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Dawn
Kinds of Dawn Selected AbstractsThe Oxford International Diabetes Summit: Implications of the DAWN studyPRACTICAL DIABETES INTERNATIONAL (INCORPORATING CARDIABETES), Issue 6 20028 April 200, Oxford The DAWN (Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs) study was instigated by Novo Nordisk in order to assess the perceptions and attitudes of people with diabetes and health care providers to the management and care of diabetes. The study was conducted between August 2000 and September 2001 in 11 countries or regions: Australia, France, Germany, India, Japan, Poland, Spain, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) and the USA, with the focus on drivers of effective self-management amongst over 5400 people with diabetes and over 3800 diabetes health care providers (specialist doctors, GPs and nurses). The objective of the DAWN study was to provide information of value in improving diabetes care and the well being of diabetic patients and to enhance and complement data derived from other reported psychosocial studies. To this end, the first Oxford DAWN International Summit met to consider its implications and resolve ways in which the findings of the DAWN study could be implemented. The interactive nature of the summit was enhanced by the use of computer-linked individual keypads, so that delegates could participate interactively and vote on a range of issues. Following presentations on the key issues surrounding DAWN, a series of participant workshops considered the issues that had been raised and produced their recommendations for future action. Opening the Summit, Chairman Dr David Matthews (Chairman of the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK) commented on its multi-national and multi-disciplinary nature and how this was bringing together different stakeholder perspectives. Use of the keypads showed that Denmark, USA, Germany and the UK (in that order) were the best represented. Delegates included diabetologists, nurses, behavioural scientists, GPs, patients and health payors. These different perspectives would be important in arriving at conclusions. The DAWN study had endeavoured to discover the person behind the patient and to establish to what degree self-care management truly involved a partnership between patient and health care provider. Dr Matthews emphasised the psychosocial nature of the survey and the ways in which this aspect of care had perhaps been somewhat neglected in the past. DAWN represented an opportunity for change; this challenge should be welcomed. He hoped that the outcome of the summit would have a long lasting effect over the coming years. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hungarian Agriculture at the Dawn of EU AccessionEUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2004Imre Nemeth Summary Hungarian AgricuIture at the Dawn of EU Accession Hungary and Hungarian agriculture nurse high hopes for EU-accession. Agriculture and rural development were of pivotal importance during the accession negotiations, in the accession referendum and the preparations for accession. The success in integrating our agriculture into the CAP and the single market will substantially influence public opinion in the post-accession years. We expect our membership to stabilise market conditions and to improve development possibilities in rural areas where there is great demand for better employment and living conditions. These benefits will emerge from our integration into the single market, our involvement in decision-making and from the backing of EU resources. But the challenges of EU membership also evoke fears amongst Hungarian farmers. The transformation of agriculture is incomplete, agricultural incomes and investments are stagnant, rural infrastructure is somewhat weak and marketing systems are rather inefficient. Hungarian farmers have difficulty accepting the relatively low levels of direct aids whereas they face full health and food safety restrictions from day one of accession. The CAP Reform of June 2003 confuses and slows down our preparatory work. Hungarian agriculture, however, is determined to respond to the challenges of accession. Our common Europe will prove stronger with Hungarian agriculture, and Hungarian agriculture has to become stronger through our EU membership. L'agriculture hongroise au temps zéro de I'accession OLa Hongrie et l'agriculture hongroise mettent de grands espoirs dans L'accession à l'Union Européenne. L'agriculture et le développement rural ont été au centre des négotiations sur l'accession, du référendum associé et des mesures préparatoires correspondantes. l'opinion publique sera grandement influenceée, dans les années qui suivront l'accession, par le succés de l'intégration de notre agriculture dans la politique agricole commune et le marché unique. De notre appartenance à l'UE, nous attendons la stabilisation des marchés et l'amélioration des perspectives de développement dans les zones rurales oú le besoin de meilleures conditions de vie et d'emploi se fait sentir avec acuité. Ces avantages devraient provenir de notre intégration dans le marché unique, de notre participation aux décisions collectives et d'un soutien à la mesure des ressources de l'Union Européenne. Cependant, les défis de l'intégration européenne ne vont pas aussi sans susciter des craintes chez les agriculteurs hongrois. La transformation de l'agriculture est incompléte, les revenus et les investissements stagnent, les infrastructures rurales sont insuffisantes et l'organisation des marchés inefficace. Les agriculteurs hongrois acceptent difficilement de ne bénéficier que d'aides directes relativement faibles, alors que, dés le premier jour de l'accession, ils seront soumis à tous les réglements communautaires en matiére de santé et de sécurité alimentaires. La réforme de la PAC en juin 2003 complique encore et ralentit les travaux préparatoires à l'accession. Néanmoins, l'agriculture hongroise est résolue à relever le défi. L'Europe commune sera plus forte avec l'agriculture hongroise et cette derniére sera renforcée par son appartenance