuse, violence, sexually transmitted diseases, and teen pregnancy. The theme of this historical editorial is the power of advocacy,and the responsibility public health nurses have to use our talents to improve child health. [source]

Global optimization of mixed-integer nonlinear problems

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 9 2000
C. S. Adjiman
Two novel deterministic global optimization algorithms for nonconvex mixed-integer problems (MINLPs) are proposed, using the advances of the ,BB algorithm for nonconvex NLPs of Adjiman et al. The special structure mixed-integer ,BB algorithm (SMIN-,BB) addresses problems with nonconvexities in the continuous variables and linear and mixed-bilinear participation of the binary variables. The general structure mixed-integer ,BB algorithm (GMIN-,BB) is applicable to a very general class of problems for which the continuous relaxation is twice continuously differentiable. Both algorithms are developed using the concepts of branch-and-bound, but they differ in their approach to each of the required steps. The SMIN-,BB algorithm is based on the convex underestimation of the continuous functions, while the GMIN-,BB algorithm is centered around the convex relaxation of the entire problem. Both algorithms rely on optimization or interval-based variable-bound updates to enhance efficiency. A series of medium-size engineering applications demonstrates the performance of the algorithms. Finally, a comparison of the two algorithms on the same problems highlights the value of algorithms that can handle binary or integer variables without reformulation. [source]

Teaching software engineering by means of computer-game development: Challenges and opportunities

BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay
Software-engineering education programs are intended to prepare students for a field that involves rapidly changing conditions and expectations. Thus, there is always a danger that the skills and the knowledge provided may soon become obsolete. This paper describes results and draws on experiences from the implementation of a computer game-development course whose design addresses problems in software-engineering education by improving students' abilities in four areas: (1) problem solving; (2) the application of previously learned knowledge; (3) the use of independent learning; and (4) learning by doing. In order to better understand this course's effect on students' performance in a software-development project, I investigated 125 students' performance in a 1-year senior-project course. Results of this study show that the students who had taken the computer game-development course became more successful in the senior-project course than the students who had not taken it. [source]

Depression in Long-Term Care: Contrasting a Disease Model with Attention to Environmental Impact

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2005
Antonette M. Zeiss
The preceding review of depression in long-term care (LTC settings recognizes the prevalence of depression in LTC, addresses problems in assessment of depression, and examines empirical literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression. This commentary expands on the preceding review by focusing on a theoretical understanding of depression and how that understanding can inform treatment recommendations. The basic argument presented is that psychologists could best serve older adults in LTC settings by extending beyond traditional approaches to treatment of individuals who are depressed; psychologists can become good observers of the relationship of environmental factors in LTC to the internal emotional experience of depression, and then help to serve as change agents by collaborating in designing and implementing change in LTC environments. Such a radical shift could improve the quality of life for LTC residents. It also offers the possibility of defining theoretical linkages among external environmental variables, cognitive understanding of them, and emotional experience that could inform depression theory generally. [source]