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Cube
Kinds of Cube Terms modified by Cube Selected AbstractsREUSE OF SUCROSE SYRUP IN PILOT-SCALE OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF APPLE CUBESJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2002A. VALDEZ-FRAGOSO ABSTRACT Osmotic dehydration (OD) treatments of apple cubes were carried out in a pilot plant, which consisted of an OD vessel, a filter, a vacuum evaporator, and recirculating pumps. The osmotic solution (OS) was maintained at 59.5 ± 1.5 °Brix and 50C by reconcentration in the evaporator, and suspended particles were eliminated by filtration. OS was reused to process 20 batches of apple cubes, maintaining a constant OS/fruit ratio of 5/1 (w/w) by addition of new OS. Evolution of pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, water activity, color, reducing sugars, and microbial load in the OS was evaluated along the OD process. The OD parameters and the apple color were determined. Values of the physicochemical properties of the OS stabilized after 10 treated batches. A microbial load of 2590 ± 330 CFU/mL was observed in the OS at the end of 20 OD treatments. Water loss, solids gain and color of dehydrated apple cubesobtained in OD process with reuse of the OS were similar to those found in an OD process carried out with a nonrewed OS. [source] Evaluation of Ves-Matic Cube 200 , an automated system for the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rateINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 1p2 2010E. PEROVIC Summary Ves-Matic Cube 200 is fully automated analyzer that performs erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measurement using the standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood sample tube, thus markedly reducing the analytical time and avoiding the need for an extra blood sample. The aim of this study was to assess the automatic Ves-Matic Cube 200 system for the measurement of ESR in comparison with the original International Council for Standardization in Hematology reference method (Westergren). The evaluation comprised accuracy which was established using a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean difference between Ves-Matic Cube 200 and Westergren method (mean of difference: 0.47 ± 6.84 mm/h; 95% CI: ,0.376 to 1.325 mm/h), within-run imprecision for samples with ESR values of 9, 42 and 95 mm/h (coefficients of variation: 9.19%, 13.88% and 5.66%, respectively) and method comparison (, = 0.95; Passing-Bablok regression equation: Y = ,0.0435 + 1.0435 X; bias: ,0.5; limits of agreement: ,13.9 to 12.9). Stability was estimated after 24 h storage either at 4 °C and room temperature (mean of differences: ,1.91 mm/h; 95% CI: ,4.852 to 1.037 mm/h and mean of differences: ,12.48 mm/h; 95% CI: ,16.580 to ,8.390 mm/h, respectively). The obtained results suggest that the Ves-Matic Cube 200 automated analyzer is reliable system for the measurement of ESR in clinical laboratories. [source] Fluid Mechanics, Cell Distribution, and Environment in Cell Cube BioreactorsBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 1 2003John G. Auni Cultivation of MRC-5 cells and attenuated hepatitis A virus (HAV) for the production of VAQTA, an inactivated HAV vaccine ( 1), is performed in the Cell Cube reactor, a laminar flow fixed-bed bioreactor with an unusual diamond-shaped, diverging-converging flow geometry. These disposable bioreactors have found some popularity for the production of cells and gene therapy vectors at intermediate scales of operation ( 2, 3). Early testing of the Cell Cube revealed that the fluid mechanical environment played a significant role in nonuniform cell distribution patterns generated during the cell growth phase. Specifically, the reactor geometry and manufacturing artifacts, in combination with certain inoculum practices and circulation flow rates, can create cell growth behavior that is not simply explained. Via experimentation and computational fluid dynamics simulations we can account for practically all of the observed cell growth behavior, which appears to be due to a complex mixture of flow distribution, particle deposition under gravity, fluid shear, and possibly nutritional microenvironment. [source] The Algebra of Geometric Impossibility: Descartes and Montucla on the Impossibility of the Duplication of the Cube and the Trisection of the AngleCENTAURUS, Issue 1 2010Jesper Lützen Today we credit Pierre Wantzel with the first proof (1837) of the impossibility of doubling a cube and trisecting an arbitrary angle by ruler and compass. However two centuries earlier Descartes had put forward what probably counts as the first proof of these impossibilities. In this paper I analyze this proof, as well as the later related proof given by Montucla (1754) and the brief version of this proof published by Condorcet (1775). I discuss the many novelties of these early arguments and highlight the problematic points addressed by Gauss (1801) and Wantzel. In particular I show that although Descartes developed many of the algebraic techniques used in later proofs he failed to provide an algebraic impossibility proof and resorted to a geometric argument. Montucla and