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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (Dye-Sensitize + solar_cell)
Kinds of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Selected AbstractsA 4,% Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabricated from Cathodically Electrosynthesized Composite Titania Films,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2003J. Yamamoto Cathodically electrosynthesized TiO2 films (see Figure) containing occluded Degussa P-25 titania particles can yield short-circuit current densities as high as 10.5 mA,cm,2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 690 mV, a fill factor of 57.3,%, and a photovoltaic efficiency of 4.13,% under simulated air mass 1.5 (100 mW,cm,2) sunlight in a dye-sensitized solar cell device. [source] An Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with an Organic Sensitizer Encapsulated in a Cyclodextrin Cavity,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 32 2009Hyunbong Choi Wird der Farbstoff JK-2 in einem Cyclodextrin (CD) eingeschlossen, so ist die Ladungsrekombination verzögert und die Aggregation verhindert (siehe Bild). Eine Solarzelle mit einem solchen ,-CD/JK-2-System und einem Polymergel als Elektrolyt ergab bei ausgezeichneter Stabilität eine Gesamtumwandlungseffizienz von 7.40,%; dies ist der bislang höchste Wert für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen mit organischen Sensibilisatoren. [source] Non-Corrosive, Non-Absorbing Organic Redox Couple for Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Dongmei Li Abstract A new colorless electrolyte containing an organic redox couple, tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) and its oxidized dimer tetramethylformaminium disulfide dication ([TMFDS]2+), is applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Advantages of this redox couple include its non-corrosive nature, low cost, and easy handling. More impressively, it operates well with carbon electrodes. The DSCs fabricated with a lab-made HCS-CB carbon counter-electrode can present up to 3.1% power conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 illumination of 100 mW·cm,2 and 4.5% under weaker light intensities. This result distinctly outperforms the identical DSCs with a Pt electrode. Corrosive experiments reveal that Al and stainless steel (SS) sheets are stable in the [TMFDS]2+/TMTU-based electrolyte. Its electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) is used to evaluate the influence of different counter-electrodes on the cell performance, and preliminary investigations reveal that carbon electrodes with large surface areas and ideal corrosion-inertness toward the sulfur-containing [TMFDS]2+/TMTU redox couple exhibit promise for application in iodine-free DSCs. [source] Enhanced-Light-Harvesting Amphiphilic Ruthenium Dye for Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 11 2010Mingkui Wang Abstract A ruthenium sensitizer (coded C101, NaRu (4,4,-bis(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-2,2,-bipyridine) (4-carboxylic acid-4,-caboxylate-2,2,-bipyridine) (NCS)2) containing a hexylthiophene-conjugated bipyridyl group as an ancillary ligand is presented for use in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (SSDSCs). The high molar-extinction coefficient of this dye is advantageous compared to the widely used Z907 dye, (NaRu (4-carboxylic acid-4,-carboxylate) (4,4,-dinonyl-2,2,-bipyridine) (NCS)2). In combination with an organic hole-transporting material (spiro-MeOTAD, 2,2,,7,7,-tetrakis-(N,N -di- p -methoxyphenylamine) 9, 9,-spirobifluorene), the C101 sensitizer exhibits an excellent power-conversion efficiency of 4.5% under AM 1.5 solar (100 mW cm,2) irradiation in a SSDSC. From electronic-absorption, transient-photovoltage-decay, and impedance measurements it is inferred that extending the ,-conjugation of spectator ligands induces an enhanced light harvesting and retards the charge recombination, thus favoring the photovoltaic performance of a SSDSC. [source] Dual-Function Scattering Layer of Submicrometer-Sized Mesoporous TiO2 Beads for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 8 2010Fuzhi Huang Abstract Submicrometer-sized (830,±,40,nm) mesoporous TiO2 beads are used to form a scattering layer on top of a transparent, 6-µm-thick, nanocrystalline TiO2 film. According to the Mie theory, the large beads scatter light in the region of 600,800,nm. In addition, the mesoporous structure offers a high surface area, 89.1,m2 g,1, which allows high dye loading. The dual functions of light scattering and electrode participation make the mesoporous TiO2 beads superior candidates for the scattering layer in dye-sensitized solar cells. A high efficiency of 8.84% was achieved with the mesoporous beads as a scattering layer, compared with an efficiency of 7.87% for the electrode with the scattering layer of 400-nm TiO2 of similar thickness. [source] Polydisperse Spindle-Shaped ZnO Particles with Their Packing Micropores in the Photoanode for Highly Efficient Quasi-Solid Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010Yantao Shi Abstract In this paper, a novel hierarchically structured ZnO photoanode for use in quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is