Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Crew
Kinds of Crew Terms modified by Crew Selected AbstractsEditorial: Staying the Course with a New CrewFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 3 2000Wendy L. Way Editor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Induction of Innate Immune Gene Expression Cascades in Brain Slice Cultures by Ethanol: Key Role of NF-,B and Proinflammatory CytokinesALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2010Jian Zou Background:, Postmortem human alcoholic brain has increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (He and Crews, 2007). Nuclear factor ,B (NF-,B) is a transcription factor known to induce proinflammatory cytokine expression. Ethanol exposure increases NF-,B,DNA binding in rat brain (Crews et al., 2006) and in brain slice cultures in vitro (Zou and Crews, 2006). Using hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) brain slice cultures, we explored the effect of ethanol on NF-,B,DNA binding, proinflammatory gene expression, and sensitivity to glutamate neurotoxicity. Methods:, The HEC brain slice cultures are prepared from rats on P7 and used after 2 weeks in culture. NF-,B,DNA binding is determined by EMSA, NF-,B subunit,DNA binding by ELISA and mRNA by RT-PCR. Multiple antibody immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy are used to characterize cell types expressing ethanol-induced genes. Results:, Ethanol treatment results in a progressive increase in NF-,B,DNA binding that includes large increases in NF-,B subunit p50 protein,DNA binding. The expression of NF-,B proinflammatory target genes progressively increased with time of ethanol treatment. Ethanol induces proinflammatory cytokines TNF,, MCP-1, and IL-1,, proinflammatory proteases TACE, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase. Blockade of NF-,B by using NF-,B p65 siRNA and BHT reduces ethanol induction of proinflammatory genes. Neutralizing antibody to proinflammatory cytokine TNF, reduces ethanol induction of proinflammatory genes, suggesting cytokine propagation of proinflammatory gene induction. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies to proinflammatory cytokines and protease tPA inhibitors blunt ethanol sensitization to glutamate neurotoxicity. Conclusions:, These findings indicate that ethanol treatment increases NF-,B,DNA binding and proinflammatory gene expression in brain slices. Ethanol-induced innate immune proinflammatory gene induction alters neurotransmission and likely contributes to alcoholic neurodegeneration. [source] The Effects of Ethanol on Neuronal and Glial Differentiation and DevelopmentALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2005Toshikazu Saito Abstract: This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2004 ISBRA Meeting in Mannheim, Germany. The chair and co-chair were Toshikazu Saito and Boris Tabakoff. The aim of this symposium was to review recent research on the effects of ethanol on neural stem cells (NSCs) and the generation of neuronal and glial cells. NSCs are primordial and uncommitted cells which generate various types of cells in the central nervous system including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Several of the latest studies have indicated that NSCs may play significant roles in the pathophysiology of alcohol-related disorders. Four speakers of this symposium described their findings from these points of view. The presentations were: (1) Alcohol and the neuroregenerative process, by P.L. Hoffman, L.D. Snell and B. Tabakoff; (2) Adult neurogenesis and Alcohol, by K. Nixon and F.T. Crews; (3) Alcohol and neuronal differentiation, by M. Tateno, W. Ukai and T. Saito; (4) Ethanol exposure during development affects neural stem cells and their neural progeny, by C. Guerri, G. Rubert and R. Miñana. [source] CREB Gene Transcription Factors: Role in Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug AddictionALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2005Subhash C. Pandey This article presents the proceedings of a symposium presented at the meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in June 2004. The organizers and chairpersons were Subhash C. Pandey and Fulton Crews. The presentations were (1) Ethanol Modulation of CREB: Role in Dependence and Withdrawal, by Fulton Crews; (2) Effects of D1 Dopamine Receptor Activation During Withdrawal From Chronic Morphine: Enhanced CREB Activation and Decreased Conditioned Place Aversion, by Elena H. Chartoff; (3) CREB-Haplodeficient Mice: Role in Anxiety and Alcohol-Drinking Behaviors, by Subhash C. Pandey; and (4) A Role for CREB in Stress and Drug Addiction, by Julie A. Blendy. [source] Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration: When, Where and Why?ALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2004Fulton T. Crews Abstract: This manuscript reviews the proceedings of a symposium organized by Drs. Antonio Noronha and Fulton Crews presented at the 2003 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting. The purpose of the symposium was to examine recent findings on when alcohol induced brain damage occurs, e.g., during intoxication and/or during alcohol withdrawal. Further studies investigate specific brain regions (where) and the mechanisms (why) of alcoholic neurodegeneration. The presentations were (1) Characterization of Synaptic Loss in Cerebella of Mature and Senescent Rats after Lengthy Chronic Ethanol Consumption, (2) Ethanol Withdrawal Both Causes Neurotoxicity and Inhibits Neuronal Recovery Processes in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Cultures, (3) Binge Drinking-Induced Brain Damage: Genetic and Age Related Effects, (4) Binge Ethanol-Induced Brain Damage: Involvement of Edema, Arachidonic Acid and Tissue Necrosis Factor , (TNF,), and (5) Cyclic