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Selected AbstractsComputational study of the chair,chair interconversion and stereoelectronic interactions in 1,2,3-trithiacyclo-hexane (1,2,3-trithiane)JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2004Fillmore Freeman Abstract Ab initio theory, density functional theory (DFT) and Møller,Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with the 6,31G(d), 6,31++G(d), 6,31G(d,p), 6,31+G(d,p), 6,31++G(d,p), 6,311G(d,p) and 6,311+G(d,p) basis sets were used to study stereoelectronic hyperconjugative interactions and the mechanism of the chair,chair conformational interconversion in 1,2,3-trithiacyclohexane (1,2,3-trithiane). The relative energies, enthalpies, entropies, free energies and structural parameters of the chair, 1,4-twist and 2,5-twist conformers, a distorted 1,4-boat transition state and a 2,5-boat transition state were calculated. The HF calculated energy difference (,E) between the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state was 10.59,kcal,mol,1 (1 kcal=4.184,kJ). The 1,4-twist conformer and the 2,5-boat transition state are close in energy, as are the 2,5-twist conformer and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state. B3LYP/6,311+G(d,p) calculated the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane to be 5.83, 10.09, and 5.96,kcal,mol,1, respectively, lower in energy than the 1,4-twist conformer, 2,5-twist conformer and 2,5-boat transition state. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations were used to connect the transition state between the chair conformer and the 1,4-twist conformer. B3LYP/6,31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6,311+G(d,p) calculated this transition state to be 14.25,kcal,mol,1 higher in energy than the chair conformer. In the chair conformer, the respective C4,H and C6,H bond lengths are equal, but the C5,Heq bond is longer than the C5,Hax bond. In the 1,4-twist conformer, the C4,Hiso bond lengths are equal, the C5,H,eq bond is longer than the C5,H,ax bond and the C6,H bond lengths are equal. In the 2,5-twist conformer, equal C,H bond lengths are found at C4 and at C5, but the C6,H,eq bond is longer than the C6,H,ax bond. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional material for this paper is available in Wiley Intersciene [source] Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Microvessel DensityMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 4-5 2007Jefferson C. Frisbee ABSTRACT The growing incidence and prevalence of the overweight/obese condition across developed economies worldwide has an enormous impact on increasing the risk for the development of impaired glycemic control or insulin resistance and ultimately peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in afflicted individuals. This places an enormous economic and social burden on these societies, in terms of additional health care costs and lost productivity and through a reduction in the quality of life of the individual owing, in part, to the progressive PVD. Characterized by an inability of the vascular systems to adequately perfuse tissues and organs relative to their metabolic demand, PVD is in part a function of a structural remodeling of the microvascular networks such that the density of microvessel and capillaries within tissues is reduced below that under normal conditions, with the potential for profound negative impacts on the processes of mass transport and exchange. The review discusses the severity of the obesity "epidemic" from the perspective of PVD and the effects of the development of the obese, insulin-resistant condition on tissue/organ microvessel density. Additional material is reviewed that addresses ameliorative treatments, primarily exercise training, on blunting microvessel loss in the obese, insulin-resistant individual, and on potential mechanistic contributors that warrant considerable future investigation. [source] Fitting and comparing seed germination models with a focus on the inverse normal distributionAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 3 2004Michael E. O'Neill Summary This paper reviews current methods for fitting a range of models to censored seed germination data and recommends adoption of a probability-based model for the time to germination. It shows that, provided the probability of a seed eventually germinating is not on the boundary, maximum likelihood estimates, their standard errors and the resultant deviances are identical whether only those seeds which have germinated are used or all seeds (including seeds ungerminated at the end of the experiment). The paper recommends analysis of deviance when exploring whether replicate data are consistent with a hypothesis that the underlying distributions are identical, and when assessing whether data from different treatments have underlying distributions with common parameters. The inverse normal