presented. The film is composed of polydisperse spindle-shaped ZnO particles that are prepared through direct precipitation of zinc acetate in aqueous solution. Without additional pore-forming agents, the microporous structure is well constructed through the packing of polydisperse ZnO particles. In the film, small ZnO particles are able to improve interparticle connectivity and offer a large internal surface area for sufficient dye-adsorption; on the other hand, particles of larger size can enhance the occurrence of light-scattering and introduce micropores for the permeation of quasi-solid state electrolytes. Meanwhile, morphologies, particle size, and specific areas of the products are controlled by altering the reactant concentration and synthetic temperature. Combined with a highly viscous polymer gel electrolyte, a device based on this ZnO photoanode shows high conversion efficiencies, 4.0% and 7.0%, under 100 and 30,mW cm,2 illumination, respectively. Finally, the unsealed device is demonstrated to remain above 90% of its initial conversion efficiency after 7 days, showing excellent stability. [source] p,n-Junction-Based Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2010Liping Heng Abstract In this paper, a new type of flexible working electrode, TiO2/CuI/Cu, is reported, in which the p,n junction of TiO2,CuI is introduced into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for the first time. The devices give a high conversion efficiency of up to 4.73% under 1 sun illumination. The excellent performance is ascribed to the existence of the p,n junction, which forms a single directional pathway for electron transport which benefits the charge separation, and improves the efficiency of the flexible solar cells as a result. [source] Estimating the Maximum Attainable Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2010Henry J. Snaith Abstract For an ideal solar cell, a maximum solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiency of just over 30% is achievable by harvesting UV to near IR photons up to 1.1,eV. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are, however, not ideal. Here, the electrical and optical losses in the dye-sensitized system are reviewed, and the main losses in potential from the conversion of an absorbed photon at the optical bandgap of the sensitizer to the open-circuit voltage generated by the solar cell are specifically highlighted. In the first instance, the maximum power conversion efficiency attainable as a function of optical bandgap of the sensitizer and the "loss-in-potential" from the optical bandgap to the open-circuit voltage is estimated. For the best performing DSCs with current technology, the loss-in-potential is ,0.75,eV, which leads to a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 13.4% with an optical bandgap of 1.48,eV (840,nm absorption onset). Means by which the loss-in-potential could be reduced to 0.4,eV are discussed; a maximum efficiency of 20.25% with an optical bandgap of 1.31,eV (940,nm) is possible if this is achieved. [source] Solvent-Free Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Mesoscopic Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2009Shaik M. Zakeeruddin Abstract Ionic liquids have been identified as a new class of solvent that offers opportunities to move away from the traditional solvents. The physical-chemical properties of ionic liquids can be tuned and controlled by tailoring their structures. The typical properties of ionic liquids, such as non-volatility, electrochemical stability and high conductivity, render them attractive as electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. However, the high viscosity of ionic liquids leads to mass transport limitations on the photocurrents in the solar cells at full sunlight intensity, but the contribution of a Grotthous-type exchange mechanism in these viscous electrolytes helps to alleviate these diffusion problems. This article discusses recent developments in the field of high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells with ionic liquid-based electrolytes and their characterization by electrochemical impedance analysis. [source] Inverse-Opal Electrodes: Compact Inverse-Opal Electrode Using Non-Aggregated TiO2 Nanoparticles for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Mater. On page 1093, Hyunjung Lee and co-workers report a novel method to fabricate an inverse-opal electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Compact and ordered TiO2 inverse-opal photoelectrodes are prepared using a 3D colloidal array templating route with flexible dimensional control of pore size. Organic-layer-coated TiO2 nanoparticles improved the degree of infiltration and consequently minimized the volume contraction during thermal calcinations of the colloidal template within the inverse opal structure. [source] Compact Inverse-Opal Electrode Using Non-Aggregated TiO2 Nanoparticles for Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Eun Sik Kwak Abstract Compact inverse-opal structures are constructed using non-aggregated TiO2 nanoparticles in a three-dimensional colloidal array template as the photoelectrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell. Organic-layer-coated