AMP Cascade, Stem Cells and Ethanol. Taken together these studies suggest that alcoholic neurodegeneration occurs through multiple mechanisms and in multiple brain regions both during intoxication and withdrawal. [source] Neural Stem Cells and AlcoholALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2003F. T. Crews This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium held at the 2002 Research Society on Alcoholism Meeting in San Francisco, California. The aim of this symposium was to review research on the effects of ethanol on neural stems cells and neurogenesis. Ethanol is known to alter neurogenesis during development; however, recent studies indicate that the brain forms new neurons from stem cells throughout life. Furthermore, stem cells can be transplanted into the brain, creating exciting new possibilities to study brain function. The symposium covered these research areas. Dr. Michael W. Miller reviewed knowledge on the effects of ethanol on stem cell proliferation and differentiation during development. Dr. Wu Ma described studies in culture indicating that (1) neural stem cells express functional muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR), (2) mAchR-mediated proliferation involves Ca2+ signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and (3) phosphoinositol-3 kinase is a downstream effector for mAchR-mediated cell proliferation via activation of Akt. Drs. Kim Nixon and Fulton T. Crews followed with in vivo studies on ethanol's effects on adult neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Dr. W. Michael Zawada described studies directed at dopamine neuron cell transplants into mammalian central nervous system. These studies clearly establish that ethanol has significant effects on stem cells. [source] In the margins of scientific dialogue: Evart Van Dieren contra psychoanalysisJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2003Jaap Bos Ph.D. Psychologist Evart Van Dieren (1861,1940), a Dutch general practitioner who had a passionate aversion against psychoanalysis, wrote two particularly polemical books contra Freud but nevertheless did not succeed in generating much response. In this paper, some of his objections against psychoanalysis are briefly examined and compared with some present day arguments against Freud by Grünbaum and Crews, with the purpose of finding an answer to the question: What does it take to be a successful or unsuccessful critic? © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Commercial aviation in-flight emergencies and the physicianEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 1 2007Robert Cocks Abstract Commercial aviation in-flight emergencies are relatively common, so it is likely that a doctor travelling frequently by air will receive a call for help at some stage in their career. These events are stressful, even for experienced physicians. The present paper reviews what is known about the incidence and types of in-flight emergencies that are likely to be encountered, the international regulations governing medical kits and drugs, and the liability, fitness and indemnity issues facing ,Good Samaritan' medical volunteers. The medical and aviation literature was searched, and information was collated from airlines and other sources regarding medical equipment available on board commercial aircraft. Figures for the incidence of significant in-flight emergencies are approximately 1 per 10,40 000 passengers, with one death occurring per 3,5 million passengers. Medically related diversion of an aircraft following an in-flight emergency may occur in up to 7,13% of cases, but passenger prescreening, online medical advice and on-board medical assistance from volunteers reduce this rate. Medical volunteers may find assisting with an in-flight emergency stressful, but should acknowledge that they play a vital role in successful outcomes. The medico-legal liability risk is extremely small, and various laws and industry indemnity practices offer additional protection to the volunteer. In addition, cabin crew receive training in a number of emergency skills, including automated defibrillation, and are one of several sources of help available to the medical volunteer, who is not expected to work alone. [source] Can First Responders Be Sent to Selected 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services Calls without an Ambulance?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2003Craig B. Key MD Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of initially dispatching only first responders (FRs) to selected low-risk 9-1-1 requests for emergency medical services. First responders are rapidly-responding fire crews on apparatus without transport capabilities, with firefighters trained to at least a FR level and in most cases to the basic emergency medical technician (EMT) level. Low-risk 9-1-1 requests include automatic medical alerts (ALERTs), motor vehicle incidents (MVIs) for which the caller was unable to answer any medical dispatch questions designed to prioritize the call, and 9-1-1 call disconnects (D/Cs). Methods: A before-and-after study of patient dispositions was conducted using historical controls for comparison. During the historical control phase of six months, one year prior to the study phase, basic life support ambulances (staffed with two basic EMTs) were dispatched to selected low-risk 9-1-1 incidents. During the six-month study phase, a fire FR crew equipped with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) was sent initially without an ambulance to these incidents. Results: For ALERTs (n= 290 in historical group vs. 330 in study group), there was no statistical difference in the transport rate (7% vs 10%), but there was a statistically significant increase in the follow-up use of advanced life support (ALS) (1% vs 