Condorcet turned this proof into an algebraic one. I situate the analysis of the early proof of the impossibility of the two classical problems in the general context of early modern mathematics where mathematics was primarily viewed as a problem solving activity. Within such a paradigm of mathematics impossibility results arguably do not play the role of proper mathematical results, but rather the role of meta-results limiting the problem solving activity. [source] Influence of Orthogonal Overload on Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 11 2007Arash Badiei Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone. Results suggest that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize the decrease of apparent toughness transverse to the primary loading direction. Introduction: The maintenance of mechanical integrity and function of trabecular structure after overload remains largely unexplored. Whereas a number of studies have focused on addressing the question by testing the principal anatomical loading direction, the mechanical anisotropy has been overlooked. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone. Materials and Methods: T12/L1 vertebral bodies from five cases and L4/L5 vertebral bodies from seven cases were retrieved at autopsy. A cube of trabecular bone was cut from the centrum of each vertebral body and imaged by ,CT. Cubes from each T12/L1 and L4/L5 pairs were assigned to either superoinferior (SI) or anteroposterior (AP) mechanical testing groups. All samples were mechanically tested to 10% apparent strain by uniaxial compression according to their SI or AP allocation. To elucidate the extent to which overload in orthogonal directions affects the mechanical integrity of the trabecular structure, samples were retested (after initial uniaxial compression) in their orthogonal direction. After mechanical testing in each direction, apparent ultimate failure stresses (UFS), apparent elastic moduli (E), and apparent toughness moduli (u) were computed. Results: Significant differences in mechanical properties were found between SI and AP directions in both first and second overload tests. Mechanical anisotropy far exceeded differences resulting from overloading the structure in the orthogonal direction. No significant differences were found in mean UFS and mean u for the first or second overload tests. A significant decrease of 35% was identified in mean E for cubes overloaded in the SI direction and then overloaded in the AP direction. Conclusions: Observed differences in the mechanics of trabecular structure after overload suggests that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize loss of apparent toughness, perhaps through energy dissipating sacrificial structures transverse to the primary loading direction. [source] EFFECT OF OSMOTIC TREATMENT WITH CONCENTRATED SUGAR AND SALT SOLUTIONS ON KINETICS AND COLOR IN VACUUM CONTACT DRYINGJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2007S.M.A. RAHMAN ABSTRACT An experimental study of osmotic dehydration (OD) of selected heat-sensitive products was carried out in a laboratory-scale vacuum contact dryer. Cubes of potato and apple were examined as model heat-sensitive objects. Experiments were conducted at different conduction heat input levels with wall temperatures in the range 35,45C under vacuum and also in pure vacuum without any external heat input. Detailed investigations were carried out of OD on drying performance, product temperature and color of the dried product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Osmotic treatment of potato and apple samples using concentrated sugar solution shows better osmotic dehydration as well as drying rate in a vacuum contact drying system. This information may help to select the osmotic agent in any industrial application for faster drying rate in vacuum contact drying specially for food products. Moreover this work shows the analysis to find out the starting point of precipitation of osmotic agent inside the products in terms of drying time, temperature and moisture content. This information will be helpful for critical analysis in osmotic dehydration technique which in turns may help for optimum design. [source] Development of a Method to Produce Freeze-Dried Cubes from 3 Pacific Salmon SpeciesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Charles Crapo Abstract:, Freeze-dried boneless skinless cubes of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and chum (Oncorhynchus keta),salmon were prepared and physical properties evaluated. To minimize freeze-drying time, the kinetics of dehydration and processing yields were investigated. The physical characteristics of the final product including bulk density, shrinkage, hardness, color, and rehydration kinetics were determined. Results showed that freeze-dried salmon cubes from each of the 3 Pacific salmon species can be produced with a moisture content of less that 10% and,aw,less 0.4 and freeze-drying time of 9 h. Processing yields ranged from 26% to 28.4%, depending on fish species. Shrinkage was less than 12% and rehydration of freeze-dried cubes was rapid. The value-added products developed have the potential to be utilized as