titania nanoparticles show an enhanced infiltration and a compact packing within the 3D array. Subsequent thermal decomposition to remove the organic template followed by impregnation with N-719 dye results in excellent inverse-opal photoelectrodes with a photo-conversion efficiency as high as 3.47% under air mass 1.5 illumination. This colloidal-template approach using non-aggregated nanoparticles provides a simple and versatile way to produce efficient inverse-opal structures with the ability to control parameters such as cavity diameter and film thickness. [source] Nanocrystal Shape Control: Synthesis and Structure,Property Correlation in Shape-Controlled ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis and their Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2009Mater. Chemical vapor synthesis is a convenient one-step synthesis process for the production of nanocrystalline powders. On page 875, Bacsa et al. report that by controlled variation of experimental parameters, tetrapods (as in image) or spherical ZnO nanocrystals can be selectively obtained directly from Zn metal precursor. Shape control leads to improved optical properties and a better performance when applied as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells. [source] Synthesis and Structure,Property Correlation in Shape-Controlled ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis and their Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2009Revathi R. Bacsa Abstract Here, the large scale synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO spheres and tetrapods in the size range of 8,40,nm by chemical vapor synthesis using zinc metal as precursor is described. A detailed study of the effect of experimental parameters on the morphology and yield is presented. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images of the tetrapods show that they are formed by the self assembly of four nanorods in the vapor phase. The tetrapods have optical absorption coefficients that are one order of magnitude greater than the spheres and show intense UV luminescence whereas the spheres show only the green emission. The observed differences in the optical properties are related to the presence of surface defects present in the nanospheres. The tetrapods have increased efficiencies for application in dye sensitized solar cells when compared to spheres. [source] A Triphenylamine Dye Model for the Study of Intramolecular Energy Transfer and Charge Transfer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 21 2008Haining Tian Abstract A novel dye (2TPA-R), containing two triphenylamine (TPA) units connected by a vinyl group and rhodanine-3-acetic acid as the electron acceptor, is designed and synthesized successfully to reveal the working principles of organic dye in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). 2TPA and TPA-R, which consist of two TPA units connected by vinyl and a TPA unit linked with rhodanine-3-acetic acid, respectively, are also synthesized as references to study the intramolecular energy transfer (EnT) and charge transfer (ICT) processes of 2TPA-R in CH2Cl2 solution and on a TiO2 surface. The results suggest that the intramolecular EnT and ICT processes show a positive effect on the performance of DSSCs. However, the flexible structure and less-adsorbed amount of dye on TiO2 may make it difficult to improve the efficiency of DSSCs. This study on intramolecular EnT and ICT processes acts as a guide for the design and synthesis of efficient organic dyes in the future. [source] A Thermoplastic Gel Electrolyte for Stable Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2007H. Wu Abstract Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are receiving considerable attention as low-cost alternatives to conventional solar cells. In DSSCs based on liquid electrolytes, a photoelectric efficiency of 11,% has been achieved, but potential problems in sealing the cells and the low long-term stability of these systems have impeded their practical use. Here, we present a thermoplastic gel electrolyte (TPGE) as an alternative to the liquid electrolytes used in DSSCs. The TPGE exhibits a thermoplastic character, high conductivity, long-term stability, and can be prepared by a simple and convenient protocol. The viscosity, conductivity, and phase state of the TPGE can be controlled by tuning the composition. Using 40,wt,% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the polymeric host, 60,wt,% propylene carbonate (PC) as the solvent, and 0.65,M KI and 0.065,M I2 as the ionic conductors, a TPGE with a conductivity of 2.61,mS,cm,2 is prepared. Based on this TPGE, a DSSC is fabricated with an overall light-to-electrical-energy conversion efficiency of 7.22,% under 100,mW,cm,2 irradiation. The present findings should accelerate the widespread use of DSSCs. [source] New Ruthenium Complexes Containing Oligoalkylthiophene-Substituted 1,10-Phenanthroline for Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2007C.