4%, p = 0.009). No patient in the ALERTs historical group required airway management, while one patient in the study group received endotracheal intubation. No patient required defibrillation in either group. Analysis of the MVIs showed a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the patient transport rate from 39% of controls to 33% of study patients, but no change in the follow-up use of ALS interventions (2% for each group). For both the ALERTs and MVIs, the FR's mean response time was faster than ambulances (p < 0.0001). Among the 9-1-1 D/Cs with FRs only (n= 1,028), 15% were transported and 43 (4%) received subsequent ALS care. Four of these patients (0.4%) received intubation and two (0.2%) required defibrillation. However, no patient was judged to have had adverse outcomes as a result of the dispatch protocol change. Conclusions: Fire apparatus crews trained in the use of AEDs can safely be used to initially respond alone (without ambulances) to selected, low-risk 9-1-1 calls. This tactic improves response intervals while reducing ambulance responses to these incidents. [source] Probability models for pine twisting rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) damage in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in FinlandFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005U. Mattila Summary Factors affecting the probability that pine twisting rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) damage occur in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand were analysed using the 7th Finnish National Forest Inventory data (NFI7) from southern Finland in 1977,1983. The inventory was based on systematic sampling. The NFI7 data was measured in clusters, each of which consisted of 21 sample plots. In addition to the stand and site characteristics measured for forest management planning purposes, the data included records of damage by pine twisting rust and occurrence of aspens (Populus tremula, the other host plant of the pathogen) in the stands. Two multilevel logit models were developed for predicting the overall probability of pine twisting rust damage and the probability of severe pine twisting rust damage. Site and stand characteristics were used as explanatory variables in the models. Residual variance in the models was studied on the inventory crew, cluster and year levels. The occurrence of aspens and site fertility were the most important factors increasing the probability that pine twisting rust damage will occur in a stand. The damage probability also decreased with increasing effective temperature sum calculated for the location. The overall damage probability was equally high on peatlands and on mineral soil if there were aspens in the stand. If, however, there were no aspens in the stand, the probability of damage was higher on mineral soils than on peatlands. In addition, the overall probability was lower in naturally regenerated stands than in planted or sown stands, and it decreased with increasing mean age of pines. In both models, the residual variance was significant on the both the inventory crew and the cluster levels. Résumé Les facteurs de probabilité d'occurrence d'un dégât de rouille courbeuse (Melampsora pinitorqua) dans un peuplement de Pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) ont été analysés en utilisant les données du 7 Inventaire Forestier National de Finlande (NF17) pour la Finlande du Sud et la période 1977,1983. L'inventaire est basé sur un échantillonnage systématique. Les données de NF17 sont mesurées dans des groupes constitués de 21 placettes. En plus des caractéristiques de la station et du peuplement mesurées à des fins de gestion forestière, les données comprennent des notations de dégâts par la rouille courbeuse et de présence des trembles (hôte alternant de 1'agent pathogène) dans les peuplements. Des modèles logit multiniveaux ont été développés pour prédire la probabilité globale de dégât de rouille courbeuse et la probabilité de dégât sévère. Les caractéristiques de la station et du peuplement ont été utilisées comme variables explicatives dans les modèles. La variance résiduelle des modèles a étéétudiée au niveau de 1'observateur, du groupe de placettes et de 1'année. La présence de trembles et la fertilité de la station sont les facteurs les plus importants d'augmentation de la probabilité de dégât de rouille dans un peuplement. D'autre part, la probabilité de dégât décroît avec la somme des températures effectives calculée pour le site. La probabilité globale de dégât est aussi élevée sur sols de tourbières que sur sols minéraux dans le cas où des trembles sont présents dans le peuplement. En 1'absence de trembles dans le peuplement, la probabilité de dégât est plus importante sur sols minéraux qu'en tourbières. Enfin, la probabilité de dégât est plus faible dans les peuplements régénérés naturellement que dans les peuplements semés ou plantés, et elle décroít avec 1'âge moyen des pins. Pour les deux modèles, la variance résiduelle est significative au niveau observateur et groupe de parcelles. Zusammenfassung Faktoren, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Schädigung durch den Kieferndrehrost (Melampsora pinitorqua) in Beständen von Pinus sylvestris beeinflussen, wurden anhand der Daten der 7. Finnischen Nationalen Forstinventur (NF17) aus den Jahren 1977,1983 in Südfinnland untersucht. Die Datenerhebung basierte auf einer systematischen Probenahme. Die NF17 Daten wurden in Clustern erhoben, jedes Cluster bestand aus 21 Probeflächen. Neben den Bestandes- und Standortsmerkmalen, die für die forstliche Planung erhoben wurden, wurden Angaben zum Befall (schwach, stark) mit Kieferndrehrost und zum Vorkommen von Zitter-Pappel (Populus tremula, alternativer Wirt des Pathogens) berücksichtigt. Es wurden zwei Multi Logit - Modelle entwickelt zur Vorhersage der Gesamtwahrscheinlichkeit einer Kieferndrehrost-Schädigung sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer schweren Schädigung durch den Pilz. Die Standorts- und Bestandesmerkmale wurden als erklärende Variablen verwendet. In den Modellen wurde die Restvarianz bezüglich Inventur-Erhebungsgruppe, Cluster und Jahr geprüft. Das Vorkommen von Zitter-Pappel und die Bodenfertilität waren die wichtigsten Faktoren für eine zunehmende Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Kieferndrehrost-Schädigung auf Bestandesebene. Die Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit verringerte sich mit zunehmender Temperatursumme, die für den Standort berechnet wurde. Die Gesamtschadenswahrscheinlichkeit war auf Torf- und Mineralböden gleich hoch, sofern Zitter-Pappeln im Bestand vorkamen. Ohne Zitter-Pappeln war die Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit auf Mineralböden höher. Zudem war die Gesamtschadenswahrscheinlichkeit in natürlich regenerierten Beständen niedriger als in gepflanzten oder gesäten Beständen, und sie nahm mit zunehmendem Durchschnittsalter der Kiefern ab. In beiden Modellen war die Restvarianz auf der Ebene der Inventur-Erhebungsgruppe und der Probecluster signifikant. [source] Advantages for passengers and cabin crew of operating a gas-phase adsorption air purifier in 11-h simulated flightsINDOOR AIR, Issue 3 2008P. Strøm-Tejsen First page of article [source] Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American-Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipielago de las Perlas, PanamaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2006James P. Delgado A wrecked submarine lying in the inter-tidal zone of Isla San Telmo, off Panama's coast, has been identified as Sub Marine Explorer, a rare surviving example of a mid-19th-century submersible. One of the world's first successful lock-out dive-chambers, the craft had a fatal design aspect that ultimately harmed its crew and may have killed the builder through the effects of pressure. Documentation of the submarine provides a detailed understanding of this technologically advanced but flawed craft. © 2006 The Author [source] A pre-Columbian case of congenital syphilis from Anatolia (Nicaea, 13th century AD)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Y. S. ErdalArticle first published online: 16 AUG 200 Abstract In this study, the skeleton of an approximately 15-year-old child, dating back to the Late Byzantine period (13th century AD) is examined with the aim of determining where this specimen fits in the continuing arguments on the origins of syphilis. It was unearthed during an excavation at an amphitheatre in Nicaea dating to the Roman period. The Nicaea specimen displays common symptoms found in the majority of people with congenital syphilis such as Hutchinson's incisor, mulberry molar, darkened enamel, radial scar on frontal bone, sabre tibia, syphilitic dactylitis, and gummatous and non-gummatous osteomyelitis on almost every post-cranial bone. Because of the sub-periosteal new bone formation, the medullary spaces in some long bones are narrowed or completely obliterated. These lesions, which were observed via macroscopic and radiological examination, reflect the late stages of congenital syphilis. The specimen, when examined together with increasing numbers of other finds from the Old World, contributes to the argument that venereal syphilis did exist in the Old World before 1493, and brings forward the need to revise the Columbian hypothesis, which maintains that syphilis is a new disease carried to the Old World from the New World by Columbus' crew. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Short-term harvest planning including scheduling of harvest crewsINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2003J. Karlsson Abstract The problem we consider is short-term harvesting planning for a total planning period of 4,6 weeks where we want to decide the harvest sequences or schedules for harvest crews. A schedule is an order or sequence of harvest areas assigned to each crew. The harvesting of areas is planned in order to meet industrial demand. The total cost includes harvesting, transportation, and storage. One considerable cost is due to the quality reduction of logs stored at harvest areas. There are a number of restrictions to be considered. Areas are of varying size and the composition of assortments in each area is different. Each harvest team has different skills, a different home base, and different production capacity. Another aspect is the road network. There is a cost related to road opening (restoring, snow removal). In this paper, we develop a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for the problem. The schedules are represented by 0/1 variables. With a limited number of schedules, the problem can be solved by a commercial MIP solver. We have also developed a heuristic solution approach that provides high-quality integer solutions within a distinct time limit to be used when more schedules are used. Computational results from a major Swedish forest company are presented. [source] Innovation and operation with robotized underwater systemsJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 6 2007Vincent Rigaud This paper reports on the status and design of the operational remotely operated vehicle "Victor 6000", rated for 6000 m depth and of the 3000 m depth autonomous underwater vehicle "Asterxx" operated by Ifremer the French Institute for Sea Exploitation. Victor 6000 is part of a global system built of subsystems, "scientific modules," winch and cable, dead weight and umbilical, positioning subsystem using acoustic ultra short base line (USBL) techniques, and software for data and dive management. In 2005 the system was equipped with a second toolsled dedicated to high resolution mapping of the sea bed, with both acoustical and optical devices. Asterxx, the first autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) developed by IFREMER, is 4.5 m in length with a diameter of 0.69 m. Depending on the payload, its weight is between 600 and 800 kg in air,with a diving depth of 3000 m. Its cruising speed is between 0.5 and 2.5 ms. The AUV is capable of carrying various payloads for a wide spectrum of applications. The vehicle can cruise up to 100 km. For coastal applications this vehicle is operable by a limited crew potentially from a nonspecialized vessel. Both vehicles are used for oceanography as well as to continually evolve underwater systems to address new scientific challenges. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] A goal programming model for crew duties generationJOURNAL OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2001Sydney C.K. Chu Abstract An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 10(5) 2001, 285. This paper proposes a model for the generation of daily work duties of airside crew (being bus drivers) at the Hong Kong International Airport. The results can be adopted as a good crew schedule, in the sense that it is both feasible, satisfying requirements of various work conditions, and ,optimal' in minimizing overtime shifts. It is formulated as a goal programme, specifically designed to cater for the manpower planning issues to handle frequent changes of flight schedules by flexibility in work patterns of driver duties. Illustrative results from an actual case study are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Individualized and time-variant model for the functional link between thermoregulation and sleep onsetJOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006STIJN QUANTEN Summary This study makes use of control system model identification techniques to examine the relationship between thermoregulation and sleep regulation. Specifically, data-based mechanistic (DBM) modelling is used to formulate and experimentally test the hypothesis, put forth by Gilbert et al. [Sleep Med. Rev.8 (2004) 81], that there exists a connection between distal heat loss and sleepiness. Six healthy sleepers each spent three nights and the following day in the sleep laboratory: an adaptation, a cognitive arousal and a neutral testing day. In the cognitive arousal condition, a visit of a television camera crew took place and subjects were asked to be interviewed. During each of the three 25-min driving simulator tasks per day, the distal-to-proximal gradient and the electroencephalogram are recorded. It is observed from these experimental data that there exists a feedback connection between thermoregulation and sleep. In addition to providing experimental evidence in support of the Gilbert et al. (2004) hypothesis, the authors propose that the nature of the feedback connection is determined by the nature of sleep/wake state (i.e. NREM sleep versus unwanted sleepiness in active subjects). Besides this, an individualized and time-variant model for the linkage between thermoregulation and sleep onset is presented. This compact model feeds on real-time data regarding distal heat loss and sleepiness and contains a physically meaningful parameter that delivers an individual- and time-depending quantification of a well known biological features in the field of thermoregulation: the thermoregulatory error signal Thypo(t),Tset(t). A validation of these physical/biological features emphasizes the reliability and power of DBM in describing individual differences related to the sleep process. [source] Scientific exploration of near-Earth objects via the Orion Crew Exploration VehicleMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 12 2009Paul A. Abell The ideal mission profile would involve two or three astronauts on a 90 to 180 day flight, which would include a 7 to 14 day stay for proximity operations at the target NEO. This mission would be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth-Moon system and would prove useful for testing technologies required for human missions to Mars and other solar system destinations. Piloted missions to NEOs using the CEV would undoubtedly provide a great deal of technical and engineering data on spacecraft operations for future human space exploration while conducting in-depth scientific investigations of these primitive objects. The main scientific advantage of sending piloted missions to NEOs would be the flexibility of the crew to perform tasks and to adapt to situations in real time. A crewed vehicle would be able to test several different sample collection techniques and target specific areas of interest via extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) more efficiently than robotic spacecraft. Such capabilities greatly enhance the scientific return from these missions to NEOs, destinations vital to understanding the evolution and thermal histories of primitive bodies during the formation of the early solar system. Data collected from these missions would help constrain the suite of materials possibly delivered to the early Earth, and would identify potential source regions from which NEOs originate. In addition, the resulting scientific investigations would refine designs for future extraterrestrial resource extraction and utilization, and assist in the development of hazard mitigation techniques for planetary defense. [source] Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria: the oil-spill clean-up crewMICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Rob J. W. Brooijmans [source] A Human,Automation Interface Model to Guide Automation Design of System FunctionsNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007JOSHUA S. KENNEDY A major component of the US