à l' Europe Ungarische Landwirtschaft kurz vor dem EU-Beitritt Ungarn und die ungarische Landwirtschaft setzen große Hoffnungen in den EU-Beitritt. Die Landwirtschaft und die Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums waren in den Beitrittsverhandlungen, beim Volksentscheid zum Beitritt und bei den Vorbereitungen des Beitritts von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das Gelingen bei der Integration unserer Landwirtschaft in die GAP und den Binnenmarkt wird die öffendiche Meinung in den Jahren nach dem Beitritt entscheidend beeinflussen. Wir erhoffen uns von unserer Mitgliedschaft stabilere Marktbedingungen und bessere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten im ländlichen Raum, wo Verbesserungen im Hinblick auf Beschäftigungssituation und Lebensbedingungen dringend erforderlich sind. Dies wird durch unsere Integration in den Binnenmarkt, unseren Beitrag zur Entscheidungsfindung und mit Hilfe von EU-Ressourcen erfolgen. Die Herausforderungen der EU-Mitgliedschaft rufen jedoch bei den ungarischen Landwirten auch Ängste hervor. Die Transformation der Landwirtschaft ist noch nicht abgeschlossen, die ländwirtschaftlichen Einkommen und die Investitionen stagnieren, die landliche Infrastruktur ist recht schwach entwickelt und die Vermarktung ist relativ ineffizient. Die ungarischen Landwirte können nur schwer akzeptieren, dass ab dem ersten Tag ihres Beitritts zwar alle Gesundheits- und Nahrungs-mittelsicherheitsbestimmunge n eingehalten werden müssen, aber nur geringe direkte Beihilfen gewährt werden. Die Reform der GAP vom Juni 2003 irritiert und verzögert unsere Vorbereitungen. Die ungarische Landwirtschaft ist jedoch entschlossen, sich den Herausforderungen des Beitritts zu stellen. Unser gemeinsames Europa wird mit der ungarischen Landwirtschaft noch stärker, und die ungarische Landwirtschaft muss durch unsere EU-Mitgliedschaft gestärkt werden. [source] A New Dawn for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Integrating Incretin Mimetics Into Clinical PracticeJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 2007Article first published online: 28 JUN 200 First page of article [source] The Sociopolitical Status of U.S. Naturopathy at the Dawn of the 21st CenturyMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2001Hans A. Baer Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of "miracle drugs." Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, U.S. naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies, [naturopathy, alternative medicine, medical pluralism] [source] Yeats's "Sailing to Byzantium".ORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 1 2010The "Esoteric" Four-Stanza Structure The celebrated W. B. Yeats was a superb verbal technician who evolved from writing lyrical verse in his youth to a sparser, more "metaphysical" style of poetry in his later years. Quite often, these mature poems can be seen as visionary expressions of a life spent as unorthodox spiritual adventurer , Yeats was for twenty-one years an avid member of the Golden Dawn, a group whose practice of ritual magic centered on their own occult, rather eccentrically eclectic interpretation of the Kabbala. The poet himself readily attested to the profound influence his association with that order had on his own thinking. Nevertheless, the impact of this esoteric background has not often been expounded in detail within critical analyses of his work. In partial rectification, this paper will undertake an analysis of one of his most enigmatic poems, "Sailing to Byzantium," utilizing key doctrines drawn from the Hermetic Kabbala, doctrines that themselves depend largely on a Neoplatonic substratum. The ensuing interpretation will strive to demonstrate that the four stanzas of the poem conform to a fourfold metaphysical-ontological division that occurs within both the Hermetic Kabbala and Classical Neoplatonism, a division that tends to construe states of being as differing modes of consciousness. [source] The Drummer at the Gates of DawnPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009BLAIR P. GRUBB M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] More Day to Dawn: Thoreau's "Walden" for the Twenty-First Century by Sandra Harbert Petrulionis and Laura Dassow Walls, EditorsTHE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE, Issue 3 2007Edward J. Rielly No abstract is available for this article. [source] MORNING CLEANING: JEFF WALL AND THE LARGE GLASSART HISTORY, Issue 5 2009CHRISTINE CONLEY Jeff Wall's Morning Cleaning, Mies van der Rohe Foundation, Barcelona, 1999, is a cinematographic digital transparency picturing the German Pavilion designed by Mies for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona and reconstructed in the 1980s. The tableau involves the arrested action of a male cleaner, oblivious to the gaze of the spectator, as he washes the windows separating the interior from an outdoor pool, where the morning sun illuminates Georg Kolbe's sculpture Dawn. Contrary to Michael Fried's reading of Morning Cleaning as a renewal of the antitheatrical aims of High Modernist painting, this essay looks to Duchamp's Large Glass as the model for its structuring tensions. Morning Cleaning is considered as a Duchampian delay in relation to the politics of modernist glass architecture in Wall's Kammerspiel essay, and as a ,countermonument' to the reconstructed pavilion as fetish, emptied of social meaning and the traumatic history of modernity. [source] Dawn of the era of biologics in the treatment of the rheumatic diseasesARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue S2 2008Arthritis & Rheumatism, William J. Koopman Editor First page of article [source] 11 Dawn Patrol Patient Follow-up ProtocolACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2008Justin Williams Follow-up of patients after their emergency department course provides a rich educational experience for residents, but due to time and logistical constraints, is infrequently performed in a scheduled and rigorous manner. The Dawn Patrol initiative was added to our residency curriculum to facilitate and protocolize patient