-Y. Chen Abstract Two new ruthenium complexes [Ru(dcbpy)(L)(NCS)2], where dcbpy is 4,4,-dicarboxylic acid-2,2,-bipyridine and L is 3,8-bis(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CYC-P1) or 3,8-bis(4-octyl-5-(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CYC-P2), are synthesized, characterized by physicochemical and semiempirical computational methods, and used as photosensitizers in nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that the difference in light-harvesting ability between CYC-P1 and CYC-P2 is associated mainly with the location of the frontier orbitals, in particular the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Increasing the conjugation length of the ancillary ligand decreases the energy of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition, but at the same time reduces the molar absorption coefficient, owing to the HOMO located partially on the ancillary ligand of the ruthenium complex. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency curves of the devices are consistent with the MLCT band of the complexes. Therefore, the overall efficiencies of CYC-P1 and CYC-P2 sensitized cells are 6.01 and 3.42,%, respectively, compared to a cis- di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2,-bipyridyl)-4,4,-dicarboxylate ruthenium(II)-sensitized device, which is 7.70,% using the same device-fabrication process and measuring parameters. [source] High Molar Extinction Coefficient Ion-Coordinating Ruthenium Sensitizer for Efficient and Stable Mesoscopic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2007D. Kuang Abstract Ru(4,4-dicarboxylic acid-2,2,-bipyridine) (4,4,-bis(2-(4-(1,4,7,10-tetraoxyundecyl)phenyl)ethenyl)-2,2,-bipyridine) (NCS)2, a new high molar extinction coefficient ion-coordinating ruthenium sensitizer was synthesized and characterized using 1H,NMR, Fourier transform IR (FTIR), and UV/vis spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Using this sensitizer in combination with a nonvolatile organic-solvent-based electrolyte, we obtain a photovoltaic efficiency of 8.4,% under standard global AM,1.5 sunlight. These devices exhibit excellent stability when subjected to continuous thermal stress at 80,°C or light soaking at 60,°C for 1000,h. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study revealed that device stability is maintained by stabilizing the TiO2/dye/electrolyte and Pt/electrolyte interface during the aging process. The influence of Li+ present in the electrolyte on the device photovoltaic parameters was studied, and the FTIR spectral and photovoltage transient study showed that Li+ coordinates to the triethyleneoxide methylether side chains on the K60 sensitizer molecules. [source] Effect of an Ultrathin TiO2 Layer Coated on Submicrometer-Sized ZnO Nanocrystallite Aggregates by Atomic Layer Deposition on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2010Kwangsuk Park An ultrathin TiO2 layer is successfully coated on the surface of sub-m-sized aggregates of ZnO nanocrystallites through the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The ZnO core/TiO2 shell structure increases the open-circuit voltage, without impairing the photocurrent density and results in an increased power conversion efficiency from 5.2% to 6.3%. [source] Towards Optimization of Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 45 2009Yanhong Luo Abstract Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have received widespread attention owing to their low cost, easy fabrication, and relatively high solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency. Based on the nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode, Ru-polypyridyl-complex dye, liquid electrolyte with I,/I3, redox couple, and Pt counter electrode, DSCs have already exhibited an efficiency above 11% and offer an appealing alternative to conventional solar cells. However, further improvements in the efficiency and stability are still required to drive forward practical application. These improvements require the cooperative optimization of the component materials, structures, and processing techniques. In this Research News article, recent progress in DSCs made by our group are reviewed, including some novel approaches to the synthesis of solid-state and environmentally friendly electrolytes, the fabrication of alternative low-cost nanostructural electrodes, and the control of recombination at the interfaces. [source] ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 41 2009Qifeng Zhang Abstract This Review focuses on recent developments in the use of ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications. It is shown that carefully designed and fabricated nanostructured ZnO films are advantageous for use as a DSC photoelectrode as they offer larger surface areas than bulk film material, direct electron pathways, or effective light-scattering centers, and, when combined with TiO2, produce a core,shell structure that reduces the combination rate. The limitations of ZnO-based DSCs are also discussed and several possible methods are proposed so as to expand the knowledge of ZnO to TiO2, motivating further improvement in the power-conversion efficiency of DSCs. [source] TiO2 -Coated Multilayered SnO2 Hollow Microspheres for Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 36 2009Jiangfeng Qian TiO2 -coated multilayered SnO2 hollow microspheres exhibit a high overall photoconversion efficiency of ,5.65% when used for dye-sensitized solar-cell photoelectrodes due