ingredients for ready-to-eat soups, as snack food, salad topping, and baby finger-food. Practical Application:, Freeze-drying removes water from food products without heating them; therefore, this type of drying process yields very high-quality dried foods. In this study, a freeze-dry process was established to produce small cubes of Alaska pink, sockeye, and chum salmon. The goals were to shorten typical freeze-drying time while producing acceptable product characteristics. The freeze-drying process developed took only 9 h to remove about 97% of the moisture of diced Pacific salmon fillets. The freeze-dried salmon cubes produced can be used as ingredients for dehydrated ready-to-eat soups, as baby finger-foods, or as salad toppings. [source] Shelf Life and Microbial Quality of Fresh-cut Mango Cubes Stored in High CO2 AtmospheresJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Jutatip Poubol ABSTRACT: Fresh-cut,Carabao'and,Nam Dokmai'mango cubes were stored in air or in high CO2 atmospheres (3%, 5%, and 10%) at 5 °C and 13 °C. Freshly sliced,Carabao'mango cubes had a lower respiration rate and total bacterial count and higher L-ascorbic acid content and firmness than,Nam Dokmai'mango cubes. The shelf life of fresh-cut mango, based on browning discoloration and water-soaked appearance, was 6 d at 5 °C and 4 d at 13 °C for,Carabao'and 2 d at 5 °C and less than 1 d at 13 °C for,Nam Dokmai'. High CO2 atmospheres retarded the development of water-soaked,Carabao'cubes at 5 °C and 13 °C and,Nam Dokmai'cubes at 5 °C. Texture of,Carabao'cubes was enhanced by high CO2, but ethanol and L-ascorbic acid contents were not affected at 5 °C and 13 °C. Total bacterial count was lower in,Carabao'cubes than in,Nam Dokmai'cubes during storage at both temperatures, and a 10% CO2 only reduced the bacterial count on,Carabao'and,Nam Dokmai'cubes stored at 13 °C. Bacterial flora in,Nam Dokmai'mango cubes consisted mostly of Gram-negative rods assigned primarily to phytopathogenic bacteria such as Pantoea agglomerans and Burkholderia cepacia. The genera of bacteria isolated from cubes stored in 10% CO2 were similar to those from cubes on the initial day. [source] Statistical Analysis of Strength Development as a Function of Various Parameters on Activated Metakaolin/Slag CementsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010Oswaldo Burciaga-Díaz This investigation statistically examines the strength development on alkaline activation of metakaolin (Mk)/blast furnace slag (BFS) pastes. The main parameters studied are: BFS/Mk weight ratio (100/0, 80/20, 50/50, 20/80, and 0/100), modulus of the alkaline solutions of sodium silicate (M=SiO2/NaO2 at 0, 1, 1.5, 2), %Na2O (5%, 10%, and 15%), and curing time. Cubes were cured at 20°C for up to 360 days; the compressive strength and other characteristics were investigated. A fully factorial experimental design was used to determine the influence of each variable. The curing time and the interaction of the factors BFS/Mk ratio-%Na2O were the most important, followed by the modulus and then the %Na2O; others such as the interaction BFS/Mk ratio modulus were less important. The results indicated that the addition of Mk to BFS reduced the strength, more notably at contents above 50%. For strength development, the most effective modulus was Ms=1 and higher %Na2O were required with higher Mk loads. [source] Innentitelbild: Polyhedral Organic Microcrystals: From Cubes to Rhombic Dodecahedra (Angew. Chem.ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 48 200948/2009) Morphologie gezielt einzustellen gelang bei hochsymmetrischen organischen Mikrokristallen aus kleinen Molekülen durch Wechsel der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung und der Löslichkeit der Edukte, was die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit in der ,100,-Richtung relativ zu der in der ,110,-Richtung erheblich ändert. In der Zuschrift auf S.,9285,ff. stellen X.,H. Zhang, S.,T. Lee et,al. die tensidgestützte Synthese von Mikrokristallen mit Formen von Würfeln über gekappte Würfel bis zu rhombischen Dodekaedern vor. [source] Polyhedral Organic Microcrystals: From Cubes to Rhombic Dodecahedra,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 48 2009Xiujuan Zhang Facettenreich: Die gezielte Synthese hochsymmetrischer niedermolekularer organischer Mikrokristalle mit Formen von Würfeln über angeschnittene Würfel zu rhombischen Dodekaedern (siehe Bild) gelang durch Änderungen in der Löslichkeit, die die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit in ,100,-Richtung relativ zu der in ,110,-Richtung erheblich beeinflusst. Unterschiedliche Morphologien haben auch unterschiedliche optische Eigenschaften der Kristalle zur Folge. [source] Determination of Drying Characteristics and Effective Diffusivity for Sugar CubesCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 11 2004C. Akosman Abstract In this study, the drying characteristics of sugar cubes have been investigated. Drying experiments with sugar cubes were conducted in a laboratory-type tray dryer at temperatures ranging from 45 to 95,°C and different air velocities (0.43, 0.56, and 0.7,m/s). Drying rates increased with the increase in temperature and air velocity. At high temperatures, the moisture content of the solid reached equilibrium moisture value in short time periods. Experimental data were analyzed by using the analytical solution of the unsteady-state diffusion equation to determine the effective diffusivity in sugar cubes. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A New 1,[Ni7] Cluster in LaNi7In6 and Distorted bcc Indium Cubes in LaNiIn4.CHEMINFORM, Issue 16 2002Yaroslav M. Kalychak Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Luminescent Molecular Copper(I) Alkynyl Open Cubes: Synthesis,,Structural,Characterization, Electronic Structure, Photophysics, and PhotochemistryCHEMISTRY - AN ASIAN JOURNAL, Issue 1-2 2006Chui-Ling Chan Dr. Abstract A novel class of tetranuclear copper(I) alkynyl complexes with an "open-cube" structure was synthesized. The crystal structure of [Cu4{P(p -MeC6H4)3}4(,3 -,1,,1,,2 -C,C- p -MeOC6H4)3]PF6 was determined. These complexes were found to display dual emission behavior. Through systematic comparison studies on the electronic absorption and photoluminescence properties of a series of [Cu4(PR3)4(,3 -,1,,1,,2 -C,CR,)3]+ complexes, together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PBE1PBE level on the model complex [Cu4(PH3)4(,3 -,1,,1,,2 -C,C- p -MeOC6H4)3]+, the nature of their emission origins was probed. Their photochemical properties were also investigated by oxidative quenching experiments and transient absorption spectroscopy. [source] Deterministic Importance Sampling with Error DiffusionCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 4 2009László Szirmay-Kalos This paper proposes a deterministic importance sampling algorithm that is based on the recognition that delta-sigma modulation is equivalent to importance sampling. We propose a generalization for delta-sigma modulation in arbitrary dimensions, taking care of the curse of dimensionality as well. Unlike previous sampling techniques that transform low-discrepancy and highly stratified samples in the unit cube to the integration domain, our error diffusion sampler ensures the proper distribution and stratification directly in the integration domain. We also present applications, including environment mapping and global illumination rendering with virtual point sources. [source] Local 3D real space atomic structure of the simple icosahedral Ho11Mg15Zn74 quasicrystal from PDF dataCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2003S. Brühne Abstract We present a new complementary strategy to quasicrystalline structure determination: The local atomic structure of simple icosahedral (si) Ho11Mg15Zn74 [a(6D) = 5.144(3)Å in a sphere of up to r = 17Å was refined using the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) from in-house X-ray powder diffraction data (MoK,1, Qmax = 13.5Å,1; R = 20.4%). The basic building block is a 105-atom Bergman-Cluster {Ho8Mg12Zn85}. Its center is occupied by a Zn atom , in contrast to a void in face centred icosahedral (fci) Ho9Mg26Zn65. The center is then surrounded by another 12 Zn atoms, forming an icosahedron (1st shell). The 2nd shell is made up of 8 Ho atoms arranged on the vertices of a cube which in turn is completed to a pentagon dodecahedron by 12 Mg atoms, the dodecahedron then being capped by 12 Zn atoms. The 3rd shell is a distorted soccer ball of 60 Zn atoms, reflecting the higher Zn content of the si phase compared to the fci phase. In our model, 7% of all atoms are situated in between the clusters. The model corresponds to a hypothetical 1/1-approximant of the icosahedral (i) phase. The local coordinations of the single atoms are of a much distorted Frank-Kasper type and call to mind those present in 0/1-Mg2Zn11. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Barchan-shaped ripple marks in a wave flumeEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 1 2004Noritaka Endo Abstract Barchans, isolated crescent-shaped bedforms, are believed to be formed under almost unidirectional wind or water ,ows and limited sand supply. The formation of barchan morphologies under the action of purely oscillatory wave motion has not yet been fully investigated. The present study attempted to form barchan topography in a wave ,ume and to compare this with barchans in the ,eld. Barchan morphologies of ripple size, called the barchan ripples, were generated from a ,at bed by the action of waves. The horn width, the distance between horn tips, of the barchan ripples increased linearly with an increase in the total length, the overall length projected on the centre line of the barchan, with a coef,cient common to barchan dunes in deserts. The ratio of horn length to horn width of the barchan ripples was smaller than that of barchan dunes, but similar to that of subaqueous barchans in the ,eld. The longer the wave period was, the larger the ratio of the body length to horn width became. Most subaqueous barchans formed under waves (in the laboratory) and unidirectional ,ows (in the ,eld) had blunter horns than subaerial barchans. The shape of the barchan ripples changed with wave period. The outer rim became rounder with increasing wave period. The relationship between the base area and the height of barchan morphologies seems to be linear, with a constant coef,cient for the scale from ripples to dunes. The barchan ripples showed a linear relationship between the height and the horn width, similar to that for barchan dunes. The migration speed of the barchan ripples was proportional to the cube of the ,ow velocity and was inversely proportional to height. The same relation with a different value of the coef,cient was obtained for barchan dunes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Output power leveling of wind turbine generators using pitch angle control for all operating regions in wind farmELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 4 2007Tomonobu Senjyu Abstract Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy instead of fossil fuels is desirable. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce the output power fluctuation of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for a wind farm based on both the average wind farm output power and the standard deviation of the wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) in all WTG operating regions. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 31, 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20448 [source] Analysis of affective factors of colored three-dimensional shapesELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 5 2009Takeshi Miura Abstract "Shape" has been regarded as one of the fundamental elements of plastic art, together with "color" and "material." The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of shape on affective meanings, when the visual stimulus is a three-dimensional shape. The semantic differential technique is used for the extraction of affective factors, with samples of stimuli produced by three-dimensional computer graphics (3DCG). Since it is difficult to separate the stimuli of shape and color in the visual stimulus of a three-dimensional shape, both single-color experiments and colored three-dimensional-shape experiments were performed; the influence of shape is investigated by comparison of the respective results. A total of 33 single colors and 132 colored three-dimensional shapes with simple geometrical form (cube, cylinder, cone, and sphere) were used as samples. Four factors are extracted for single-color stimuli by factor analysis: "showiness," "pleasantness," "strength," and "warmth." The factor of "looseness" is also added to the above factors in the case of a three-dimensional-shape stimulus. The following tendencies of these factors are obtained: among the single-color factors, the factors of "pleasantness" and "warmth" show marked variation caused by the influence of shape, and the factor score of "looseness" depends on the straightness or roundness of the shape. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(5): 41,54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10001 [source] Beyond the Icosahedron: A Density Functional Theory Study of 14-Atom Germanium ClustersEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 25 2008R. Bruce King Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the germanium clusters Ge14z (z = ,8, ,6, ,4, ,2, 0, +2, +4) starting from seven different initial configurations. An Oh omnicapped cube structure is the most stable for Ge142, followed by a hexagonal antiprism structure with a relative energy of 42.7 kcal/mol. The lowest-energy structure for neutral Ge14 is a triplet omnicapped cube with full Oh symmetry followed by a singlet omnicapped cube compressed to D4h symmetry through Jahn,Teller distortion. The lowest energy Ge142+ structure is also an Oh structure derived from the omnicapped cube through elongation of the 12 edges of the underlying cube to give a rhomboidal dodecahedron with 12 rhombus faces. The lowest-energy Ge124+ structure is a bicapped icosahedron. Some D6h hexagonal wheel structures at higher energies are also found for the hypoelectronic systems Ge14, Ge142+, and Ge144+. The lowest-energy structures for the hyperelectronic Ge144,, Ge146,, and Ge148, are relatively unsymmetrical not readily recognizable open structures typically with some pentagonal or hexagonal faces. The D6d bicapped hexagonal antiprism found in 14-vertex C2B12 carborane and M2C2B10 dimetallacarborane structures is not the lowest-energy structure for any of the Ge14z clusters.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Oriented Grain Growth Analyses With In Situ Annealing Experiments Using High Energy Synchrotron RadiationADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010Caterina Elisabetta Tommaseo The development of the recrystallization and annealing textures of Al,Mn alloys with 0.4, 0.7 and 1,wt.-% manganese is analyzed using specific techniques that allow the detection of changes in grain orientation during in situ annealing. In order to investigate the evolution of texture components during annealing, highly rolled samples were annealed from room temperature to 500,°C at a constant heating rate. The advantage of in situ annealing experiments using synchrotron radiation is the detection of grain orientations over time, which allows observation of the development of the recrystallization and annealing textures in a sample. In fact, the recrystallization and annealing textures in the Al,0.4Mn are characterized by an interruption in the detection of most of the grain orientations between 380 and 425,°C and by competition between the cube {001}<100>, {011}<1-33>, {011}<0-11> and rotated-cube {001}<110> grain orientations, where the latter is detected until the end of the experiment. In the Al,0.7Mn sample a competition between the cube {001}<100>, {011}<100>, and rotated cube {001}<110>, {011}<0,11> grain orientations is observed. In the sample with the highest manganese concentration (1,wt.