follow-up for education and feedback on patient care. It also strives to improve communication with inpatient services, and provides a means of collection for morbidity / mortality and risk management cases. Our process functions by charging the clinical senior resident who is going off-shift, with reviewing the admission record for the past 24 hours. Interesting, clinically important, or cryptic case presentations are selected via our electronic medical record for review at the end of Morning Report. Generally, 1-3 new cases are selected for review each weekday morning. These cases are then recorded on a dry erase board in the Morning Report room, and the cases are followed until inpatient discharge, or are no longer of clinical interest. Visits to the inpatient wards are encouraged. Patient callbacks of outpatients are also eligible for inclusion. The cases are updated daily, and generally 5-10 cases are reviewed per day in approximately 10 minutes. The staff member attending Morning Report is responsible for providing bulleted teaching points on each case. The Dawn Patrol patient follow-up initiative seeks to improve emergency medicine resident education by facilitating and protocolizing patient follow-up, and provides real-time feedback on patient care performed in the emergency department. [source] Evidence-Based Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Oxymoron or Brave New Dawn?CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2001Paul Ramchandani Professionals working in child and adolescent mental health services are increasingly encouraged to examine the evidence underlying their clinical practice. Embracing evidence-based practice can present difficulties, as barriers to changing practice exist. These difficulties are examined, along with the meaning of evidence-based practice in a multidisciplinary speciality, and the potential benefits that develop from it. [source] Ramadan Education and Awareness in Diabetes (READ) programme for Muslims with Type 2 diabetes who fast during RamadanDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2010V. Bravis Diabet. Med. 27, 327,331 (2010) Abstract Background and Aims, During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to dusk for one lunar month. The majority of Muslim diabetic patients are unaware of complications such as hypoglycaemia during fasting. The safety of fasting has not been assessed in the UK Muslim population with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of Ramadan-focused education on weight and hypoglycaemic episodes during Ramadan in a Type 2 diabetic Muslim population taking oral glucose-lowering agents. Methods, We retrospectively analysed two groups. Group A attended a structured education programme about physical activity, meal planning, glucose monitoring, hypoglycaemia, dosage and timing of medications. Group B did not. Hypoglycaemia was defined as home blood glucose < 3.5 mmol/l. Results, There was a mean weight loss of 0.7 kg after Ramadan in group A, compared with a 0.6-kg mean weight gain in group B (P < 0.001). The weight changes observed were independent of the class of glucose-lowering agents used. There was a significant decrease in the total number of hypoglycaemic events in group A, from nine to five, compared with an increase in group B from nine to 36 (P < 0.001). The majority were in patients treated with short-acting sulphonylureas (group A,100%, group B,94%). At 12 months after attending the programme, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction were sustained in group A. Conclusions, Ramadan-focused education in diabetes can empower patients to change their lifestyle during Ramadan. It minimizes the risk of hypoglycaemic events and prevents weight gain during this festive period for Muslims, which potentially benefits metabolic control. [source] Anti-Predator Signals as Advertisements: Evidence in White-Throated Magpie-JaysETHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Jesse M. S. Ellis Calls and displays elicited by predators usually function as alarms or to inform predators of their detection. However, predator encounters may afford some individuals the opportunity to demonstrate quality or signal their availability. Here, I report on a class of vocal signals produced in predator-elicited displays that share many characteristics with sexually selected song. White-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa) display at low-threat predators while producing ,loud display calls' (LDCs). I use this term because the calls occur primarily in two display contexts (see below) though occasionally in other contexts as well. Such calls and displays are primarily produced by males, and also occur in one other context, at dawn. Playback experiments showed that despite being elicited by predators, males were more likely than females to respond to LDCs, and more likely to respond when their mate was fertile. Over 134 different call types were produced in over 200 displays by 34 males; the largest minimum repertoire size was 67. Presentations of taxidermic raptor mounts elicited some LDCs, but fewer calls and lower diversity than at dawn or in predator approach displays. The male bias and high diversity suggest that LDCs are an outcome of intersexual selection, while their elicitation by predators suggests an alarm function. I propose that male magpie-jays use predator encounters as opportunities to advertise their presence and availability as mates; they use LDCs as songs. Such a communication system seems to have been favored by the unusual social system of magpie-jays, in which female groups defend territories and males have little opportunity to defend resources for mate attraction, forcing them to advertise when females are paying the most attention, during predator encounters. [source] Interactions between fishing strategies of Nephrops trawlers in the Bay of Biscay and Norway lobster diel activity patternsFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2008V. M. TRENKEL Abstract, Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in the Bay of Biscay exhibited diel activity patterns with more individuals outside