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Delivery Strategies (delivery + strategy)
Selected AbstractsSpatiotemporal Delivery Strategies for Promoting Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration,,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Robert E Guldberg PhD Abstract A primary regenerative medicine strategy is to stimulate or augment endogenous repair mechanisms that promote functional restoration of damaged or degenerated tissues. There is increasing evidence that maximizing the potency of tissue regenerative therapies will require design and development of delivery approaches that provide controlled spatiotemporal release of key signaling molecules. Guidance on which factors to deliver and the timing of delivery is emerging from advances in understanding of critical pathways involved in the development of integrated musculoskeletal tissues. A broad range of biomaterials-based deployment technologies are becoming available that allow controlled spatial presentation and release kinetics of biological cues. The purpose of this perspective article is to review promising spatiotemporal delivery strategies designed to promote functional tissue regeneration with an emphasis on vascularized bone repair. [source] Local gene delivery to the vessel wallACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 1 2001R. C. Smith This review will provide an overview of delivery strategies that are being evaluated for vascular gene therapy. We will limit our discussion to those studies that have been demonstrated, utilizing in vivo model systems, to limit post-interventional restenosis. We also discuss the efficacy of the vectors and methods currently being used to transfer genetic material to the vessel wall. The efficiency of these techniques is a critical issue for the successful application of gene therapy. [source] Strategies for optimizing targeting and delivery of mucosal HIV vaccinesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 10 2009Jeffrey D. Ahlers Abstract Effective frontline defenses against HIV-1 will require targeting vaccines to mucosal tissue in order to induce ,, CD8+ lymphocytes in mucosal effector sites (lamina propria and intraepithelial compartment) as well as antibody secreting plasma cells that can neutralize and limit free virus. A concerted second wave of assault against the virus will require the activation and recruitment of antigen specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and distal secondary lymphoid organs. New delivery strategies targeting the "right" DC subsets in combination with delivery of mucosal adjuvants and innate signals for activating DC will be essential for mucosal vaccines in order to circumvent the naturally tolerogenic environment and the induction of Tregs. Mucosal delivery of antigen in combination with inflammatory signals has been shown to empower systemic immunization by directing responses to mucosal sites for imprinting optimum mucosal memory. Here, we discuss novel vaccine strategies and adjuvants for optimizing mucosal delivery of HIV vaccines. [source] Food allergic consumers' preferences for labelling practices: a qualitative study in a real shopping environmentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 1 2009Jantine Voordouw Abstract Food allergy is a chronic disease that can only be managed through avoidance of problematic proteins in the diet. Inappropriate communication about food allergens can cause stress and insecurity, which may have a negative impact on quality of life. The aim was to investigate whether information provided through current labelling practices meets the need of food allergic consumers. A total of 40 participants (20 adult food allergy suffers and 20 parents of food allergic children) were recruited from two different European countries (Greece and The Netherlands), and interviewed while shopping in a supermarket. Participants were asked to purchase 15 potentially problematic food items as if for their own household. Their information search behaviour was observed, and participants were questioned about their preferences for food allergen information provision. Participants reported experiencing problems associated with current food allergy information provision. It was reported that inappropriate use of fonts, colours and languages, application of precautionary labelling and lack of harmonization in labelling practices across countries can cause (un)necessary dietary restrictions for food allergic consumers. Research is needed to investigate the feasibility and implementation possibilities for new information delivery strategies and amendments to existing European labelling policy. [source] A forward genetic screen for genes regulating mineralized tooth and bone formation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2010P. C. Yelick Summary Our laboratory studies craniofacial skeletal and tooth regeneration. One approach we are using is to exploit the zebrafish model via a large-scale, forward genetic, chemical N-ethyl-nitroso-urea (ENU) mutagenesis screen to identify genes regulating mineralized craniofacial, axial and dental development. The fact that zebrafish continuously regenerate their teeth makes them an extremely useful model to study tooth regeneration. Our goal is to identify and characterize molecular genetic signaling pathways regulating these