-%) an unhindered grain growth of all possible grain orientations with a high amount of the {011}<0-11> grain orientation is observed. The evolution of the resulting local textures is discussed in terms of preferentially oriented grain growth depending on the temperature and manganese concentration. [source] Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals in Aqueous SolutionsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2009Byungkwon Lim Abstract This article provides an overview of recent developments regarding synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with well-controlled shapes in aqueous solutions. In a solution-phase synthesis, the final shape taken by a nanocrystal is determined by the twin structures of seeds and the growth rates of different crystallographic facets. Here, the maneuvering of these factors in an aqueous system to achieve shape control for Pd nanocrystals is discussed. L -ascorbic acid, citric acid, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) are tested for manipulating the reduction kinetics, with citric acid and Br, ions used as capping agents to selectively promote the formation of {111} and {100} facets, respectively. The distribution of single-crystal versus multiple-twinned seeds can be further manipulated by employing or blocking oxidative etching. The shapes obtained for the Pd nanocrystals include truncated octahedron, icosahedron, octahedron, decahedron, hexagonal and triangular plates, rectangular bar, and cube. The ability to control the shape of Pd nanocrystals provides a great opportunity to systematically investigate their catalytic, electrical, and plasmonic properties. [source] Application of decentralized control for remote power system stabilization by installing renewable energy power plantIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2008Tomonobu Senjyu Senior Member Abstract The generating power of wind turbines varies in proportion to the cube of wind speed, hence, they cannot supply constant power and this causes fluctuations in frequency and voltage. This article presents a methodology for controlling grid frequency, hydrogen volume, and terminal bus voltage. This system consists of diesel generators, wind turbines, and load. Aqua electrolyzer and fuel cells are introduced in order to control grid frequency, voltage, and hydrogen volume. By applying H, control, frequency, voltage fluctuation, and hydrogen volume, controls are achieved. H, decentralized controllers are designed and installed for diesel generators, aqua electrolyzers, and fuel cells in series. In order to verify the effectiveness of the suggested system, MATLAB/SIMULINK is used for simulation. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Facile Synthesis and Shape Evolution of Single-Crystal Cuprous OxideADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 20 2009Xudong Liang Various morphologies of single-crystal Cu2O such as cube, octahedron, {110} truncated octahedron, and microrhombic dodecahedron with {110} surfaces are prepared in high yield through a facile solution-based one-step reduction method in an alkaline H2O/ethanol/oleic acid system in the presence of d-(+)-glucose. The formation mechanism of these microcrystals has been clarified as the synergic effect of oriented attachment and ripening mechanism. [source] Large eddy simulation of compressible turbulence using high-resolution methodsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 8-9 2005M. Hahn Abstract The paper presents a numerical investigation of high-resolution schemes for solving the compressible Euler and Navier,Stokes equations in the context of implicit large eddy simulation (ILES), also known as monotone integrated LES (MILES). We have employed three high-resolution schemes: a flux vector splitting (FVS), a characteristics-based (Godunov-type) and a hybrid total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme; and carried out computations of: (i) decaying turbulence in a triply periodic cube and (ii) compressible flow around open cavities for low and high Reynolds numbers, at transonic and supersonic speeds. The decaying turbulence simulations show that all high-resolution schemes employed here provide plausible solutions without adding explicit dissipation with the energy spectra being dependent on the numerics. Furthermore, the ILES results for cavity flows agree well with previously published direct numerical simulations and experimental data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Processing of Bulk Alumina Ceramics Using Laser Engineered Net ShapingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Vamsi Krishna Balla Application of rapid prototyping (RP) in ceramics manufacturing is motivated by advances in engineering ceramics where attaining complex shapes using traditional processing is difficult. Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSÔ), a commercial RP process, is used to fabricate dense, net-shaped structures of ,-Al2O3. Shapes such as cylinder, cube, and gear have been fabricated successfully with 10,25 mm section sizes. As-processed structures show anisotropy in mechanical properties with a high compressive strength normal to the build direction and columnar grains along the build direction. Heat treatment did not alter strength and anisotropy, but increased the grain size from 6 to 200 ,m and hardness from 1550 to 1700 Hv. [source] Concrete Geometry: Playing with BlocksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2010Andreas Luescher This article describes a design/build exercise conducted in an Architectural Materials and Methods class to achieve three interrelated objectives: (1) to apply physically the semester's theoretical focus on the constituent process and languages of architecture investigations, (2) to capitalise on the physical and aesthetic properties of concrete masonry to explore fabrication and detailing in the design process, and (3) to examine preconceptions about solo work and team work in architectural education and practice. What makes this project unique among other design/build projects is its emphasis on Concrete Masonry Units (known as CMU in the USA) and their visual, tactile and functional properties. The junior and senior students were allowed three building elements: an 8, cube of space, an unlimited number of concrete blocks, and the visual ecology of a site. The structural vocabulary that Frank Lloyd Wright developed consisted of a three-dimensional field of lines through which the solid elements of the building were located, enabling the voids to be integral to the whole and equally meaningful. Using these elements, students were asked to design/build temporary structures in a field next to the airport hangar on campus. The pedagogical objective was to adopt Wright's creative spirit, as opposed to quoting his architectural language. [source] Stratum corneum keratin structure, function and formation , a comprehensive reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006L. Norlén Synopsis A comprehensive review on stratum corneum keratin organization, largely based on the recently published cubic rod-packing and membrane templating model [J. Invest. Dermatol., 123, 2004, 715], is presented. Keratin is the major non-aqueous component (wt/wt) of stratum corneum. As 90,100% of the stratum corneum water is thought to be located intracellularly one may presume that keratin also is a major factor (together with filaggrin-derived free amino acids) determining stratum corneum hydration level and water holding capacity. This water holding capacity depends in turn on the structural organization of the corneocyte keratin intermediate filament network. The cubic rod-packing model for the structure and function of the stratum corneum cell matrix postulates that corneocyte keratin filaments are arranged according to a cubic-like rod-packing symmetry. It is in accordance with the cryo-electron density pattern of the native corneocyte keratin matrix and could account for the swelling behaviour and the mechanical properties of mammalian stratum corneum. The membrane templating model for keratin dynamics and for the formation of the stratum corneum cell matrix postulates the presence in viable epidermal cellular space of a highly dynamic small lattice parameter (<30 nm) membrane structure with cubic-like symmetry, to which keratin is associated. It further proposes that membrane templating, rather than spontaneous self-assembly, is responsible for keratin intermediate filament formation and dynamics. It is in accordance with the cryo-electron density patterns of the native keratinocyte cytoplasmic space and could account for the characteristic features of the keratin network formation process, the dynamic properties of keratin intermediate filaments, the close lipid association of keratin, the insolubility in non-denaturating buffers and pronounced polymorphism of keratin assembled in vitro, and the measured reduction in cell-volume and hydration level between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Résumé, La kératine est le composant majeur anhydre de la couche cornée. Etant donné que l'on considère que 90 à 100% de l'eau de la couche cornée est localisée à l'intérieur des cellules, on peut penser que la kératine joue également un rôle important (en association avec les acides aminés libres dérivés de la filagrine) dans le niveau d'hydratation de la couche cornée et sa capacité de rétention de l'eau. Cette capacité de rétention de l'eau dépend elle-même de l'organization structurelle du réseau de filaments intermédiaires de la kératine des cornéocytes. Le modèle de cylindre en réseau cubique appliquéà la structure et aux fonctions de la matrice des cellules de la couche cornée stipule que les filaments de la kératine des cornéocytes sont disposés symétriquement, les paquets de fibrilles formant une structure