their burrows at dawn and dusk, increasing catchability at these times. Data from an on board observer programme on Nephrops trawlers between 2002 and 2005 were used to assess variability in catchability in commercial catches. Catch numbers per haul varied spatially and between months, but no signal for diel variations was found. Fishing strategies developed by the Nephrops trawlers had several components. On a seasonal level, they started around sunrise. On a haul level, haul duration decreased from haul to haul, with the longest hauls taking place at the time of the highest catchability. By-catch of hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), increased more than proportionally with haul duration. [source] Diving behavior of immature, feeding Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in relation to season and area: the East China Sea and the Kuroshio,Oyashio transition regionFISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2004Takashi Kitagawa Abstract Twenty-four archival tags were recovered from Pacific bluefin tuna previously released off Tsushima Island in the East China Sea. By analysis of the time-series data of the pressure and the ambient and internal temperature from the 24 tags, we examined the relationship between the tuna's pattern of diving and the thermocline depth. In the East China Sea, diving and feeding events occurred throughout almost the entire day in both winter and summer, suggesting that the purpose of diving is for feeding. In summer, the feeding frequency was greater than that in winter, which corresponds to the fact that growth is more rapid in summer than in winter. During summer in the Kuroshio,Oyashio transition region, on the other hand, feeding events were much more frequent than those in the East China Sea, in spite of a lower diving frequency. The mean horizontal distance traveled was also significantly higher and it seems that in this area they may move horizontally to feed on prey accumulated at the surface. We conclude that, in addition to the ambient temperature structure, the vertical and horizontal distribution of prey species plays an important role in the feeding behavior of Pacific bluefin tuna. One bluefin tuna migrated to the Oyashio frontal area, where both the horizontal and the vertical thermal gradients are much steeper. The fish spent most of the time on the warmer side of the front and often traveled horizontally to the colder side during the day, perhaps to feed. This implies that there is a thermal barrier effect, in this case from the Oyashio front, on their behavior. The frequency of feeding events was low, although all the monitored fish dived every dawn and dusk, irrespective of the seasons or location. It is possible that these twice-daily diving patterns occurred in response to the change in ambient light at sunrise and sunset. [source] A comparison of the relative contributions of temporal and spatial variation in the density of drifting invertebrates in a Dorset (U.K.) chalk streamFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2008MARTIN W. NEALE Summary 1. Invertebrate drift is commonly investigated in streams, with the majority of studies focussed on temporal (typically diel) variation. In comparison, few studies have investigated spatial variation in drift and there is little consensus among them. We tested the hypothesis that spatial variation in invertebrate drift is as important as temporal variation. 2. The density of drifting invertebrates in a chalk stream was sampled using an array of nets arranged to determine vertical, lateral and longitudinal variation. Samples were collected at dawn, during the day, at dusk and by night, on four separate monthly occasions. Insecta and Crustacea were analysed separately to identify the effect of differing life history strategies. The density of drifting debris was also recorded, to act as a null model. 3. Time of day and vertical position together explained the majority of the variance in invertebrate drift (79% for Insecta and 97% for Crustacea), with drift densities higher at dusk and night, and nearer the stream bed. Independently, time of day (38%, Insecta; 52%, Crustacea) and vertical position (41%, Insecta; 45%, Crustacea) explained a similar amount of the observed variance. Month explained some of the variance in insect drift (9%) but none for Crustacea. 4. Variation in the density of drifting debris showed little in common with invertebrate drift. There was little variation associated with time of day and only 27% of the observed variation in debris could be explained by the factors investigated here, with month explaining the largest proportion (20%). We suggest the difference in drifting debris and invertebrates provides further evidence for a strong behavioural component in invertebrate drift. 5. Spatial variation in invertebrate drift can be of the same order of magnitude as the much-described diel temporal variation. The extent of this spatial variation poses problems when attempting to quantify invertebrate drift and we recommend that spatial replication should be incorporated into drift studies. [source] Effects of mute swan grazing on a keystone macrophyteFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2007MATTHEW T. O'HARE Summary 1. This study describes the early summer foraging behaviour of mute swans (Cygnus olor) on the River Frome, a highly productive chalk stream in southern England in which Ranunculus penicillatus pseudofluitans is the dominant macrophyte. 2. A daily maximum of 41 ± 2.5 swans were present along the 1.1 km study reach during the study period (late May to the end of June). The river was the primary feeding habitat. Feeding activity on the river at dawn and dusk was much lower than during daylight, but we cannot rule out the possibility that swans fed during the hours of darkness. 3. The effects of herbivory on R. pseudofluitans biomass and morphology were quantified. Biomass was lower in grazed areas and swans grazed selectively on leaves in preference to stems. A lower proportion of stems from grazed areas possessed intact stem apices and flowering of the plant was reduced in grazed areas. 