processes, which can be manipulated via targeted gene delivery strategies. Through these efforts, we hope to eventually define methods for effective, clinically relevant bone and tooth replacement therapies in humans. Here, we describe our studies using the zebrafish model, which are proving to be useful for the identification and characterization of genes regulating mineralized tissue formation, regeneration, and homeostasis. Although preliminary at the present time, we anticipate the elucidation of novel signaling pathways regulating bone and tooth regeneration, which will eventually facilitate the repair of human skeletal and dental dysplasias. [source] Spatiotemporal Delivery Strategies for Promoting Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration,,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Robert E Guldberg PhD Abstract A primary regenerative medicine strategy is to stimulate or augment endogenous repair mechanisms that promote functional restoration of damaged or degenerated tissues. There is increasing evidence that maximizing the potency of tissue regenerative therapies will require design and development of delivery approaches that provide controlled spatiotemporal release of key signaling molecules. Guidance on which factors to deliver and the timing of delivery is emerging from advances in understanding of critical pathways involved in the development of integrated musculoskeletal tissues. A broad range of biomaterials-based deployment technologies are becoming available that allow controlled spatial presentation and release kinetics of biological cues. The purpose of this perspective article is to review promising spatiotemporal delivery strategies designed to promote functional tissue regeneration with an emphasis on vascularized bone repair. [source] Effects of E-Commerce on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Case Study of Grocery Home Delivery in FinlandJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Hanne Siikavirta Summary In this article, we present a literature review of the general and environmental effects of e-commerce in various parts of the demand-supply chain. These are further translated into effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the food production and consumption system. The literature study revealed many opportunities for e-commerce to reduce GHG emissions in the food production and consumption system. Some possibly negative effects were also identified. Electronic grocery shopping (e-grocery) home delivery service was chosen as the subject of a case study because of its direct and indirect potential for reducing the GHG emissions in the food production and consumption system. GHG emission reduction potential through the implementation of various e-grocery home delivery strategies was quantified. Depending on the home delivery model used, it is possible to reduce the GHG emissions generated by grocery shopping by 18% to 87% compared with the situation in which household members go to the store themselves. We estimate that the maximum theoretical potential of e-grocery home delivery service for reducing the GHG emissions of Finland is roughly 0.3% to 1.3%; however, the current and estimated future market potential is much smaller, because the estimated market share of e-grocery services is only 10% by 2005. Narrowing the gap between the theoretical and the actual potential requires a model that would simultaneously provide additional value to the consumer and be profitable to companies. To be able to achieve significant reductions in GHG emissions, system-level innovations and changes are required. Further research is needed before conclusions can be reached as to whether e-commerce and e-grocery are useful tools in that respect. [source] Aqueous versus non-aqueous salt delivery strategies to enhance oral bioavailability of a mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase (MK-2) inhibitor in ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2009Po-Chang Chiang Abstract A potent pyridine-containing MK2 inhibitor has recently been internally discovered. In pre-clinical dosing, the low solubility of the neutral form limited oral bioavailability and dose escalation in toxicity studies. A mesylate salt was developed as part of a formulation strategy to enhance both oral bioavailability and dose escalation orally in pre-clinical rat studies. Several non-aqueous systems were used to deliver the mesylate salt, which resulted in varied oral bioavailability. It was found that administration of an aqueous chaser immediately after dosing drastically increased the oral bioavailability of the salt. This finding implies that the quantity of water present in vivo is an important consideration when evaluating salts of free bases with low aqueous solubility in pre-clinical in vivo rat models where limited aqueous vehicle may be presented. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:248,256, 2009 [source] Localized delivery of growth factors for periodontal tissue regeneration: Role, strategies, and perspectives,MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS, Issue 3 2009Fa-Ming Chen Abstract Difficulties associated with achieving predictable periodontal regeneration, means that novel techniques need to be developed in order to regenerate the extensive soft and hard tissue destruction that results from periodontitis. Localized delivery of growth factors to the periodontium is an emerging and versatile therapeutic approach, with the potential to become a powerful tool in future regenerative periodontal therapy. Optimized delivery regimes and well-defined release kinetics appear to be logical prerequisites for safe and efficacious clinical application of growth factors and to avoid unwanted side effects and toxicity. While adequate concentrations of growth factor(s) need to be appropriately localized, delivery vehicles are also expected to possess properties such as protein protection, precision in controlled release, biocompatibility and biodegradability, self-regulated therapeutic activity, potential for multiple delivery, and good cell/tissue penetration. Here, current knowledge, recent advances, and future possibilities of growth factor delivery strategies are outlined for periodontal regeneration. First, the role of those growth factors that have been implicated in the periodontal healing/regeneration process, general requirements for their delivery, and the different material types available are described. A detailed discussion follows of current strategies for the selection of devices for localized growth factor delivery, with particular emphasis placed upon their advantages and disadvantages and future prospects for ongoing studies in reconstructing the tooth supporting apparatus. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 3, 472-513, 2009 [source] Gene-based treatment of motor neuron diseases,MUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 3 2006Thais Federici PhD Abstract Motor neuron diseases (MND), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), are progressive neurodegenerative diseases that share the common characteristic of upper and/or lower motor neuron degeneration. Therapeutic strategies for MND are designed to confer neuroprotection, using trophic factors, anti-apoptotic proteins, as well as antioxidants and anti-excitotoxicity agents. Although a large number of therapeutic clinical trials have been attempted, none has been shown satisfactory for MND at this time. A variety of strategies have emerged for motor neuron gene transfer. Application of these approaches has yielded therapeutic results in cell culture and animal models, including the SOD1 models of ALS. In this study we describe the gene-based treatment of MND in general, examining the potential viral vector candidates, gene delivery strategies, and main therapeutic approaches currently attempted. Finally, we discuss future directions and potential strategies for more effective motor neuron gene delivery and clinical translation. Muscle Nerve, 2005 [source] Contemporary Vocational Models and Programs: What the Research Tells UsNEW DIRECTIONS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES, Issue 117 2002Debra D. Bragg Today's community colleges are playing a major role in the workforce preparation and development of both traditional and nontraditional students. This chapter provides insights into contemporary postsecondary vocational models and delivery strategies. [source] Current concepts in periodontal bioengineeringORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2005M Taba Jr Abstract Authors ,, Taba Jr M, Jin Q, Sugai JV, Giannobile WV Repair of tooth supporting alveolar bone defects caused by periodontal and peri-implant tissue destruction is a major goal of reconstructive therapy. Oral and craniofacial tissue engineering has been achieved with limited success by the utilization of a variety of approaches such as cell-occlusive barrier membranes, bone substitutes and autogenous block grafting techniques. Signaling molecules such as growth factors have been used to restore lost tooth support because of damage by periodontal disease or trauma. This paper will review emerging periodontal therapies in the areas of materials science, growth factor biology and cell/gene therapy. Several different polymer delivery systems that aid in the targeting of proteins, genes and cells to periodontal and peri-implant defects will be highlighted. Results from preclinical and clinical trials will be reviewed using the topical application of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-7) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF) for periodontal and peri-implant regeneration. The paper concludes with recent research on the use of ex vivo and in vivo gene delivery strategies via gene therapy vectors encoding growth promoting and inhibiting molecules (PDGF, BMP, noggin and others) to regenerate periodontal structures including bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. [source] Annotation: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: clinical and treatment issuesTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 2 2004Joan Rosenbaum Asarnow Background:, In the past 10 years, there has been increased research on childhood-onset schizophrenia and clear advances have been achieved. Method:, This annotation reviews the recent clinical and treatment literature on childhood-onset schizophrenia. Results:, There is now strong evidence that the syndrome of childhood-onset schizophrenia exists and there are several similarities between childhood- and later-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia in youth can be reliably diagnosed using the same criteria employed with