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Mg/day Doses (day + dose)

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Medical Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activity of different extracts of the leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in the rat

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2003
D. Rajlakshmi
ABSTRACT The in-vitro antioxidant activities of different concentrations of the water, alcoholic, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the dried leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp, and in-vivo antioxidant activity of the water extract was studied in experimental rat models. The results obtained from in-vitro lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 -ascorbate in rat liver homogenate showed a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation by different extracts of C. colebrookianum leaf. Water extracts at concentrations (w/v) of 1:30, 1:50, 1:200 and 1:1000 showed the strongest inhibitory activity over the other organic extracts, suggesting maximum antioxidant effect. Chronic feeding of the water extract to Wistar albino rats (both sexes, 150,200g) in 1 or 2g kg,1/day doses for 14 days significantly increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma by 19% and 40% on the seventh day, and by 45% and 57% on the fourteenth day of treatment, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and some cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were estimated in heart, liver and kidney. There was a significant reduction in hepatic and renal TBARS with both the doses, without any change in myocardial TBARS. There was no change in the level of antioxidants in heart, liver and kidney, except for the hepatic superoxide dismutase. The findings of this study showed that the leaf extract of C. colebrookianum increased the antioxidant capacity of blood and had an inhibitory effect on the basal level of lipid peroxidation of liver and kidney. This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the plant leaves, as claimed by the tribal medicine of North-East India. [source]

Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 9 2001
D. Wilkinson
Abstract Objectives To investigate whether Galantamine significantly improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background Galantamine is a reversible, competitive, selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that also allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This dual mechanism of action provided the rationale for a phase II trial of galantamine in AD. Method A multicentre, randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of galantamine 18, 24 and 36,mg/day administered for 3 months in 285 patients with mild-to-moderate probable AD. The primary outcome measure was the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog); secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) and the Progressive Deterioration Scale (PDS). Results Patients treated with galantamine 24,mg/day had a significantly better outcome than placebo on ADAS-cog; the treatment difference was 3 points on the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis ( p,=,0.01) and 4.2 points on per protocol analysis ( p,=,0.001). Per protocol analysis showed that galantamine had a significantly better outcome than placebo on PDS ( 24-mg/day dose, p,<,0.05) and CGIC (36-mg/day dose, p,<,0.05). Galantamine was well tolerated at the lower doses of 18 and 24,mg/day where it produced mild, transient effects typical of cholinomimetic agents. Conclusion This study shows that, relative to placebo, galantamine significantly improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with metformin versus lifestyle intervention in insulin-resistant adolescents

PEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 1 2009
Kristen J Nadeau
Abstract:, The presence of fatty liver per ultrasound and liver-associated enzymes were measured in a select cohort of youth with both obesity and insulin resistance, and the effect of metformin on these parameters evaluated. Fifty obese, multiethnic, insulin-resistant adolescents (mean age 15.1 yr, mean body mass index 39.8 kg/m2) were randomized to receive lifestyle recommendations plus either twice per day doses of 850 mg of metformin or placebo. Fasting and post-glucose challenge biochemistries and liver ultrasounds were compared at baseline and 6 months. The prevalence of fatty liver was 74%, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 14%, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 14%, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) 17%. Fatty liver was mild in 23%, moderate in 31%, and severe in 46%. Fatty liver was more common in male and Hispanic subjects and elevated ALT more common in Hispanic subjects. Subjects with fatty liver appeared more insulin resistant (higher fasting insulin and triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and had higher ALT and AST. At 6 months, mean ALT, GGT, and fasting insulin improved significantly in all subjects. Fatty liver prevalence (p < 0.04), severity (p < 0.04), and fasting insulin (p < 0.025) improved significantly with metformin compared to placebo. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs with a high prevalence and severity in obese, insulin-resistant adolescents. While metformin plus lifestyle intervention appears promising, defining NAFLD therapies capable of preventing fibrosis and cirrhosis requires further study. [source]

Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease,

Intravenous lacosamide as short-term replacement for oral lacosamide in partial-onset seizures

EPILEPSIA, Issue 6 2010
Gregory Krauss
Summary Purpose:, Lacosamide is a new antiepileptic drug effective for adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of an intravenous (i.v.) formulation of lacosamide (200,800 mg/day) infused over 10, 15, and 30 min as short-term replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial-onset seizures. Methods:, This multicenter, open-label, inpatient trial enrolled 160 patients from ongoing open-label, long-term trials who were taking stable doses of oral lacosamide and up to three concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Serial cohorts of patients were converted from oral lacosamide treatment to the same intravenous doses infused over progressively shorter infusion durations: 30, 15, and 10 min for 2,5 days. A data monitoring committee (DMC) reviewed safety data for each cohort. The safety of intravenous lacosamide was assessed from adverse events (AEs), laboratory variables, electrocardiography findings, and physical/neurologic examinations. Results:, A total of 160 patients received lacosamide 200,800 mg/day, i.v., for 2,5 days, of which 69% received 400,800 mg/day doses. The most common AEs (reported by ,10% of patients) were headache, dizziness, and somnolence. There was no increase in frequency or severity of AEs with shorter durations of infusion or increased days of exposure. AEs were similar, but more frequent, with higher doses (,400 mg/day). Injection-site events were rare and did not appear to be linked to infusion doses or rates. Lacosamide plasma concentrations were linearly related to dose across the cohorts. Discussion:, This comprehensive evaluation supports the safety of an intravenous lacosamide infusion duration as short as 15 min for short-term (2,5 days) replacement for patients temporarily unable to take oral lacosamide. [source]

Donepezil for the symptomatic treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 7 2004
Anne Whitehead
Abstract Background The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of donepezil (5 and 10,mg/day) compared with placebo in alleviating manifestations of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method A systematic review of individual patient data from Phase II and III double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies of up to 24 weeks and completed by 20 December 1999. The main outcome measures were the ADAS-cog, the CIBIC-plus, and reports of adverse events. Results A total of 2376 patients from ten trials were randomised to either donepezil 5,mg/day (n,=,821), 10,mg/day (n,=,662) or placebo (n,=,893). Cognitive performance was better in patients receiving donepezil than in patients receiving placebo. At 12 weeks the differences in ADAS-cog scores were 5,mg/day,placebo: ,,,2.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), ,,,2.6 to ,,,1.6; p,<,0.001], 10,mg/day,placebo: ,,,2.5 (,,,3.1 to ,,,2.0; p,<,0.001). The corresponding results at 24 weeks were ,,,2.0 (,,,2.7 to ,,,1.3; p,<,0.001) and ,,,3.1 (,,,3.9 to ,,,2.4; p,<,0.001). The difference between the 5 and 10,mg/day doses was significant at 24 weeks (p,=,0.005). The odds ratios (OR) of improvement on the CIBIC-plus at 12 weeks were: 5,mg/day,placebo 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1; p,<,0.001), 10,mg/day,placebo 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4; p,<,0.001). The corresponding values at 24 weeks were 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4; p,=,0.001) and 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8; p,<,0.001). Donepezil was well tolerated; adverse events were cholinergic in nature and generally of mild severity and brief in duration. Conclusion Donepezil (5 and 10,mg/day) provides meaningful benefits in alleviating deficits in cognitive and clinician-rated global function in AD patients relative to placebo. Increased improvements in cognition were indicated for the higher dose. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]