4. A model, based on the swans' daily consumption, was used to predict the grazing pressure of swans on R. pseudofluitans. The model accurately predicted the number of bird days supported by the study site, only if grazing was assumed to severely reduce R. pseudofluitans growth. The proportion of the initial R. pseudofluitans biomass consumed by a fixed number of swans was predicted to be greater when the habitat area was smaller, initial R. pseudofluitans biomass was lower and R. pseudofluitans was of lower food value. 5. We concluded that the flux of N and P through the study reach was largely unaffected by swan activity. The quality of R. pseudofluitans mesohabitat (the plant as habitat for invertebrates and fish) was significantly reduced by grazing which also indirectly contributed to reduced roughness (Manning's n) and by inference water depth. Wetted habitat area for fish and invertebrates would also be lowered over the summer period as a consequence of the reduction in water depth. It was estimated that, while grazing, an individual swan may eat the same mass of invertebrates per day as a 300-g trout. 6. There is a need to manage the conflict between mute swans and the keystone macrophyte, R. pseudofluitans, in chalk streams, and the modelling approach used here offers a potentially useful tool for this purpose. [source] A ,polarisation sun-dial' dictates the optimal time of day for dispersal by flying aquatic insectsFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2006ZOLTÁN CSABAI Summary 1. Daily changes in the flight activity of aquatic insects have been investigated in only a few water beetles and bugs. The diel flight periodicity of aquatic insects and the environmental factors governing it are poorly understood. 2. We found that primary aquatic insects belonging to 99 taxa (78 Coleoptera, 21 Heteroptera) fly predominantly in mid-morning, and/or around noon and/or at nightfall. There appears to be at least four different types of diurnal flight activity rhythm in aquatic insects, characterised by peak(s): (i) in mid-morning; (ii) in the evening; (iii) both in mid-morning and the evening; (iv) around noon and again in the evening. These activity maxima are quite general and cannot be explained exclusively by daily fluctuations of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and risks of predation, which are all somewhat stochastic. 3. We found experimental evidence that the proportion (%) P(,) of reflecting surfaces detectable polarotactically as ,water' is always maximal at the lowest (dawn and dusk) and highest (noon) angles of solar elevation (,) for dark reflectors while P(,) is maximal at dawn and dusk (low solar elevations) for bright reflectors under clear or partly cloudy skies. 4. From the temporal coincidence between peaks in the diel flight activity of primary aquatic insects and the polarotactic detectability P(,) of water surfaces we conclude that the optimal times of day for aquatic insects to disperse are the periods of low and high solar elevations ,. The , -dependent reflection,polarisation patterns, combined with an appropriate air temperature, clearly explain why polarotactic aquatic insects disperse to new habitats in mid-morning, and/or around noon and/or at dusk. We call this phenomenon the ,polarisation sun-dial' of dispersing aquatic insects. [source] Trading safety for food: evidence from gut contents in roach and bleak captured at different distances offshore from their daytime littoral refugeFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Z. MACIEJ GLIWICZ Summary 1. Regular diel habitat shifts in roach were detected by hydro-acoustics in five moderately eutrophic, stratifying (maximum depth 24,27 m) and approximately circular lakes (of surface area 15, 75, 125, 300 and 900 ha and diameters 250, 600, 1000, 1700 and 2600 m) in north-eastern Poland in the years 1998,2000, when the lakes were free of smelt and other typical offshore planktivores, and their offshore areas were completely free of fish during the day. 2. The diel change in roach distribution was shown to assume a similar pattern in each lake: fish migrated from a daytime littoral refuge towards the centre of the lake at dusk, and returned to the littoral refuge at dawn. After sunset, fish gradually dispersed offshore until they covered the entire lake area in each of the three smaller lakes. In each of the two larger lakes, only small numbers of fish were seen in the central area at night, implying that the centre of the lake retained high food availability throughout the summer. 3. Inshore,offshore gradients in zooplankton prey density, body size, and numbers of eggs per clutch were weak or undetectable in the two smallest lakes, but strong and persistent in the three larger lakes, with Daphnia densities 5,30 times as high and body length 1.2,1.5 times as great in the central area as inshore. 4. The likely increase in the potential predation risk with distance from the littoral daytime refuge was found to be compensated by increased food gains in those fish which moved offshore at dusk to feed within a short time window, when light intensity was lower to make the risk reduced, but still high enough to see zooplankton prey. The benefit because of increased prey acquisition was greatest in the centre of the largest lake (at 1300 m from the shore), as revealed from gut inspections of roach and bleak trawl-sampled at different distances from the edge of the reed belt, and seen as a gradual, order-of-magnitude increase in the volume of food in the foregut, The food volume against distance-from-shore regression was highly significant on each of the four sampling dates in the largest lake, in spite of the wide variability of food volume in individual fish. [source] Prey switching in four species of carnivorous stonefliesFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004J. M. Elliott Summary 1. Previous studies compared the functional responses to their prey, and both intraspecific and interspecific interference, in mature larvae of Dinocras cephalotes, Perla bipunctata, Isoperla grammatica and Perlodes microcephalus. The present study examines switching by larvae of the same species presented with different proportions of two contrasting prey types; larvae of Baetis rhodani and Chironomus sp. In each experiment, 200 prey were arranged in nine different combinations of the two prey types (20 : 180, 40 : 160, 60 : 140, 80 : 120, 100 : 100, 120 : 80, 140 : 60, 160 : 40, 180 : 20). Prey were replaced as they were eaten. A model predicted the functional response in the absence of switching and provided a null hypothesis against which any tendency for switching could be tested. 