to multiple reflecting and scattering of incident light in the hierarchical hollow spherical structure. [source] Formation of Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Hierarchical Pore Generation with Nanoporous TiO2 SpheresADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 36 2009Yong Joo Kim Nanoporous TiO2 structures were successfully applied for the fabrication of DSC electrodes, providing high surface areas and large pore sizes at the same time. High photocurrent was induced in these DSCs by great adsorption of dye molecules and efficient electrolyte diffusion, caused by the generated hierarchical pore structures in the TiO2 layer. [source] High Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency of p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on NiO and Organic ChromophoresADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 29 2009Peng Qin The synthesis and characterization of an organic dye, P4, together with its performance in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is presented. A solar-cell device based on P4 and an electrolyte that contains the I,/I3, couple in acetonitrile yielded an IPCE value of 44% on a transparent NiO film only 1,1.4,,m thick, the highest value obtained so far. [source] Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 Beads with High Surface Areas and Controllable Pore Sizes: A Superior Candidate for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2009Dehong Chen Mesoporous anatase TiO2 beads with high surface areas and controllable pore sizes are prepared by using a combined sol,gel and solvothermal process. Dye-sensitized solar cells made from these mesoporous beads gave a total power conversion efficiency of 7.20% under AM 1.5 sunlight, higher than that obtained using Degussa P25 films of similar thickness (5.66%). [source] Porous One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Improve the Power-Conversion Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Silvia Colodrero The solar-to-electric power-conversion efficiency (,) of dye-sensitized solar cells can be greatly enhanced by integrating a mesoporous, nanoparticle-based, 1D photonic crystal as a coherent scattering layer in the device. The photogenerated current is greatly improved without altering the open-circuit voltage of the cell, while keeping the transparency of the cell intact. Improved average , values between 15% and 30% are attained. [source] Nanorod-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Improved Charge Collection Efficiency,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 1 2008H. Kang Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) comprising chemically synthesized nanorods and nanoparticles are investigated. In identical circumstances, except for the charge-collection efficiency, nanorod-based DSSCs show improved photovoltaic properties (6.2 % versus 4.3 % for NP-based DSSCs) owing to the characteristics of slightly enhanced electron transport and predominantly degraded charge recombination, compared with nanoparticle-based DSSC. [source] A High-Light-Harvesting-Efficiency Coumarin Dye for Stable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 8 2007Z.-S. Wang A new coumarin dye (see figure) for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. It exhibits near-unity light harvesting efficiency and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (see figure) over a wide spectral region in 6,,m transparent TiO2 films. DSSCs based on this metal-free organic dye show long-term stability and power-conversion efficiencies of around 6,% under continuous light-soaking stress for up to 1000,h. [source] Electronic Tuning of Nickel-Based Bis(dicarbollide) Redox Shuttles in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 31 2010Alexander Redox nach Belieben: Die Synthese einer Reihe neuer borfunktionalisierter NiIII/NiIV -Bis(dicarbollid)-Cluster führt zu einer Familie von robusten und justierbaren Redox-Shuttles. Dies bietet eine Möglichkeit zur gezielten Steuerung der Redoxeigenschaften farbstoffsensibilisierter Solarzellen, was in außergewöhnlich hohen Leerlaufspannungen resultierte. [source] Carbon Nanotubes with Titanium Nitride as a Low-Cost Counter-Electrode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 21 2010Guo-ran Li Dr. Ein ideales Paar: Die Photovoltaikleistung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren mit Titannitridnanopartikeln (TiN-CNTs; siehe Bild) ähnelt derjenigen herkömmlicher Platin-Gegenelektroden. Dieses Resultat wird mit der idealen Kombination der überlegenen elektrokatalytischen Aktivität von TiN-Nanopartikeln mit der hohen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von CNTs begründet. [source] Double-Layered Photoanodes from Variable-Size Anatase TiO2 Nanospindles: A Candidate for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar CellsANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 21 2010Yongcai Qiu Klein und groß: Die im Titel beschriebene zweilagige Photoanode erreicht in einer farbstoffsensibilisierten Solarzelle eine Energieumwandlungsausbeute von 8.3,% (siehe Skizze). Eine Schicht dient als Matrix für Farbstoffmoleküle, die andere erhöht die Lichtsammelausbeute durch Mehrfachstreuung. [source] | |||||||||||||