distribution, otherwise known as the inverse Gaussian distribution, is discussed, as a natural distribution for the time to germination (including a parameter to measure the lag time to germination). The paper explores some of the properties of this distribution, evaluates the standard errors of the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters and suggests an accurate approximation to the cumulative distribution function and the median time to germination. Additional material is on the web, at http://www.agric.usyd.edu.au/staff/oneill/. [source] Further uses of the heat of oxidation in chemical hazard assessmentPROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 1 2003Laurence G. Britton Flammability: The "net heat of oxidation" technique described in an earlier publication is extended to predicting the lower flammable limits, lower limit flame temperatures, and limiting oxygen concentrations of chlorinated organic fuels having H:Cl ratios greater than unity. A new Rule is derived for predicting the effect of initial temperature on the lower flammable limits and limiting oxygen concentrations of organic fuels. It is suggested that this Rule be used in preference to the modified "Burgess-Wheeler" Rule. The effect of initial pressure is discussed. Instability: Net heats of oxidation (kcal/mol oxygen) for a series of disparate fuel groups are compared with ",HD," the maximum heat of decomposition (cal/g) calculated using CHETAH methodology. Given the reasonable assumption that CHETAH's "maximum heat of decomposition" cannot exceed the net heat of combustion ",HC," examination is made as to whether the ratio of these parameters (each expressed in units of kcal/mol), coined the "Reaction Heat Ratio" (RH), provides a useful new indicator for instability assessment. Of these parameters, the net heat of oxidation (,HC/S) is the best indicator to help assign NFPA Instability Ratings. However, ,HC/S cannot generally be used to assign ratings for organo-peroxides. Also, its performance as an indicator for hazardous polymerization depends on the ,HC/S difference between the reacting monomer and the polymer product, so it should become increasingly unreliable as the monomer ,HC/S approaches -100 kcal/mol oxygen. The ranking method tacitly assumes organic polymers to have a constant heat of oxidation of about -100 kcal/mol oxygen. Errors in this assumption must invalidate the ranking approach where ,HC/S differences are small. Finally, separate "cut-offs" must be used at each NFPA Instability Rating for organo-nitrates versus other organics containing combinations of CHON atoms. Additional materials need to be examined to extend this preliminary analysis. The net heat of oxidation would be a useful additional output parameter of the CHETAH program, if only for its application in flammability assessment. No conclusions are drawn regarding the usefulness of net heat of oxidation or RH in conducting CHETAH hazard assessments, since this procedure requires consideration of several variables. However, the analysis may be helpful to the ASTM E 27.07 subcommittee responsible for developing the program. For example, the -,HD , 700 cal/g cut-off used to assign a "high" CHETAH hazard rating typically corresponds to organic materials rated NFPA 1, the second to lowest hazard rating. [source] The utility of transbronchial (Wang) fine needle aspiration in lung cancer diagnosisCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2001M. T. Siddiqui The utility of transbronchial (Wang) fine needle aspiration in lung cancer diagnosis We evaluated our experience with transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) in cancer diagnosis over a period of 1 year. A total of 51 aspirates were performed by specialist chest physicians in the presence of a cytopathologist who made on spot evaluation of Diff-Quik smears for adequacy and guided the aspirator for additional sampling if necessary. Two clusters of at least 10 malignant cells were required on the Diff-Quik smears to render an on the spot positive diagnosis of malignancy. Aspirates showing atypical cells or few malignant cells not fulfilling the above criteria were placed in a suspicious category and additional material was requested. The TBNA results were correlated with the transbronchial biopsy when available. [source] De novo monosomy 9p24.3-pter and trisomy 17q24.3-qter characterised by microarray comparative genomic hybridisation in a fetus with an increased nuchal translucencyPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 3 2006Sophie Brisset Abstract Objectives Increased nuchal translucency (NT) during the first trimester of pregnancy is a useful marker to detect chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we report a prenatal case with molecular cytogenetic characterisation of an abnormal derivative chromosome 9 identified through NT. Methods Amniocentesis was performed because of an increased NT (4.4 mm) and showed an abnormal de novo 46,XX,add(9)(p24.3) karyotype. To characterise the origin of the small additional material on 9p, we performed a microarray comparative genomic hybridisation (microarray CGH) using a genomic DNA array providing an average of 1 Mb resolution. Results Microarray CGH showed a deletion of distal 9p and a trisomy of distal 17q. These results were confirmed by FISH analyses. Microarray CGH provided accurate information on the breakpoint regions and the size of both distal 9p deletion and distal 17q trisomy. The fetus was therefore a carrier of a de novo derivative chromosome 9 arising from a t(9;17)(p24.3;q24.3) translocation and generating a monosomy 9p24.3-pter and a trisomy 17q24.3-qter. Conclusion This case illustrates that microarray CGH is a rapid, powerful and sensitive technology to identify small de novo unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities and can be applied in prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hypoplastic left heart in a female infant with partial trisomy 4q due to de novo 4;21 translocationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2002Milen Velinov Abstract We present a female infant with mild dysmorphic features and congenital heart defect: hypoplastic left heart with aortic atresia and hypoplastic aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, and a nonrestrictive atrial communication. Chromosome analysis showed an unbalanced translocation that contained additional material from 4q translocated onto 21q. This resulted in partial trisomy 4 and monosomy for the 21q telomeric region. The derivative chromosome was characterized using G-banding, M-FISH, and whole chromosome painting. The karyotype was described as 46,XX,der(21)t(4;21)(q25;q22.3).ish(wcp4+;wcp21+). Additional analyses with FISH probes specific for 21q 22.3, 21q22.2, 21q21.1, and 21q11.2 did not indicate any chromosome 21 duplication within the derivative chromosome 21. Monosomy for the telomeric portion of 21q was demonstrated using a tel 21q probe (Oncor). The patient underwent stage 1 Norwood procedure to manage her heart defect. Poor feeding and failure to thrive complicated the postsurgical period. The child subsequently underwent funduplication and feeding tube placement, and at 4.5 months of age presented with microcephaly and developmental delay. Hypoplastic left heart was previously reported with increased frequency in relatively common numeric chromosomal aberrations, such as monosomy X, trisomies 21, 18, and 13, and in various structural chromosomal defects. Our report presents new evidence for the co-occurrence of hypoplastic left heart with a duplicated portion of chromosome 4 distal to 4q25. In addition, monosomy for the telomeric region of chromosome 21 may have implications in the phenotype. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Fossil Hydrophilid Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the Late Oligocene Rott Formation (Germany)ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 4 2010Martin FIKÁ Abstract: Fossil water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz (Los Angeles) and Kastenholz (Bonn) collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera: Berosus morticinus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus excitatus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus sp., Hydrobiomorpha fraterna (von Heyden, 1859), and Hydrophüus rottensis (Statz, 1939). Coccinella? protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta? austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus (form 3) are excluded from the Hydrophiloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorpha fraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophilid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed. [source] Identification, assessment and intervention,implications of an audit on dyslexia policy and practice in ScotlandDYSLEXIA, Issue 3 2005Gavin Reid Abstract This article reports on research commissioned by the Scottish Executive Education Department (SEED). It aimed to establish the range and extent of policy and provision in the area of specific learning difficulties (SpLD) and dyslexia throughout Scotland. The research was conducted between January and June 2004 by a team from the University of Edinburgh. The information was gathered from a questionnaire sent to all education authorities (100% response rate was achieved). Additional information was also obtained from supplementary interviews and additional materials provided by education authorities. The results indicated that nine education authorities in Scotland (out of 32) have explicit policies on dyslexia and eight authorities have policies on SpLD. It was noted however that most authorities catered for dyslexia and SpLD within a more generic policy framework covering aspects of Special Educational Needs or within documentation on ,effective learning'. In