2. No evidence for prey switching by Dinocras and Perla was obtained, both species showing a slight preference for Baetis over Chironomus. Prey switching occurred in Isoperla and Perlodes. As the relative abundance of one prey type increased in relation to the alternative, the proportion eaten of the former prey changed from less to more than expected from its availability, the relationship being described by an S-shaped curve. Isoperla and Perlodes switched to a preference for Baetis when its percentage of the total available prey exceeded 57 and 42%, respectively. Equivalent values for Chironomus were 43 and 58% for Isoperla and Perlodes, respectively. Switching was strongest in Perlodes. 3. Non-switching in Dinocras and Perla was related to their feeding strategy, both species being more successful when using a non-selective ambush strategy at dusk and dawn rather than a search strategy during the night. Both Isoperla and Perlodes used a search strategy. The smaller Isoperla fed chiefly at dusk and dawn, and preferred Chironomus larvae, whereas most of the larger Perlodes fed continuously from dusk to dawn and preferred Baetis larvae. [source] Diel variation in surface and subsurface microbial activity along a gradient of drying in an Australian sand-bed streamFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2003Cecile Claret Summary 1. Microbes play key roles in nutrient transformation and organic matter mineralisation in the hyporheic zone but their short-term responses to diel variations in discharge and temperature are unknown. Rates of microbial esterase activity were hypothesised to vary vertically and along a gradient of moisture in a drying sand-bed stream where discharge fluctuated daily in response to evapotranspiration. 2. At ,fully saturated', ,moist' and ,dry' locations in three sites along a drying Australian sand-bed stream, microbial activity at three depths (surface, 10 and 30 cm) was assessed using fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Samples were collected in mid-summer in the late afternoon and again at dawn to assess diel variation in hydrolytic activity at each site and depth. Data loggers tracked diel variations in temperature at each depth. 3. Hydrolytic activity was up to 10-fold greater in the surface sediments in late afternoon than at dawn in all habitats, and was correlated with surface sediment temperature. Diel differences in activity were not detected at 10 cm, although daily thermal cycles were evident at this depth. Unexpectedly, activity was marginally higher at dawn at 30 cm in all habitats, perhaps reflecting lags in temperature at that depth. 4. Overall, microbial activity declined with depth, strongly correlated with vertical trends in total organic matter and concentrations of dissolved phosphorus. Particulate organic matter, probably buried during a flood 35 days earlier, appeared largely responsible for these vertical trends. On the other hand, there was little evidence for hydrological exchange between much of the hyporheic zone and the surface stream, implying that processes in the subsurface zone of this stream are effectively isolated during baseflow in mid-summer. 5. Diel cycles of wetting and drying in the moist habitats did not enhance esterase activity relative to the dry or fully saturated habitats. Sediment moisture was not correlated with microbial activity, and mats of senescent algae appeared to inhibit water loss from surface sediments in the moist habitat. In this sand-bed stream, local diel fluctuations in water level appear to have less influence on microbial activity and mineralisation of organic matter in the sediments than occasional floods that bury leaf litter and renew many hyporheic zone functions. Subreach-scale processes seem to be the major driving force of microbial processes and nutrient cycling in this sand-bed river. [source] Inferring nocturnal surface fluxes from vertical profiles of scalars in an Amazon pastureGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Otávio C. Acevedo Abstract Ecosystem carbon budgets depend on there being good representative surface flux observations for all land use types during the entire diurnal cycle. In calm conditions that often occur at night, especially in areas of small roughness (such as pastures), ecosystem respiration rate is poorly measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Nocturnal vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and winds were observed using tethered balloon soundings in a pasture in the eastern Amazon during two campaigns in 2001. The site is characterized by very weak winds at night, so that there is insufficient turbulence for the EC technique to determine fluxes accurately. To compensate, the time evolution of the profiles is used to determine surface fluxes at early morning and these are compared with those observed by EC at a nearby micrometeorological tower. The nocturnal boundary layer thickness h is determined as the height to which the surface fluxes must converge so that energy budget closure is achieved. The estimated values range from 30 m, around 22:00 hours LST, to more than 100 m just before dawn. These are in good agreement with the observed thickness of a frequently observed fog layer during the middle of the night. During the early portion of the night, when the accumulation layer is shallow, there is appreciable decrease of dCO2/dt with height. On calm nights, CO2 accumulation rate is larger near the surface than at higher levels. On windier nights, this accumulation rate is vertically uniform. Hence, extrapolation of tower profiles