Army's Future Combat Systems (FCS) will be a fleet of eight different manned ground vehicles (MGV). There are promises that "advanced automation" will accomplish many of the tasks formerly performed by soldiers in legacy vehicle systems. However, the current approach to automation design does not relieve the soldier operator of tasks; rather, it changes the role of the soldiers and the work they must do, often in ways unintended and unanticipated. This paper proposes a coherent, top-down, overarching approach to the design of a human,automation interaction model. First, a qualitative model is proposed to drive the functional architecture and human,automation interface scheme for the MGV fleet. Second, the proposed model is applied to a portion of the functional flow of the common crew station on the MGV fleet. Finally, the proposed model is demonstrated quantitatively via a computational task-network modeling program (Improved Performance Research and Integration Tool). The modeling approach offers insights into the impacts on human task-loading, workload, and human performance. Implications for human systems integration domains are discussed, including Manpower and Personnel, Human Factors Engineering, Training, System Safety, and Soldier Survivability. The proposed model gives engineers and scientists a top-down approach to explicitly define and design the interactions between proposed automation schemes and the human crew. Although this paper focuses on the Army's FCS MGV fleet, the model and analytical processes proposed, or similar approaches, are appropriate for many manned systems in multiple domains (aviation, space, maritime, ground transportation, manufacturing, etc.). [source] Diet quality and anthropometry between different sailboarding stylesNUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2010Ioannis DOUMTSIOS Abstract Aim:, To identify diet quality and basic anthropometric characteristics of sailboarders. Methods:, The study was conducted in 91 sailboarders, who were divided in two groups according to muscle recruitment during sailing; those performing wave or freestyle surfing formed the WF group (n = 46) and those performing slalom or formula the SF group (n = 45), as the first includes more lower-body muscle recruitment. Diet and anthropometry were evaluated during training days and compared between the two study groups. Results:, The WFs demonstrated lower % body fat (21%), circumferences, skinfolds, body mass index (23.9 kg/m2) and fat mass index (5.1 kg/m2) compared with the SFs (body fat 25.2%, body mass index 26.1 kg/m2 and fat mass index 6.6 kg/m2). Dietary intake was similar and both groups presented a negative energy balance, high cholesterol intake and adequacy in the intake of most micronutrients except for vitamin E of the WF group. The windsurfers achieved a low healthy eating index (54.3 and 58.1 for WF and SF respectively), indicative of a diet in need of improvement and reported the post-training consumption of beer and fast food. Conclusion:, Overall findings suggest the need for dietary counselling in windsurfers, as glycogen depletion is crucial in sailboarding, where one athlete consists of the total boat crew thus, glycogen depletion leading to insufficient energy for technical movements while sailing, has direct effect on the result of the race. [source] Psychosocial work environment and medical symptoms among Swedish commercial airline cabin crewAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 7 2010Kurt Wahlstedt MD Abstract Background Associations between stress measured by the demands-control model, iso-strain model, and stress-related symptoms among cabin crew were studied. Methods A questionnaire about psychosocial work environment and symptoms was answered by 918 (82%) flight attendants, stewards, and pursers at one airline company in 2005. Adjustment was made for age, gender, smoking, job category, and flight length using multiple logistic regression. Results Weekly headaches, concentration difficulties, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms were reported at rates of 18%, 10%, 56%, and 13%, respectively. Pursers scored higher on control than the others and they had lower associations between the strain measured by the demands-control model and symptoms than stewards and flight attendants. All symptoms were more common in the high strain situation than in the low strain (reference). An active situation was related to an excess of symptoms. Low social support in the iso-strain model increased risk of symptoms. Conclusions Demands-control and iso-strain models are useful in studying stress-related symptoms in cabin crews. The dimension of social support adds explanatory value. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:716,723, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Development of historical exposure estimates of cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm disruption for cohort studies of Pan Am flight attendants,,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 10 2009Martha A. Waters PhD Abstract Background The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is conducting cohort studies of flight crew employed by the former Pan American World Airways company (Pan Am) as part of an effort to examine flight crew workplace exposures and health effects. Flight crew are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic radiation and to disruption of circadian rhythm when flying across multiple time zones. Methods exist to calculate cosmic radiation effective doses on individual flights; however, only work histories which provided an employee's domicile (home base) history rather than a record of every flight flown were available. Methods/Results We developed a method for estimating individual cumulative domicile-based cosmic radiation effective doses and two metrics for circadian rhythm disruption for each flight attendant: cumulative times zones crossed and cumulative travel time during the standard sleep interval. Conclusions The domicile-exposure matrix developed was used to calculate exposure estimates for a cohort mortality study of former Pan Am flight attendants. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:751,761, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Statistical investigation of the nonlinear dynamical behavior of offshore structuresPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2008Jürgen Reimers The increasing amount of reports concerning damages of ships, structures and loss of cargo due to wave structure interaction demand the development of systems to predict critical situations in the offshore environment. Within the last years, research has been done to predict encounter with critical wave or wave groups such as "rogue waves" or the so,called "three sisters". The aim of such research is to develop programs that predict dangerous incidents and possibly alert the crew in time. The dangers of such extreme wave situations are severe, but occurrence of them is rather rare. Additionally and more often, structures are endangered because of fluid,structure,interaction leading to critical dynamical system behaviour in a wave environment that shows no extreme wave heights. The severeness of these incidents then depends on the experience and correctness of decision concerning the evasive actions of the master and his crew. Taking nonlinear effects into account, the statistical investigation of structures in waves shows critical behaviour of ships and structures without the absolute necessity of heavy sea conditions or the occurrence of dangerous sea phenomena. This paper describes the development of a program that uses a Monte,Carlo,Simulation technique based on a common panel,method for the creation of added masses and added dampings to predict the behaviour of the structure in several wave conditions. It shows possible ways to prevent the occurrence using similar early warning systems to those in development for critical wavegroups. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Playing with Princes and Presidents: Sir Frank Packer and the 1962 Challenge for the America's CupAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 1 2000Bridget Griffen-Foley 1959 Sir Frank Packer decided to launch Australia's first bid for the America's Cup, the coveted trophy that had remained in the hands of the New York Yacht Club for over a century. Well before the Australian yacht Gretel arrived in Newport in 1962, the syndicate was embroiled in controversy. This article, based on previously overlooked archival records in Sydney and New York, explores the geo-political dimensions of the challenge. It considers the diplomatic fracas that arose when Britain learned of Australia's plans; the Menzies government's attitude to the challenge; Labor and newspaper criticisms of the Australian bid; and American and Australian responses to the vigorous but unsuccessful challenge mounted by Packer and his crew in Newport in 1962. [source] Radiofrequency exposure on fast patrol boats in the Royal Norwegian Navy,an approach to a dose assessmentBIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 5 2010Valborg Baste Abstract Epidemiological studies related to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) have mainly used crude proxies for exposure, such as job titles, distance to, or use of different equipment emitting RF EMF. The Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN) has measured RF field emitted from high-frequency antennas and radars on several spots where the crew would most likely be located aboard fast patrol boats (FPB). These boats are small, with short distance between the crew and the equipment emitting RF field. We have described the measured RF exposure aboard FPB and suggested different methods for calculations of total exposure and annual dose. Linear and spatial average in addition to percentage of ICNIRP and squared deviation of ICNIRP has been used. The methods will form the basis of a job exposure matrix where relative differences in exposure between groups of crew members can be used in further epidemiological studies of reproductive health. Bioelectromagnetics 31:350,360, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] 1225: Anaesthesia in cataract surgeryACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010P BODROGI I would like to give a review of anaesthetic methods used in cataract surgery. Retrobulbar (RB) anaesthesia via injection provides not only painlessness, but also akinesia and cuts off autonomic reflexes. Although unfortunatelly it has many possible sideeffects, like perforation of the globe, retrobulbar haemorrhage or injury of the optic nerve, it is still widely used. Parabulbar (PB) anaesthesia was introduced to eliminate traumatic sideeffects of RB, but it did not fulfill all expectations. There are also subconjunctival and sub-Tenon anaesthesia, the latter also results in akinesia. Since the introduction of phacoemulsification topical anaesthesia has become current. Due to the gentle surgical technique, if the wound is corneal and there is no severe fluctuation of depth of the anterior chamber, it can provide sufficient anaesthesia. They apply it in form of drops, gel or special sponge. It can be replenished with intracameral Lidocain. Before surgery it is widely used to apply systemic sedatives, which helps to attenuate the patients' angst because of surgery. Supporting attitude of medical crew and positive verbal communication is also beneficial at this task. General anaesthesia is still the only possibility used in cataract surgery of children and other people unable to