relation to identification thirty-six specific tests, or procedures, were mentioned. Classroom observation, as a procedure was rated high by most authorities. Eleven authorities operated a formal staged process combining identification and intervention. Generally, authorities supported a broader understanding of the role of identification and assessment and the use of standardized tests was only part of a wider assessment process. It was however noted that good practice in identification and intervention was not necessarily dependent on the existence of a dedicated policy on SpLD/dyslexia. Over fifty different intervention strategies/programmes were noted in the responses. Twenty-four authorities indicated that they had developed examples of good practice. The results have implications for teachers and parents as well as those involved in staff development. Pointers are provided for effective practice and the results reflect some of the issues on the current debate on dyslexia particularly relating to early identification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Taxonomic Revision of Illiberis Walker (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) in KoreaENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2004Sung-Soo KIM ABSTRACT The Korean species of Illiberis Walker are revised. A total of 10 species are recognized, including four species new to Korea: I. rotundata Jordan, I. psychina (OberthÜr), I. consimilis Leech, and I. hyalina (Staudinger). The identities of I. cybele Leech and I. assimilis Jordan, the two ambiguously defined Korean species, are reconfirmed with the examination of type specimens and additional materials. Photos of the adults and type materials are provided, and male and female genitalia of each species are illustrated. Biology and distribution for each species are briefly discussed with the larval host records from Korea. [source] Notes on two species of the subgenus Lyrothorax Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae; genus Pterostichus), Pterostichus amagisanus Tanaka and Ishida and Pterostichus fujitai Tanaka and IshidaENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Kôji SASAKAWA Abstract Two species of the subgenus Lyrothorax Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae; genus Pterostichus), Pterostichus amagisanus Tanaka and Ishida and Pterostichus fujitai Tanaka and Ishida, were revised based on the male endophallus (inner sac everted from aedeagus). P. amagisanus was newly recorded based on a single male from Kyushu, southwest Japan, far from its known distribution (Honshu; the Fuji-Hakone-Izu volcano area), although additional materials are necessary to confirm this record. Despite a highly disjunct distribution, no conspicuous difference was recognized in either external or genital characters between the materials from Honshu and Kyushu. The nominal species P. fujitai was separated into two species, P. fujitai (Honshu) and Pterostichus eoyoritomus sp. nov. (Shikoku; type locality: Mount Jingayama); these two species have some significant differences in the endophallic structures. Character states in male genitalia suggest a sister relationship between P. eoyoritomus sp. nov. and Pterostichus yoritomus Bates. [source] Bone regeneration in rabbit sinus lifting associated with bovine BMPJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2004Sergio Allegrini Jr. Abstract Autogenous bone is considered the optimal grafting material for sinus lifting, although its harvesting causes great patient discomfort. Various approaches have been taken in order to obtain sinus lifting with preexisting tissue. However, because of the unsuitability of such tissue, additional materials have been required. Alternatively, biomaterials from humans or other animals are used. In this study, the efficacy of using morphogenetic bovine bone protein (BMPb) to augment the maxillary sinus floor was examined. Four grafting materials were employed: lyophilized bovine bone powder, absorbable collagen flakes, natural hydroxylapatite, and synthetic hydroxylapatite. Two groups of rabbits were studied. In one group, graft material only was used. In the other, graft material was combined with 0.5 mg BMPb. During 8 weeks of observation, polyfluorochrome tracers were injected in subcutaneous tissue to evaluate new bone- deposition periods. Following sacrifice, the samples were examined under fluorescent and light microscopes. Results indicated 33.34% more newly formed bone in BMPb animals than in controls. Graft-material resorption increased, but natural HA showed no significant alterations. The results show that the use of BMPb, although providing osteoinduction, might not promote sufficient bone formation. Nonetheless, this material could provide an alternative to autogenous grafts, thereby avoiding patient discomfort. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 68B: 127,131, 2004 [source] | ||||||||||||||||