for estimating fluxes must be done carefully. Although uncertainties remain large, an alternate approach to the EC method is described for measuring nighttime surface CO2 fluxes under stable atmospheric conditions. [source] The Native Police of QueenslandHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Jonathan Richards The European colonisation of Queensland largely depended on the armed and mounted men of the Native Police , a brutal force which killed many Indigenous people on the frontier. Detachments of mounted Aboriginal troopers led by European officers would surround Aboriginal camps and fire into them at dawn, killing men, women and children. The bodies were often burned to destroy the evidence. Jonathan Richards has spent many years researching this controversial and distressing subject, finding his way through the secrecy, misinformation and supposed ,lost' files. In this article, based on the first comprehensive study of the force's history in Queensland, he argues that the Native Police was a classic example of ,divide and rule' practices. This colonising tactic, successfully used by the British and other imperial powers, was approved by government and by most European settlers. [source] Anti-tumour necrosis factor-,: the dawn of a new era in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 2 2006Peter BROOKS Professor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Social work in South Africa at the dawn of the new millenniumINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 3 2002Mel Gray The article examines recent developments in social policy and its implications for social work education and practice in South Africa. It traces the changes from the birth of democracy in South Africa to the dawn of the new millennium as these crucial years marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa's welfare history. It examines the challenges to social work and provides an example of the integrated, holistic developmental interventions, which are needed to combat social problems such as crime, AIDS and poverty. It ends with an examination of the implications of developmental welfare policy for social,work education as social workers are called to address mass poverty, unemployment and social deprivation through greater use of diverse social work methods, such as advocacy, community development, empowerment, consultation, networking, action research and policy analysis. [source] The Militarization of Urban Marginality: Lessons from the Brazilian MetropolisINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Loïc Wacquant This article examines the workings and effects of the penalization of poverty in urban Brazil at century's turn to uncover the deep logic of punitive containment as state strategy for the management of dispossessed and dishonored populations in the polarizing city in the age of triumphant neoliberalism. It shows how ramifying criminal violence (fed by extreme inequality and mass poverty), class and color discrimination in judicial processing, unchecked police brutality, and the catastrophic condition and chaotic operation of the carceral system combine to make the aggressive deployment of the penal apparatus in Brazil a surefire recipe for further disorder and disrespect for the law at the bottom of the urban hierarchy and steers the country into an institutional impasse. The policy of punitive containment pursued by political elites as a complement to the deregulation of the economy in the 1990s leads from the penalization to the militarization of urban marginality, under which residents of the declining favelas are treated as virtual enemies of the nation, tenuous trust in public institutions is undermined, and the spiral of violence accelerated. Brazil thus serves as a historical revelator of the full consequences of the penal disposal of the human detritus of a society swamped by social and physical insecurity. Drawing parallels between penal activity in the Brazilian and the U.S. metropolis further reveals that the neighborhoods of urban relegation wherein the marginal and stigmatized fractions of the postindustrial working class concentrate are the prime targets and proving ground upon which the neoliberal penal state is concretely being assembled, tried, and tested. Their study is therefore of urgent interest to analysts of international politics and state power at the dawn of the twenty-first century. [source] Feeding ecology of wild migratory tunas revealed by archival tag records of visceral warmingJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Sophie Bestley Summary 1Seasonal long-distance migrations are often expected to be related to resource distribution, and foraging theory predicts that animals should spend more time in areas with relatively richer resources. Yet for highly migratory marine species, data on feeding success are difficult to obtain. We analysed the temporal feeding patterns of wild juvenile southern bluefin tuna from visceral warming patterns recorded by archival tags implanted within the body cavity. 2Data collected during 1998,2000 totalled 6221 days, with individual time series (n = 19) varying from 141 to 496 days. These data span an annual migration circuit including a coastal summer residency within Australian waters and subsequent migration into the temperate south Indian Ocean. 3Individual fish recommenced feeding between 5 and 38 days after tagging, and feeding events (n = 5194) were subsequently identified on 76·3 ± 5·8% of days giving a mean estimated daily intake of 0·75 ± 0·05 kg. 4The number of feeding events varied significantly with time of day with the greatest number occurring around dawn (58·2 ± 8·0%). Night feeding, although rare (5·7 ± 1·3%), was linked to the full moon quarter. Southern bluefin tuna foraged in ambient water temperatures ranging from 4·9 °C to 22·9 °C and depths ranging from the surface to 672 m, with different targeting strategies evident between seasons. 