adults, and childhood-onset schizophrenia is predictive of schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adulthood. Data is accumulating to guide pharmacological treatment strategies, and practice parameters have been developed to guide clinical care. Conclusions:, Despite significant advances, there remains an urgent need for additional research on treatment and service delivery strategies. Promising work with adults highlights the importance of attending to psychosocial as well as pharmacologic treatment strategies, and the potential value of preventive interventions. [source] Exploring Chemical Modifications for siRNA Therapeutics: A Structural and Functional OutlookCHEMMEDCHEM, Issue 3 2010Siddharth Shukla Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism induced by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs), and has proved to be one of the most important scientific discoveries made in the last century. The robustness of RNAi has opened up new avenues in the development of siRNAs as therapeutic agents against various diseases including cancer and HIV. However, there had remained a lack of a clear mechanistic understanding of messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage mediated by Argonaute2 of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), due to inadequate structural data. The X-ray crystal structures of the Argonaute (Ago),DNA,RNA complexes reported recently have proven to be a breakthrough in this field, and the structural details can provide guidelines for the design of the next generation of siRNA therapeutics. To harness siRNAs as therapeutic agents, the prudent use of various chemical modifications is warranted to enhance nuclease resistance, prevent immune activation, decrease off-target effects, and to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The focus of this review is to interpret the tolerance of various chemical modifications employed in siRNAs toward RNAi by taking into account the crystal structures and biochemical studies of Ago,RNA complexes. Moreover, the challenges and recent progress in imparting druglike properties to siRNAs along with their delivery strategies are discussed. [source] Block-based fine granularity scalable video coding with optimized rate allocation for content-aware streamingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Yuwen He Abstract This article proposes a novel block-based fine granularity scalable (FGS) video coding structure with optimized rate allocation for content-aware streaming, which is more flexible than MPEG-4 FGS specified in the streaming profile of MPEG-4 standard (IS-14496). In MPEG-4 FGS streaming, rate allocation can only be based on frame because MBs' compressed data are interlaced between bit-planes. However in the proposed coding structure, every MB's data are independent; therefore, streaming server can allocate bits according to content's importance, and the quality of those regions of interest is enhanced selectively with more bits allocated. In this way, the streaming server can have a differentiated delivery strategy to support a personalized streaming service considering user's preference. But the uniform rate allocation of proposed block-based FGS coding will result in a greater loss of coding efficiency than that of MPEG-4 FGS within a quite wide bit-rate range. An optimized and fast rate allocation method according to block's rate-distortion is proposed to solve this critical issue. And the coding efficiency is improved successfully, which can be comparable with MPEG-4 FGS coding and is even better up to 0.5 dB, with some sequences at medium bit-rates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 322,330, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10066 [source] Bacterial delivery of functional messenger RNA to mammalian cellsCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Christoph Schoen Summary The limited access to the nuclear compartment may constitute one of the major barriers after bacteria-mediated expression plasmid DNA delivery to eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, a self-destructing Listeria monocytogenes strain was used to release translation-competent mRNA directly into the cytosol of epithelial cells, macrophages and human dendritic cells. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-encoding mRNA, adapted for translation in mammalian cells by linking an IRES element to the 5,-end of the egfp coding sequence, was produced by T7 RNA polymerase in the carrier bacteria upon entry into the cytosol where the mRNA is efficiently released from the lysed bacteria and immediately translated in eukaryotic host cells. Besides the much earlier expression of EGFP being detectable already 4 h after infection, the number of EGFP expressing mammalian cells obtained with this novel RNA delivery technique is comparable to or , especially in phagocytic cells , even higher than that obtained with the expression plasmid DNA delivery strategy. Accordingly, bacteria-mediated delivery of ovalbumin-encoding mRNA to macrophages resulted in efficient antigen processing and presentation in vitro indicating that this approach may also be adapted for the in vivo delivery of antigen-encoding mRNA leading to a more efficient immune response when applied to vaccine development. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||