cooperate. [source] A Prospective Study of the Impact of Multiple Patient Transports on Care Provided during Aeromedical TransportACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 3 2008Edmond A. Hooker MD Abstract Objectives:, The purpose of the current study was to determine reasons for multiple-patient transports using a helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) and to observe for any negative impact on patient care caused by the presence of the second patient. Methods:, The study was a prospective observational study of all two-patient trauma transports (doubles) over a 12-month period, from January 2004 through December 2004. The authors selected a sample of 20% of single-patient transports (singles) from the same time period for comparison. Flight crews completed a study form after the flight. Information requested included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and negative impact on care of the primary patient caused by transporting the secondary patient. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney rank test and descriptive statistics. Results:, There were a total of 59 double-trauma transports. A total of 269 single-trauma transports were identified for comparison. Although there was no statistically significant difference in GCS score or RTS (single vs. primary double), doubles never included the most severely injured trauma patients. The secondary patients from the doubles were the least severely injured. There were nine patients in whom the crew felt there was a negative impact from the second patient. Need for trauma center evaluation of the second patient and distance of transport were common reasons for double transports. Conclusions:, Patients transported as doubles do not include the most severely injured trauma patients. In only a small percentage of doubles did the second patient have a perceived impact on care of the primary patient. [source] Can First Responders Be Sent to Selected 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services Calls without an Ambulance?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2003Craig B. Key MD Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of initially dispatching only first responders (FRs) to selected low-risk 9-1-1 requests for emergency medical services. First responders are rapidly-responding fire crews on apparatus without transport capabilities, with firefighters trained to at least a FR level and in most cases to the basic emergency medical technician (EMT) level. Low-risk 9-1-1 requests include automatic medical alerts (ALERTs), motor vehicle incidents (MVIs) for which the caller was unable to answer any medical dispatch questions designed to prioritize the call, and 9-1-1 call disconnects (D/Cs). Methods: A before-and-after study of patient dispositions was conducted using historical controls for comparison. During the historical control phase of six months, one year prior to the study phase, basic life support ambulances (staffed with two basic EMTs) were dispatched to selected low-risk 9-1-1 incidents. During the six-month study phase, a fire FR crew equipped with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) was sent initially without an ambulance to these incidents. Results: For ALERTs (n= 290 in historical group vs. 330 in study group), there was no statistical difference in the transport rate (7% vs 10%), but there was a statistically significant increase in the follow-up use of advanced life support (ALS) (1% vs 4%, p = 0.009). No patient in the ALERTs historical group required airway management, while one patient in the study group received endotracheal intubation. No patient required defibrillation in either group. Analysis of the MVIs showed a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the patient transport rate from 39% of controls to 33% of study patients, but no change in the follow-up use of ALS interventions (2% for each group). For both the ALERTs and MVIs, the FR's mean response time was faster than ambulances (p < 0.0001). Among the 9-1-1 D/Cs with FRs only (n= 1,028), 15% were transported and 43 (4%) received subsequent ALS care. Four of these patients (0.4%) received intubation and two (0.2%) required defibrillation. However, no patient was judged to have had adverse outcomes as a result of the dispatch protocol change. Conclusions: Fire apparatus crews trained in the use of AEDs can safely be used to initially respond alone (without ambulances) to selected, low-risk 9-1-1 calls. This tactic improves response intervals while reducing ambulance responses to these incidents. [source] Nuclear power plant communications in normative and actual practice: A field study of control room operators' communicationsHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 1 2007Paulo V.R. Carvalho The safety and availability of sociotechnical critical systems still relies on human operators, both through human reliability and human ability to handle adequately unexpected events. In this article, the authors focus on ergonomic field studies of nuclear power plant control room operator activities, and more specifically on the analysis of communications within control room crews. They show how operators use vague and porous verbal exchanges to produce continuous, redundant, and diverse interactions to successfully construct and maintain individual and mutual awareness, which is paramount to achieve system stability and safety. Such continuous interactions enable the operators to prevent, detect, and reverse system errors or flaws by anticipation or regulation. This study helps in providing cues for the design of more workable systems for human cooperation in nuclear power plant operation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 43,78, 2007. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||