5No clear relationship was found between feeding success and time spent within an area. This was primarily due to high individual variability, with both positive and negative relationships observed at all spatial scales examined (grid ranges of 2 × 2° to 10 × 10°). Assuming feeding success is proportional to forage density, our data do not support the hypothesis that these predators concentrate their activity in areas of higher resource availability. 6Multiple-day fasting periods were recorded by most individuals. The majority of these (87·8%) occurred during periods of apparent residency within warmer waters (sea surface temperature > 15 °C) at the northern edge of the observed migratory range. These previously undocumented nonfeeding periods may indicate alternative motivations for residency. 7Our results demonstrate the importance of obtaining information on feeding when interpreting habitat utilization from individual animal tracks. [source] Body mass change strategies in blackbirds Turdus merula: the starvation,predation risk trade-offJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2005R. MACLEOD Summary 1It is theoretically well established that body mass in birds is the consequence of a trade-off between starvation risk and predation risk. There are, however, no studies of mass variation from sufficiently large wild populations to model in detail the range of diurnal and seasonal mass change patterns in natural populations and how these are linked to the complex environmental and biological variables that may affect the trade-off. 2This study used data on 17 000 individual blackbirds Turdus merula to model how mass changes diurnally and seasonally over the whole year and over a wide geographical area. Mass change was modelled in respect of temperature, rainfall, day length, geographical location, time of day and time of year and the results show how these mass changes vary with individual size, age and sex. 3The hypothesis that seasonal mass is optimized over the year and changes in line with predictors of foraging uncertainty was tested. As theory predicts, reduced day length and reduced temperature result in increased mass and the expected seasonal peak of mass in midwinter. 4The hypothesis that diurnal mass gain is optimized in terms of starvation,predation risk trade-off theory was also tested. The results provide the first empirical evidence for intraspecies seasonal changes in diurnal mass gain patterns. These changes are consistent with shifts in the relative importance of starvation risk and predation risk and with the theory of mass-dependent predation risk. 5In winter most mass was gained in the morning, consistent with reducing starvation risk. In contrast, during the August,November non-breeding period a bimodal pattern of mass gain, with increases just after dawn and before dusk, was adopted and the majority of mass gain occurred at the end of the day consistent with reducing mass-dependent predation risk. The bimodal diurnal mass gain pattern described here is the first evidence that bird species in the wild gain mass in this theoretically predicted pattern. [source] Daily energy expenditure of singing great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceusJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Dennis Hasselquist According to honest signalling theory, signals must be costly to produce to retain information about the signaller's quality. The song produced by male birds during breeding is a vocal "ornament" used for intra- and inter-sexual purposes. The energetic cost of this vocal signal remains a contentious issue. We used the doubly labelled water method to measure field metabolic rate by estimating CO2 production and then convert this to daily energy expenditure (DEE) in great reed warbler males singing under natural conditions (10 at low to moderate intensity and 7 at very high intensity from dawn to dusk). There was a significant positive relationship between singing intensity and DEE. From this relationship we extrapolated the average DEE for intensely singing males (i.e., males producing song sounds 50% of the time and hence sitting at their elevated song post in the top of a reed stem more or less continuously throughout the ,20 h of daylight) to 3.3×BMR (basal metabolic rate) and for non-singing males to 2.2×BMR. The mean DEE measured for the seven males singing with very high intensity was 3.1×BMR. The maximum measured DEE for a single male was 3.9×BMR, i.e. close to the maximum sustainable DEE (4×BMR), and the minimum DEE was 2.1×BMR for a male singing at very low intensity. These results imply that producing intensive advertising song in birds may incur a substantial cost in terms of increased energy expenditure. [source] A comparison of nocturnal call counts of migrating birds and reflectivity measurements on Doppler radarJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Andrew Farnsworth Several studies have found that the peak in bird density in the atmosphere during nocturnal migration occurs before midnight, while the peak in vocalizations from migrating birds occurs after midnight, in the hours just before dawn. In a recent study, the patterns of calling from a single species of migrating birds correlated well with the patterns of density estimates of migrating birds. We test the null hypothesis that the patterns of reflectivity measurements and number of vocalizations during nocturnal migration are not related. We sampled radar data and nocturnal flight calls during spring and fall 2000 in northwestern South Carolina and southeastern New York. We analyzed changes in the hour-to-hour patterns of bird density and vocalizations for 556 hours on 58 nights. We also analyzed the night-to-night changes in the patterns of peak hour bird density and peak hour of vocalizations on 32 nights. We found that most of the hour-to-hour and night-to-night patterns of density and vocalization counts are significantly related and reject the null hypothesis. However, despite significant relationships between reflectivity measurements and vocalization counts, a great deal of variation in vocalization counts remains unexplained. These results suggest that factors other than bird density are responsible for the variation in vocalizing by migrating birds. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||