cubique. Ceci est conforme au modèle de densité cryo-électronique de la matrice kératinique des cornéocytes natifs et pourrait expliquer le comportement de gonflement et les propriétés mécaniques de la couche cornée des mammifères. Le modèle d'assemblage membranaire appliquéà la dynamique de la kératine et à la formation de la matrice cellulaire du stratum cornéum postule la présence dans l'espace cellulaire viable de l'épiderme d'une structure membranaire hautement dynamique présentant un petit paramètre de maille (<30 nm) et une organization en forme de cube, à laquelle la kératine est associée. D'autre part, ce modèle suggère qu'un assemblage membranaire plutôt qu'un auto-assemblage spontané puisse être à l'origine de la formation des filaments intermédiaires de kératine et de leur dynamique. Ceci concorde avec les modèles de densité cryo-électronique du cytoplasme des kératinocytes natifs et pourrait expliquer les caractéristiques du processus de formation du réseau kératinique, les propriétés dynamiques des filaments intermédiaires de kératine, l'association de la kératine avec les lipides, l'insolubilité dans les tampons non dénaturants, le polymorphisme caractéristique de la kératine assemblée in vitro, ainsi que la diminution mesurée du volume cellulaire et du niveau d'hydratation entre le stratum granulosum et le stratum corneum. [source] Generalization of cluster treatment of characteristic roots for robust stability of multiple time-delayed systemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 14 2008Rifat Sipahi Abstract A new perspective is presented for studying the stability robustness of nth order systems with p rationally independent delays. It deploys a holographic mapping procedure over the delay space into a new coordinate system in order to achieve the objective. This mapping collapses the entire set of potential stability switching points on a manageably small number of hypersurfaces, which are explicitly defined in the new domain. This property considerably alleviates the problem, which is otherwise infinite dimensional, and therefore notoriously complex to handle. We further declare some unrecognized features of these switching hypersurfaces, that they are (a) encapsulated within a higher-dimensional cube with edges of length 2,, which we name the ,building block', and (b) the ,offspring' of this building block, which represent the secondary stability switchings, appear within the adjacent and identical building blocks (cubes) stacked up next to each other. The final outlook is an exclusive representation of stability for this general class of systems at any arbitrary point in the delay space. Two example case studies are also provided, which are not possible to analyze using any other methodology known to the authors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Influence of Orthogonal Overload on Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 11 2007Arash Badiei Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone. Results suggest that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize the decrease of apparent toughness transverse to the primary loading direction. Introduction: The maintenance of mechanical integrity and function of trabecular structure after overload remains largely unexplored. Whereas a number of studies have focused on addressing the question by testing the principal anatomical loading direction, the mechanical anisotropy has been overlooked. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone. Materials and Methods: T12/L1 vertebral bodies from five cases and L4/L5 vertebral bodies from seven cases were retrieved at autopsy. A cube of trabecular bone was cut from the centrum of each vertebral body and imaged by ,CT. Cubes from each T12/L1 and L4/L5 pairs were assigned to either superoinferior (SI) or anteroposterior (AP) mechanical testing groups. All samples were mechanically tested to 10% apparent strain by uniaxial compression according to their SI or AP allocation. To elucidate the extent to which overload in orthogonal directions affects the mechanical integrity of the trabecular structure, samples were retested (after initial uniaxial compression) in their orthogonal direction. After mechanical testing in each direction, apparent ultimate failure stresses (UFS), apparent elastic moduli (E), and apparent toughness moduli (u) were computed. Results: Significant differences in mechanical properties were found between SI and AP directions in both first and second overload tests. Mechanical anisotropy far exceeded differences resulting from overloading the structure in the orthogonal direction. No significant differences were found in mean UFS and mean u for the first or second overload tests. A significant decrease of 35% was identified in mean E for cubes overloaded in the SI direction and then overloaded in the AP direction. Conclusions: Observed differences in the mechanics of trabecular structure after overload suggests that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize loss of apparent toughness, perhaps through energy dissipating sacrificial structures transverse to the primary loading direction. 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